INTO THE

Spanish Colonial
Philippines
GROUP 1
What we'll discuss
The arrival of Magellan
Conversion to Christianity
Spanish Administration &
Governance
Economy in the Spanish era
Cultural Influences
Resistance Movements
Philippine Revolution
 THE
ARRIVAL
OF
MAGELLAN
Ferdinand Magellan reached the Philippines on
March 16, 1521
Portuguese Nobility and Explorer
Went on an expedition to reach the Molucas Island LANDFALL: Homonhon
Magellan's expedition departed from Seville, Spain, on Island(Located in Eastern
September 20, 1519, Samar).
fleet of five ships: Trinidad, San Antonio, Concepción,
Victoria, and Santiago.
ALLIANCES AND ATTEMPT TO CONVERT LOCAL RULERS TO
CHRISTIANITY
FIRST CATHOLIC MASS IN THE PHILIPPINES - LIMASAWA
 Battle of Mactan
MAGELLAN’S SUCCESS WITH RAJAH HUMABON
LAPU-LAPU’S RESISTANCE TO MAGELLAN’S INFLUENCE

BATTLE OF MACTAN ON APRIL 27, 1521

LAPU-LAPU’S WARRIORS RESISTANCE
MAGELLAN WOUNDED EARLY IN THE BATTLE AND
DIED IN BATTLE
RETREAT OF THE REMAINING EUROPEANS
After the Battle
The remaining members of the expedition
were forced to flee the islands before
the Cebuanos could kill them all.
They burned the ship Concepcion for
lack of men to operate the vessel.
With two ships left - Trinidad and
Victoria, they continued their voyage
to Moluccas with Juan Sebastián
Elcano leading them .
Post-Magellan Expeditions
FIRST EXPEDITION
Captain Garcia Jofre de Loaysa sailed with seven Ships and 450 men. To
colonize the spice island
After crossing the strait of Magellan, The vessels were dispersed by a storm.
loaysa got ill and died
SECOND EXPEDITION
Led by Sebastian Cabot, son of Venetian explorer John Cabot, in 1526 with
four ships and 250 men.
They failed to find the Strait of Magellan.
Post-Magellan Expeditions
FIRST EXPEDITION TO THE PHILIPPINES
In 1527, Alvaro Saavedra Ceron together with 110 men from the Viceroyalty in Mexico
(New Spain).
Three ships were set out to investigate what had happened to the two earlier
expeditions and rescue any survivors.
Only one ship, the Florida, reached Surigao in Northeastern Mindanao but failed to
colonize.
SECOND EXPEDITION THE PHILIPPINES
In 1542, Ruy López de Villalobos led an expedition with the goal of
reaching the Moluccas.
Villalobos explored and named parts of the Philippines but faced
challenges, and his expedition ultimately failed to establish a
permanent Spanish presence.
Legazpi’s Expedition
MIGUEL LOPEZ DE LEGAZPI
Commissioned by King Philip II of Spain to go on a expedition to the Philippines to establish
Spanish Dominance.
experienced conquistador who had previously served in Mexico.
financed the expedition
Legazpi initially landed in Cebu in April 1565, where he forged alliances with local leaders, including
Rajah Humabon.
The friendly reception allowed Legazpi to establish the first Spanish settlement in Cebu.
CONVERSION
TO
CHRISTIANITY
 The Introduction of
christianiy by magellan
Rajah Kolambu and Rajah Siawi
(Siagu) Attended the Mass in
Limasawa

