UNIT 2: UNDERSTANDING PERSPECTIVE.
more than 300 men who left on the Magellan expedition in
LESSON 3: MAGELLAN VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD
I. MAGELLAN IN THE PHILIPPINES
 Magellan was the son of Rui de Magalhães and Alda de
Mesquita, members of the Portuguese nobility. At an early
age he became a page to Queen Leonor, wife of John II
(reigned 1481–95) and sister of Manuel I (reigned 1495–
1521), in Lisbon. In early 1505 he enlisted in the fleet of
Francisco de Almeida, first viceroy of Portuguese India,
whose expedition King Manuel sent to check Muslim sea
power along the African and Indian coasts and to establish a
strong Portuguese presence in the Indian Ocean. During a
naval engagement at Cannanore (now Kannur) on the
Malabar Coast of India, Magellan is said by the chronicler
Gaspar Correia (also spelled Corrêa) to have been
wounded. Though Correia states that during this early period
of his Indian service, Magellan acquired considerable
knowledge of navigation, little is known of Magellan’s first
years in the East until he appears among those sailing in
November 1506 with Nuno Vaz Pereira to Sofala on the
Mozambique coast, where the Portuguese had established a
fort.
 Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese in the service of the
Spanish crown, was looking for a westward route to the to the
Spice Islands of Indonesia. On March 16, 1521, Magellan's
expedition landed on Homonhon island in the Philippines. He
was the first European to reach the islands. Rajah Humabon
of Cebu was friendly with Magellan and embraced
Christianity, but their enemy, Lapu-Lapu was not. Humabon
wanted Magellan to kill Lapu-Lapu while Magellan wanted to
convert Lapu-Lapu into Christianity. On April 17, 1521,
Magellan sailed to Mactan and ensuing battle killed Magellan
by the natives lead by Lapu-Lapu. Out of the five ships and
1519, only one ship (the Victoria) and 18 men returned to
Seville, Spain on September 6, 1522. Nevertheless, the said
expedition was considered historic because it marked the first
circumnavigation of the globe and proved that the world was
round.
II. THE BATTLE OF MACTAN.
 The Battle of Mactan (Cebuano: Gubat sa Mactan; Filipino:
Labanan sa Mactan) was fought in the Philippines on 27
April 1521. Warriors of Lapulapu, a native chieftain of
Mactan, overpowered and defeated a Spanish force fighting
for Rajah Humabon of Cebu under the command of
Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan, who was killed in
the battle. The outcome of the battle resulted in the
departure of the Spanish crew from the archipelago, and
delayed the Spanish colonization of the Philippines by 44
years until the conquest by Miguel López de Legazpi in
1564–1565.
 Magellan befriended Rajah Kolambu and Rajah Siagu, king
of Limasawa, who guided him to Cebu.[1] There he met
Rajah Humabon, the Rajah of Cebu. Then, Rajah Humabon
and his queen were baptized into the Catholic faith, taking
the Christian names Carlos, in honor of King Charles of
Spain, and Juana, in honor of King Charles' mother. To
commemorate this event, Magellan gave Juana the Santo
Niño, an image of the infant Jesus, as a symbol of their new
alliance and held their first Mass on the coast. As a result of
Magellan's influence with Rajah Humabon, an order was
issued to the nearby chiefs that each of them were to
provide food supplies for the ships, and convert to
Christianity. Most chiefs obeyed the order; however, Datu
Lapulapu, one of the two chiefs within the island of Mactan,
was the only chieftain to show his opposition. Lapulapu
refused to accept the authority of Rajah Humabon in these
matters. This opposition proved to be influential when
 Antonio Pigafetta, Magellan's voyage chronicler,[3] writes,On
Friday, April twenty-six, Zula, the second chief of the island
of Mactan, sent one of his sons to present two goats to the
captain-general, and to say that he would send him all that
he had promised, but that he had not been able to send it to
him because of the other chief Lapulapu, who refused to
obey the king of Spain. Rajah Humabon and Datu Zula
suggested to Magellan to go to the island of Mactan and
force his subject chieftain Datu Lapulapu to comply with his
orders.[1] Magellan saw an opportunity to strengthen the
existing friendship ties with the ruler of the Visayan region
and agreed to help him subdue the resistant Lapulapu.
