GED0049

LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL

THE ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL CONTEXT
th
OF THE 19 CENTURY PHILIPPINES
1. Discuss the economic-political status of the world, and
the relationship of Spain and the Philippines during the
19th century
2. To single out some major economic and political,
developments of the 19th century that influenced Rizal’s
growth as a nationalist and conditioned the evolution of
his thought.
 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
The growth of an export economy in 1830 brought
increasing prosperity to the Filipino middle and upper
classes.
Year Exports Imports Total Trade
(in pesos) (in pesos) (in pesos)
1825 1, 000, 000 1, 800, 000 2, 800, 000
1875 18, 900,000 12, 200, 000 31, 100, 000
1895 36, 600, 000 25, 400, 000 62, 000, 000
 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Philippine exports in this burgeoning economy were
agricultural products, and rapidly growing population needed
increased amounts of rice.
FRIAR HACIENDAS

INQUILINOS

KASAMA
 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

• Domingo Lam-co -- Rizal’s Chinese

ancestor.
• The Rizal Family in the 1890’s rented
from the hacienda over 390 hectares.
• The rising prosperity brought friction
between inquilinos and haciendas as
lands grew in value and rents were
raised.
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

The upheaval is not an

“agrarian revolt” but a political
and economic for inquilinos
wanted to weaken the friar’s
influence in Philippine political
life.
 POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT

Filipinos were deprived of those

few positions they had formerly
held in the bureaucracy while the
vast majority of Spanish
bureaucracy had no interest in, or
even knowledge of, the country they
were supposed to be governing.
The river façade of Malacañang Palace
 POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT
❑ Spaniards, who were appointed by the King of Spain, did not want
to be here in the Philippines.
• The weather condition is extremely hot.
• They (Spaniards) will be separated with their families.
• They will be encountering indios (monkeys).

They hoard all economic resources here in the Philippines and

conduct social gatherings every night.
 POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT
❑ Political System and the Sources of Abuses in the Administrative System
❑ There was an appointment of officials with inferior qualifications.
❑ There were too complicated functions to the unions of the church
and the state.
❑ Manner of obtaining the position
❑ Term of Office
❑ Distance of the Colony
❑ Personal Interest over the welfare of the State
❑ Corrupt officials
 POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT
❑ Political System and the Sources of Abuses in the Administrative System
❑ Through the power that the Spaniards possess, they had the right to
appoint the different positions. The appointment of positions is
obtained by the highest bidder which is the Governor-general of the
country.
❑ Term of office or term in office is the length of time a person
(usually a politician) serves in a particular office is dependent on the
desire of the King of the country.
 POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT
❑ Political System and the Sources of Abuses in the Administrative System
❑ Through the power that the Spaniards possess, they had the right to
appoint the different positions. The appointment of positions is
obtained by the highest bidder which is the Governor-general of the
country.
❑ Term of office or term in office is the length of time a person
(usually a politician) serves in a particular office is dependent on the
desire of the King of the country.
 POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT

▪ Alcaldes mayores (governors) –heads of the

provinces (alcaldias)

▪ Gobernadorcillos- mayors of the towns (pueblos)

▪ Cabezas de baranggay- head of the barangay

 POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT
The Opening of Suez Canal in
1869

EASY ACCESS

More stealing
 POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT

1. The corruption of the government was its

inability to provide for basic needs of public
works, schools, peace and order
2. They failed to get rid of the bands of tulisanes
3. The antiquated system of taxation
4. Highly protected tariffs
 POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT
In the face of a system that was both
exploitative and incapable of producing
benefits for the colony, liberal
nationalists and even conservative
upper-class Filipinos increasingly no
longer found any compelling motive for
maintaining the Spanish colonial regime.
CONCLUSION
 GED0049
LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL
THE SOCIAL AND CULTURAL CONTEXT
OF THE 19th CENTURY PHILIPPINES
1. Discuss the socio-cultural status of the world, and the
Philippines during the 19th century.
2. To single out some major social and cultural
developments of the 19th century that influenced Rizal’s
growth as a nationalist and conditioned the evolution of
his thought.
 SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

The Filipinos in the

19th century had suffered
from feudalistic and master
slave relationship by the
Spaniards.
 SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