Magellan’s conversion of
around 800 natives, including
Rajah Humabon and Hara
Humamay
FEBRUARY 13, 1565
Arrival of Miguel Lopez de LegazpI
People Involved:
Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
Andres de Urdaneta
SHORTLY AFTER ARRIVAL
The construction of fort San Pedro,
and the establishment of the
permanent settlement named San
Miguel later renamed as Ciudad del
Santísimo Nombre de Jesús (City of
the Most Holy Name Jesus).
Miguel López de Legazpi's conversion efforts
upon his arrival in 1565, aimed to establish Spanish control over the
Philippines and spread Christianity among the indigenous population.
He established a Spanish settlement, allied with indigenous leaders,
and baptized them as Christians. Legazpi oversaw the construction of
churches and religious institutions, appointed friars and missionaries,
and integrated indigenous customs into Christian practices. These
efforts laid the foundation for Spanish colonial rule and the enduring
influence of Christianity in the Philippines.
Importance of Conversion
It served as justification for
their colonization
Political Influence of the
Church
Vehicle for natives to adopt
cultural norms
Method of Control
JUNE 24, 1571

Miguel Lopez de Legazpi moved to

Luzon
Constructed the Walled-City known
as Intramuros
Proclaimed that the town of Manila
is the capital of the island
He called the city nueva castilla
 AUGUST 20, 1572
LEGAZPI, THE FIRST SPANISH GOVERNOR
AND ADELANTADO OF THE PHILIPPINES,
DIED OF HEART ATTACK.
GUIDO DE LAVEZARIS SUCCEEDED AND
STAYED IN POST UNTIL 1575
 SPANISH
ADMINISTRATION
AND
GOVERNANCE
 3 distinct units of Government
arose, namely:

The Local Government

The Provincial Government
The Central Government
Local Government
The local government which Spain established in the Philippines was of two
kinds, the Pueblo and the city
Provinces were divided into pueblos (towns)
Each pueblo = gobernadorcillo (petty governor)
Popularly called as capitan and his wife, capitana
“Other town officials besides the Gobernadorcillo:
Teniente Mayor (Chief Lieutenant)
Juez de Sementeras (Justice of the Fields)
Juez de Ganados (Justice of the Cattle)
Juez de Policia ( Justice of Police)
Directorcillo (Municipal Secretary”)
Local Government
The Cities:
Several large towns in the Philippines were organized into
cities.
among them were:
Manila Albay
Lipa Arevalo
Jaro Naga
Cebu Vigan
Local Government
Ayuntamiento ( City Government )
Cabildo (City Council) composed of the following:
Alcalde (mayor)
Regidores (councilors)
Alguacil mayor (chief constable)
Escribano (secretary)
PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT
For administrative purposes, the Philippines was divided into provinces and
special districts.
PROVINCES
were known as Alcaldias, each governed by an Alcalde Mayor.

SPECIAL DISTRICTS
were known as Corregimientos, each under a Corregidor (usually an army
officer).
CENTRAL GOVERNMENT
Governor-General ( Head of the central government)

He was assisted by two advisory bodies:

Board of authorities (Junta de autoridades)
Council of Administration (Consejo de Administracion)
colonial
systems
The encomiendas
First policy implemented by spain. encomienda was territory given to
the conquistadors.

A grant of inhabitants living in a particular conquered

territory which Spain gave to a Spanish colonizer as a reward
for his services.
It included tribute collected from the inhabitants
He is not allowed to collect land/natural resources/services
of the inhabitants
 Duties of an Encomiendero:
1. Protect the inhabitants from enemies
2. Assist the missionaries in Christianizing them
3. Promote the education of the people

Two kinds of Encomiendas:

1. Royal
Exclusively owned by the King (e.g. cities, seaports, and inhabitants of
regions rich in natural resources
2. Private
Owned by private persons or charitable institutions
tribute
a SYMBOL OF SUBMISSION TO SPAIN
a great portions are forced to handover to the warlords

Abuses
collects in a lower appraisal, sells in a higher price in the
market
does not give the share of profits to the natives
polo (forced labor)
they are forced to labor for 40 days

polista - people who render forced labor

the people are supposed to be given daily wages and rice
ration
 abolition of slavery
papal bull of april 18,1591
“to excommunicate those who would not liberate their
slaves”
 SPANISH ERA PRESENT PHILIPPINES

Type of Monarchical Democratic

Government Government Government
System of Executive and Executive, Judicial,
Government Judicial branch and Legislative
branch
Leyes de las Indias (the law Civil Law, Criminal Law,
of the Indies) Common Law, and Indigenous
Legal Systems Recopelacion De leyes de las Traditions.
Indias The Philippine Constitution
 SPANISH ERA PRESENT PHILIPPINES