 According to the documents of Italian historian Antonio
Pigafetta, Magellan tried to convince Lapulapu to comply
with Rajah Humabon's orders the night before the battle,
Magellan's small force was immediately attacked by the
natives with a heavy barrage of ranged weapons, consisting
of arrows, iron-tipped "bamboo" throwing spears (probably
rattan bangkaw), fire-hardened sticks, and even stones.
They surrounded Magellan's landing party, attacking from
the front and both flanks. The heavy armor of the Spaniards
largely protected them from this barrage, inflicting only a
handful of fatalities on the Europeans, but it was heavily
demoralizing on the troops.[5]
 The musketeers and crossbowmen on the boat tried to
provide support by firing from the boats. Though the light
armor and the shields of the natives were vulnerable to
European projectile weapons, the barrage had little effect, as
they were firing from an extreme distance and the natives
easily avoided them. Due to the same distance, Magellan
could not command them to stop and save their ammunition,
and the musketeers and crossbowmen continued firing for
half an hour until their ammunition were exhausted.[5]
 Magellan, hoping to ease the attack set fire to some of the
houses, but this only enraged the natives even more.
Magellan was finally hit with a poisoned arrow through his
unarmored legs, at which time the natives charged the
Europeans for close-quarters combat.[5]
 Seeing that, Magellan sent some men to burn their houses in
order to terrify them. When they saw their houses burning,
they were roused to greater fury. Some of our men were
killed near the houses, while we burned twenty or thirty
houses. So many of them rained down upon us that the
captain was shot through the right leg with a poisoned arrow.
On that account, he ordered us to a frontal assault. But the
men took to flight, except ten to fifteen of us who remained
with the captain. The natives shot only at our legs, for the
latter were bare; and so many were the spears and stones
that they hurled at us, that we could offer no resistance. The
mortars in the boats could not aid us as they were too far
away.[6]
 Many of the warriors specifically attacked Magellan. In the
struggle, he was wounded in the arm with a spear and in the
leg by a large native sword (likely a kampilan). Those who
stood beside him were easily overpowered and killed, while
the others who tried to help him were hacked by spears and
swords. With this advantage, Lapulapu's troops finally
overwhelmed and killed Magellan. Pigafetta and a few others
managed to escape.
 Recognizing the captain, so many turned upon him that they
knocked his helmet off his head twice... an Indian hurled a
bamboo spear into the captain's face, but the latter
immediately killed him with his lance, which he left in the
Indian's body. Then, trying to lay hand on sword, he could
draw it out but halfway, because he had been wounded in
the arm with a bamboo spear. When the natives saw that,
they all rushed themselves upon him. One of them wounded
him on the left leg with a large cutlass, which resembles a
scimitar, only being larger. That caused the captain to fall
face downward, when immediately they rushed upon him
with iron and bamboo spears and with their cutlasses, until
they killed our mirror, our light, our comfort, and our true
 guide. When they wounded him, he turned back many times
to see whether we were all in the boats. Thereupon,
beholding him dead, we, wounded, retreated, as best we
could, to the boats, which were already pulling off. According
to Pigafetta, several of Magellan's men were killed in battle,
and a number of natives converted to Catholicism who had
come to their aid were immediately killed by the warriors.
Magellan's allies, Humabon and Zula, were said not to have
taken part in the battle due to Magellan's bidding, and they
watched from a distance.
III. SUCCEEDING EXPEDITION.
 Juan Sebastian de Elcano, the master of ship "Concepcion"
took over the command of the expedition after the death of
Magellan and captained the ship "Victoria" back to Spain. He
and his men earned the distinction of being the first to
circumnavigate the world in one full journey. After Magellan's
death in Cebu, it took 16 more months for Elcano to return to
Spain. The Magellan expedition started off through the
westward route and returning to Spain by going east;
Magellan and Elcano's entire voyage took almost three years
to complete.
 After the Spain had celebrated Elcano’s return, King Charles
I decided that Spain should conquer the Philippines. Five
subsequent expeditions were then sent to the Islands. These
were led by Garcia Jofre Loaisa (1525), Sebastian Cabot
(1526), Alvaro de Saavedra (1527), Rudy Lopez de
Villalobos (1542) and Miguel Lopez de Legazpi (1564). Only
the last two actually reached the Philippines; and only
Legazpi succeeded in colonizing the Islands.