Their social structure is

ranked into three groups:
1. Highest Class (Spanish
Officials, Peninsulares, Friars)
2. Middle Class (Natives,
Mestizos)
3. Lowest Class (Indios
 SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

Their social structure is

ranked into three groups:
1. Highest Class (Spanish
Officials, Peninsulares, Friars)
2. Middle Class (Natives,
Mestizos)
3. Lowest Class (Indios)
 CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
A key factor in the
emergence of nationalism in the
th
late 19 century was the cultural
development consequent on the
rapid spread of education from
about 1860.
 CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
▪ Ilustrados were made to study in
Europe.
▪ The return of the Jesuits took
charge in evangelization of
Mindanao.
▪ In 1859, they built Ateneo
Municipal.
Ateneo de Manila façade along Sta. Lucia St.,
Intramuros, Manila
 CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
▪ The Escuela Normal de Maestros
was established by the Jesuits to provide
Spanish-speaking teachers for the
projected new primary schools.
▪ Nationalism were to awaken in
secondary schools.
Library of the University of Santo Tomás in Manila, 1887. Created at the request
of Archbishop Miguel de Benavides, O.P. of Manila in 1610, it is the oldest existing university
library in Asia. It even had its own printing press which had been imported from Europe.
 CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
It was not that the Ateneo taught nationalism or the liberal
principles of progress. But in imparting to its students as a
humanistic education in (1) literature, (2) science, and (3)
philosophy, in inculcating principles of human dignity and
justice and the equality of all men, it effectively
undermined the foundations of the Spanish colonial
regime, even without the Spanish Jesuits wishing to do so.
 CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
Educational System
1. Over-emphasis on religious matters
2. Obsolete teaching methods
3. Limited Curriculum
4. Poor classroom facilities
5. Absence of teaching materials
6. Primary education was neglected
7. Absence of academic freedom
8. Prejudice against Filipinos in the schools of higher learning
9. Friar control over the system
 RELIGIOUS DEVELOPMENT
▪ Ilustrados were increasingly anti-friar, at
times anticlerical or anti-Catholic. DEVOTION TO
▪ It was necessary to support the friars by RELIGION
every means.
▪ Juan Alaminos, an anticlerical, felt that no
one could deny their partriotism, “which
verges on fanaticism, and they make the Indio
believe that only in loving the Spaniards can he
save his soul in the next life.”
 RELIGIOUS DEVELOPMENT

“Do you call those external practices faith? Or that business in cords
and scapulars, religion? Or the stories of miracles and other fairy tales
that we hear every day, truth? Is this the law of Jesus Christ? A God
did not have to let Himself be crucified for this, nor we assume the
obligation of eternal gratitude. Superstition existed long before this; all
that was needed was to perfect it and to raise the price of the
merchandise.”
-ELIAS,
Noli Me Tangere
 RELIGIOUS DEVELOPMENT

“I wanted to hit the friars [but] since the friars are always
making use of religion, not only as a shield but also as a
weapon, protection, citadel, fortress, armor, etc. I was
therefore forced to attack their false and superstitious
religion in order to combat the enemy who hid behind this
religion… God must not serve as shield and protection of
abuses, nor must religion.”
THE STORY OF THE TWO GOVERNOR-GENERALS

The Tale of the Two Governor-General(s)

Carlos María de la Torre Rafael Izquierdo

THE CAVITE MUTINY (1971)
GOMBURZA
MAIN CURRENTS OF THE NATIONALIST MOVEMENT

1. The reformist (the Spanish Colonial regime obviously

failed any longer to satisfy basic needs and desires of the
Filipino people.)

2. The liberal (safeguards of personal liberty– freedom of

speech and of the press, freedom of association, freedom
of religion, freedom from detention: propaganda
movement)
MAIN CURRENTS OF THE NATIONALIST MOVEMENT

3. Anticlerical (against the teachings of the friars)

4. Modernization was an economic goal, and many of

those who were deeply interested in progressive
economic measures sought them for the profit they
themselves would derive, not for the country.
MAIN CURRENTS OF THE NATIONALIST MOVEMENT

5. Nationalist ( assurance that their main goals

would be achieved ---- modernizing reforms in
government and the economy, civil liberties, and the
elimination of “theocratical control” over the
Philippine society.)
CONCLUSION