Justice System Royal Audiencia Judiciary

There is a union of church There is a separation

Church involvement of church and state.
and state
Social Hierarchy is based on a
Social Hierarchy Social Hierarchy is based combination of factors,
on race and social status. including, wealth, education,
occupation, family
background, ethnicity, and
regional disparities.
.
 SPANISH ERA PRESENT PHILIPPINES
THE ELITE CLASS Upper Class/Elite
SOCIAL Peninsulares Class
Creoles or Insulares Middle Class
Working Class
CLASSES THE MIDDLE-CLASS Informal
mestizos Sector/Poor
Indigenous People
Urban Poor
THE LOWER CLASS
Native Filipinos
 ECONOMIC
EXPLOITATION
 Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade
-Trading of Goods from Philippines to Mexico and Mexico to Philippines
- 2 Galleons were used

BOLETA is the ticket used inorder to participate in the Galleon

Trade. This ticket is mostly availed by the upper-class
The trade and the Income is Monopolized by the Spaniards
Role of the Filipino’s during this trade was simply to repair the
ships using our resources
Polo Y Servicio - Forced Labor without payment
 High Tax
“Taxation is the lifeblood of the nation”
In order for the spanish colonizer to survive they make us pay tributes. The tributes
paid are fixed and it can be in a form of money/reales or produced.
1 Reales = 12.5 cents
Tributes/ Encomienda Tax
1570 - 8 Reales per person
1602 - 10 Reales per pereson
Diezmos Prediales(Tithes) - 1 Real
Town Community Chest - 1 Real
Sanctorum Tax - 3 Reals

Spercial Tax:
Donativo de Samboanga Tax - For the conquest of Jolo
Vinta and Faula - tax paid by the people in coastal areas for defense against pirates
 Bandala
Annual enforced sales of goods to spaniards
Payment is in a form of promissory note
 Tobacco Monopoly
Introduced by Gobernador Heneral Jose Basco Y Vargas “to Improve the
Economic condition of the Philippines”

Each Family were given a certain quota to produce, Failure to comply

will result to punishment
They can’t use their own product
Government purchased the tobacco on low price
 Encomienda System
indigenous communities were forced to provide labor and tribute to
Spanish encomenderos in exchange for protection and Christianization.
Kinds of Encomienda
Royal Encomiendas, belonging to the King
Ecclesiastical Encomiendas, belonging to the Church
Private Encomiendas, belonging to private individuals
Role of Encomiendas
1. to give protection to the natives
2. to help the missionaries convert the natives to Christianity
3. to promote education
 CULTURAL
INFLUENCES
 Cultural Influences of the Spanish Colonization
➳ LANGUAGE SYSTEM
Examples:
• Diyos - God • Pamilya - Family
• Guapo - Handsome • Lamesa - Table
• Kwento - Story • Regalo - Gift