 Ruy Lopez de Villalobos set sail for the Philippines from
Navidad, Mexico on November 1, 1542. He followed the
route taken by Magellan and reached Mindanao on February
2, 1543. He established a colony in Sarangani but could not
stay long because of insufficient food supply. His fleet left
the island and landed on Tidore in the Moluccas, where they
were captured by the Portuguese. Villalobos is remembered
for naming our country “Islas Filipinas,” in honor of King
Charles’ son, Prince Philip, who later became king of Spain.
IV. MIGUEL LOPEZ DE LEGAZPI AND THE CONQUEST OF
THE PHILIPPINES.
 Miguel López de Legazpi (1502 – August 20, 1572), also
known as El Adelantado and El Viejo (The Elder), was a
Spanish navigator and governor who established the first
Spanish settlement in the East Indies when his expedition
crossed the Pacific Ocean from the Viceroyalty of New Spain
in modern-day Mexico, arriving in Cebu in the Philippine
Islands in 1565. He was the first Governor-General of the
Spanish East Indies, which was governed and mainly
located in the Philippines. It also encompassed other Pacific
islands namely Guam and the Mariana Islands. After
obtaining peace with various indigenous nations and
kingdoms, he made Cebu City the capital of the Spanish
East Indies in 1565 and later transferred to Manila in 1571.
[1] The capital city of the province of Albay bears his name.
 In 1564, López de Legazpi was commissioned by the
viceroy, Luís de Velasco, to lead an expedition in the Pacific
Ocean, to find the Spice Islands where the earlier explorers
Ferdinand Magellan and Ruy López de Villalobos had
landed in 1521 and 1543, respectively. The expedition was
ordered by King Philip II of Spain, after whom the Philippines
had earlier been named by Ruy López de Villalobos. The
viceroy died in July 1564, but the Audiencia and López de
Legazpi completed the preparations for the expedition. On
November 19 or 20, 1564, five ships, carrying 500 soldiers,
sailed from the port of Barra de Navidad, New Spain, in what
is now Jalisco state, Mexico (other sources give the date as
 November 1, 1564, and mention 'four ships and 380 men').
[citation needed] Members of the expedition included six
Augustinian missionaries, in addition to Fr. Andrés de
Urdaneta, who served as navigator and spiritual adviser,[2]
Melchor de Legazpi (Miguel López de Legazpi's son), Felipe
de Salcedo (one of Miguel López de Legazpi's grandsons),
and Guido de Lavezarez (a survivor of Ferdinand Magellan's
expedition). López de Legazpi and his men sailed the Pacific
Ocean for 93 days. In 1565, they landed in the Mariana
Islands, where they briefly anchored and replenished their
supplies. There they fought with Chamorro tribes and burned
several huts.
V. LEGASPI CONQUERS CEBU
 On February 13, 1565, Legaspi's expedition landed in Cebu
island. After a short struggle with the natives, he proceeded
to Leyte, then to Camiguin and to Bohol. There Legaspi
made a blood compact with the chieftain, Datu Sikatuna as a
sign of friendship. Legaspi was able to obtain spices and
gold in Bohol due to his friendship with Sikatuna. On April
27, 1565, Legaspi returned to Cebu; destroyed the town of
Raja Tupas and establish a settlement. On orders of the
King Philip II, 2,100 men arrived from Mexico. They built the
the port of Fuerza de San Pedro which became the Spanish
trading outpost and stronghold for the region.
 Sealed orders which Legazpi opened at mid sea carried King
Phillip's instructions to sail to the Philippines and "labor
diligently to make and establish sound friendship and peace
with the natives - represent to them His Majesty's affection
and love, giving them a few presents - and treating them
well". The true intent of the order did not escape Legazpi. He
was on a voyage of colonization, a peaceful colonization if
possible, but colonization, above all. Urdaneta understood
the message, too, and reluctantly did his job. He was willing
enough to proceed to the Philippines to spread the word of
God, but he was well aware that there were other motives
than the planting of the cross. This was not an undiscovered,
isolated region where credulous natives gave friendship in
exchange for a looking-glass, or accepted the affection and
love of a king several thousand miles away without
questioning his motives. More than forty years past, the red-
lipped, pink-powdered young wife of Cebu's Rajah Humabon
had been baptized and gifted an image of the Child Jesus by
Magellan. There had been rejoicing at the conversion, the
avowals of friendship, and what appeared to be the easy
conquest of the islands. Two weeks later, in the nearby
island of Mactan, Magellan's army of Spaniards and
assisting Cebuans were felled by Lapulapu and his men.
Magellan was killed, and although there is little truth to the
story that his Achilles heel had been located in his armor-
uncovered knee, his death discovered for the Filipinos the
vulnerability of the Spanish.
 The Philippines then was made up of many little kingdoms
with chieftains who were friendly or hostile to each other, but
who recognized each other's independence. Trade and
commerce was carried on among themselves and with
foreigners. The Chinese, Japanese, Arabs, Siamese,
Sumatrans and other neighboring traders had brought to the
country their various customs and cultures, without
attempting to bring the authority of their kings.
 The independence of rule and thinking of the various
kingdoms were a help to Legazpi's troops. If they were not
wanted in one place, they were still welcome in another.
Bohol's chieftain, Sikatuna received them warmly. The policy
of attraction - a combination of earnest piety, genteel
diplomacy and abundance of beads - worked.
 Many years later the painter Juan Luna somberly and stiffly
immortalized the blood compact, the casi-casi in which the
protagonists Sikatuna and Legazpi drew blood from
themselves and with the mixed brew signed the pact of
brotherhood. This ritual of minimum bloodshed was certainly
 preferable to violence and Legazpi filed it away in his mind,
to draw on for future use.
 With his new ally Legazpi headed back to Cebu, and took
the kingdom by force, over the protests of Fray Urdaneta.
Tupas, the chieftain of Cebu retreated to the mountain with
2000 warriors, to come down eventually and made the first
documented surrender of freedom when he concluded a
treaty with Legazpi providing that "they make submission
and place themselves under the dominion of the royal Crown
of Castilla and of his Majesty, as his natural vassals,
promising to be faithful and loyal to his service, and not to
displease him in any way."
 There was more than one thing to make Legazpi rejoice. An
image of the Holy Child Jesus believed to be the same one
Magellan gave Queen Juana was found in one of the
unburned houses in Cebu. In what might be precursor to
another later even in Philippine history, Legazpi knelt in front
of the image, and supplicated "that Thou enlighten and guide
me so that all that we do here may be to Thy glory and
honor." To his credit, Legazpi did not make any reference in
his prayers to doing good for the people sitting in darkness.
Instead he asked that the LoThere were a goodly number of
these, by then, not the least of which were committed by the
Spanish soldiers who had discovered the wines and women
of Cebu, and the gold that lay buried in the graveyards. Also,
and what might have been an offense in his eyes were the
attacks launched by Portuguese soldiers soon after the
establishment of the Spanish settlement in Cebu. A fort, a
church and houses had been constructed which angered the
Portuguese Captain Pereira who claimed the island as
rightfully belonging to his King. Legazpi did not argue but
stated that what had forced them to the island's shores
would necessarily keep them there, until ships came to carry
them away. An exchange of letters followed. The union of
Spain and Portugal in 1580 resolved this conflict between
Spain and Portugal.
 But in the meantime, Cebu was no longer safe. Both
Portuguese and the Cebuans threatened their security and
in 1569 Legazpi decided to move his forces to Panay. Only
when reinforcement arrived from Spain did he return to
Cebu, now as governor with the new title of Adelantado. A
more important message had arrived with reinforcements.
Legazpi was ordered to take full possession of the
Philippines.
 Cebu was organized as a city government with a new
governor, and the land divided into encomiendas, large
estates which like rich slices of cake were given as rewards
to those who had served King and Adelantado bravely and
well. Years later, because of the evils and abuses it brought
about, the encomienda system would be abolished. The bad
taste it had left in the mouth would linger for as long as the
abusive habits nourished by their sudden wealth remained.
Legazpi went on to follow orders.rd punish "the offenses
committed in these islands against Thy Majesty."
VI. CONQUEST OF MANILA
 In June of 1571, Manila was founded and made the
administrative center of the Spanish colony. Streets, forts,
and a palace was erected. An image of the Blessed Virgin
found in Ermita was made the holy patroness as the Nuestra
Señora de Guia. A few years later Manila was titled "The
Most Noble and Ever Loyal" city. Not long afterward the
natives rose in rebellion against Legazpi's successor in
Manila, the appointed Governor, Guido de Lavezares. Goiti
was dead and only Salcedo's intervention with Rajah
Lakandula, dissuaded the latter from doing battle.