➳ culinary influences
• Introduced sautéing garlic and onions in olive oil.
• Pastries such as Pan de Sal, Ensaymada, Flans.
• Rice Dishes such as Arroz Caldo and Arroz Valenciana.
 Cultural Influences of the Spanish Colonization
➳ naming conventions
Common Spanish Surnames in the Philippines:
Reyes, Santos, Garcia, Gonzales, Lopez, (use
of De or Del) Del Rosario, De Castro.
➳ architecture
• Construction of Baroque Churches
- San Agustin Church in Manila
- Miagao Church in Ilo Ilo
• Bahay na Bato
• Forts
- Fort Santiago in Manila
- Fort San Pedro in Cebu
• Town Planning (Plaza Mayor)
 Cultural Influences of the Spanish Colonization
➳ religion
➳ attitudes and habits
➳ changes in educational system • Crab Mentality
• Establishment of Formal Schools • Colonial Mentality
- Very Religious Centered • Mañana Habit
- Learning Spanish is compulsory
- Limited access for indigenous
people.
• Establishment of Universities
Ex. University of Santo Tomas
Ateneo de Manila
University of San Carlos
RESISTANCE
MOVEMENTS
 Tondo Conspiracy
(1587-1588)
Led by Don Augustin de Legazpi and Martin Pangan
Cause of Revolt:
abolishing slavery in hopes of shifting the slaves'
allegiance from the datus to the kingly Spaniards
 Dagohoy Rebellion
(1744-1829)
Led by Francisco Dagohoy (Francisco Sendrijas)
Cause of Revolt:
triggered by an act of injustice against Francisco
Dagohoy's brother, who was killed by a Spanish priest over
a personal dispute
 Palaris Revolt
(1762-1765)
Led by Juan de la Cruz Palaris (Panteleon Perez)
Cause of Revolt:
was caused by heavy taxation, forced labor, abuse by
Spanish officials, and exploitation of the indigenous
population of Pangasinan
 Diego Silang Revolt
(1762-1763)
Led by Diego Silang y Andaya
Cause of Revolt:
(1) The return of the tributes that had been collected,
(2) the removal of the schoolmaster and the church officials,
(3) the removal of the alcalde-mayor of the province, Don Joaquin Gamboa,
(4) permanence in office for the then master-of-camp of the province, Andres
Lopez, a native, and
(5) a promise that they be exempted from the payment of the tributes if they go
to Jolo to fight the Moros
 GomBurZa Execution
(Febuary 17, 1872)
Led by Filipino Catholic Priests; Mariano Gomez, Jose
Burgos, Jacinto Zamora
Cause of Execution:
GOMBURZA were accused and found guilty of allegedly
orchestrating the Cavite Mutiny of 1872, and charged with
treason and sedition by Spanish authorities.
 PHILIPPINE
REVOLUTION
 Rise of Filipino Nationalism
Growing dissatisfaction
dissatisfaction against the principales
racial prejudice
Jose Rizal actively Challenging stereotypes
Emergence of the Ilustrados in 1863
Expulsion of Jesuits from the Philippines in
1768
 Rise of Filipino Nationalism
ARCHBISHOP MARTINEZ URGED SPANISH
AUTHORITIES TO ADVOCATE FOR SECULARIZATION
CAVITE MUTINY OF JANUARY 20, 1872
execution of gom-bur-za
expansion of the term “filipino”
PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT
initiated by Filipino intellectuals in Europe
during the late 1800s
Led by figures like established the bilingual newspaper Diariong Tagalog
Marcelo H. del Pilar departed from the philippines in 1888

GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA employed satirical literature to critique religious figures

“fRAY BOTOD” MOCKED A CLERIC NAMED fRAY bOTOD FOR
JOSE RIZAL EXPLOITING RURAL COMMUNITIES AND ACCUMULATING WEALTH
MOVED TO MADRID AND ENGAGED IN JOURNALISM WITH OTHER
“NOLI ME TANGERE” FILIPINO EXPATRIATES
THE BAN ON ITS READING REFLECTED THE OTHER NOTABLE
PROFOUND IMPACT IT HAD ON BOTH PROPAGANDISTS:
Pedro A. Paterno, a lawyer;
SPANIARDS AND FILIPINOS Antonio Luna, a pharmacist and essayist;
Pedro Serrano Laktaw, a teacher-tutor;
and Isabelo de los Reyes, a folklorist and newspaperman.
The movement also garnered support from Juan Luna and
Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo, renowned painters.
PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT
RECEIVED BACKING FROM SPANISH ALLIES
JUAN ATAYDE - FOUNDED THE CIRCULO HISPANO-FILIPINO IN 1882
PROFESSOR MIGUEL MORAYTA (RIZAL’S MENTOR IN MADRID) -
attempted to establish the Asociacion Hispano-Filipino in
1889 to advocate for reforms in the Philippines
LA SOLIDARIDAD
A Purely Filipino organization
founded in Barcelona
galicano apacible - president
graciano lopez jaena - vice
president
jose rizal - honarary president
established a newspaper “La
Solidaridad”
Many Filipino propagandists joined
FREEMASONRY, a fraternal organization
supporting their reformist cause.
The Masonic lodge in Manila - founding
of lodge nilad on 1892
masonic lodges also admitted women as
members
la liga filipina (the philippine league)
drafted while Rizal is in Hong Kong
founded La Liga Filipina on July 1892
La Liga aimed to be a mutual aid society,
providing scholarships, legal aid, capital
loans, and cooperatives.
Its motto, "Unus Instar Omnium" (one like
all)
Rizal circulated a handbill, "Ang
Karapatan ng Tao," translating the
French Declaration of the Rights of Man
ADVOCATING ARMED REVOLUTION FOR
FREEDOM
Realizing peaceful agitation was insufficient,
some members of La Liga Filipina, including Andres
Bonifacio, shifted towards advocating armed
revolution for freedom
FORMATION OF KATIPUNAN
 a revolutionary society
KATIPUNAN dedicated to national
independence
ENTRANCE
SIGNING MEMBERSHIP PAPERS WITH
BLOOD, INITIATING A TRIANGLE functioned as a government with a
RECRUITMENT METHOD AND IMPOSING constitution
FEES

WOMEN CAN BE MEMBERS

KATIPUNAN FORMATION
bonifacio led the katipunan
The Katipunan's flag with three white
K's on a red rectangular cloth,
symbolized its authority.
Emilio Jacinto created a primer
called Kartilla
THE REVOLUTION OF 1896
DISCOVERY OF THE KATIPUNAN ON AUGUST 19
the Katipuneros tore their cedulas personales
CRY OF (certificates),
the symbol of the Filipino vassalage to Spain at the
BALINTAWAK same time shouting, “Long live the Philippines! Long live
the Katipunan!
Bonifacio led his army to attack the BATTLE OF
polverin (powder depot) on August 30
They Failed PINAGLABANAN
n or G en er al
Gover c o
STATE OF WAR State of war in Manila and seven Luzon provinces
Ramon Bla n – Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija,
and Tarlac
DECREE Under Martial Law
 Rizal’s Execution
Rizal was arrested while on his way to Cuba to serve as a
doctor for the Spanish Army.
Convicted of sedition, rebellion, and illicit associations

NOT WANTING TO DIE AS A TRAITOR

Eight Filipino soldiers, with eight Spanish soldiers behind them carried out the
execution.
Such incidents involving detention,
deportation, and execution only made
the Filipinos more unrelenting to the
Spanish Government.
RIVALRY IN THE KATIPUNAN
MAGDALO COUNCIL
TWO KATIPUNAN COUNCILS IN CAVITE MAGDIWANG COUNCIL
GENERAL ASSEMBLY HOSTED BY ISSUE:establishment of a
revolutionary government and
MAGDALO COUNCIL uniting the Magdiwang and
Magdalo forces under a single
Issues discussed: to resolve command.
whether there should be a new TEJERO CONVENTION
government to replace the
Katipunan BONIFACIO REFUSED TO RECOGNISE
AGUINALDO AS THE LEADER
BONIFACIO’S
ARREST
bonifacio, gregoria and the survivng
bonifacio SOLDIERS were taken
prisoners and brough to naic
BONIFACIO BROTHER’S
EXECUTION
THE BONIFACIO BROTHERS WERE GIVEN THE PENALTY OF
DEATH
Major Lazaro Makapagal executed the brothers at
Mount Nagpatong, maragondon on May 10, 1897
BIAK NA BATO
Establishment of a provisional government.
Signing of the Pact of Biak-na-Bato, a ceasefire
agreement between Filipino revolutionary
leaders and Spanish authorities.
Provision for amnesty and financial compensation to
Filipino leaders in exchange for their surrender.
Despite the agreement, tensions remained
between Filipinos and Spanish authorities,
leading to further conflict.
Aguinaldo and his officers went into exile but did not end
the fight to win the independence from Spain.
Thank You for
listening!