 All of Luzon except the regions colonized by Goiti were
conquered by Salcedo, peacefully, and when necessary, by
force. He had an army of 30 to 40 Spaniards, and many
natives. It is possible that his dashing, romantic figure, fired
their sense of adventure, as they accompanied him while he
 marched from north to south, east to west, sailed along the
coasts of the Philippines, seeking weak entries, its stronger
ramparts. In Paracale he found what other Spaniards sought
- survivors of past expeditions, and gold, much gold. While
founding the city of Vigan he was called to Manila, in 1574,
to help Goiti defend the city against Limahong. The Chinese
pirate led a fleet of 62 war junks with 2000 soldiers, 2000
seamen, 1500 women, and a good number of artisans and
farmers. Limahong was routed in what was a double victory
for Salcedo. Not only were the pirates driven away, but done
so with the help of the previously hostile natives. Lakandula
and other chieftains, most of them on the verge of revolt, had
joined forces with Salcedo in defeating the common enemy.
VII. BATTLE OF BANGKUSAY
 Miguel López de Legazpi was searching for a suitable place
to establish the Spanish colonial capital after being forced to
leave first Cebu and then Iloilo by Portuguese pirates. In
1570, Martin de Goiti and Captain Juan de Salcedo, with
food stocks diminishing, discovered a rich kingdom on Luzon
and saw its potential. De Goiti anchored at Cavite, and tried
to establish his authority peaceably by sending a message of
friendship to Maynila. Rajah Sulayman, its ruler, was willing
to accept the friendship that the Spaniards were offering, but
did not want to submit to its sovereignty. Thus, Sulayman
declared war. As a result, De Goiti and his army attacked
Maynila in June 1570. After a stout fight, Sulayman and his
men were forced to flee uphill. After the Spaniards had left,
the natives returned.
 In 1571, the Spaniards returned with their entire force
consisting of 280 Spaniards and 600 native allies, this time
led by Legazpi himself. Seeing the Spanish approaching, the
natives set the city on fire and fled to Tondo. The Spaniards
occupied the ruins of Maynila and established a settlement
there. On May 19, 1571, Legaspi gave the title "city" to the
colony of Manila. The title was certified on June 19, 1572.
 A Kapampangan leader of the Macabebe tribe, later
identified as Tarik Sulayman, refused to submit to the
Spaniards and, after failing to gain the support of the
chieftains of Maynila and Tondo (Lakandula, Matanda) and
nearby old settlements of Hagonoy, Bulacan and nearby
towns, gathered a force composed of native warriors.
 On June 3, 1571, Tarik Sulayman, supported by Rajah
Sulayman, led his troops down the Pampanga River and
fought the battle in the bay of Bangkusay, off the port of
Tondo.
 The Spanish ships, led by Martin de Goiti, were ordered to
be fastened two-by-two which created a solid mass
formation which seemed to be an easy target. The native
warships were lured by this deception and they surrounded
the Spanish. The Spanish, surrounded by the native boats,
open fire and the native fleet was scattered and destroyed."
 The Spanish capture the leaders of the Natives in the Battle
of Bangkusay, namely Tarik Sulayman and Rajah
Sulayman[1], On 1572 the people of North of Luzon or
Saludong would be angry and attack the Spanish led by
Kasikis of Kaboloan against Lakandula and the Spanish, the
troops from the North led by Kaboloan would make a war
against the Spanish which would be a victory in Macabebe
and in the other Northern battlefields but it would be a victory
in Manila and the people of the North led by Kasikis of
Kaboloan and Balagtas, Leaders of Saludong would ransom
Tarik Sulayman, the leader of the Macabebeans, however,
Rajah Sulayman would remain a prisoner of Lakandula and
the Spanish, afterwards the muslims and hindus of the old
Majapahit Saludong would reconcile and would be a
nuisance to the Spanish, especially on the initial stages of
the colony of the Philippines as they would want to regain
the old territories of Meycauayan and Bataan. After the battle
Kandarapa who was betrothed to one of the northerners is
married to Juan de Salcedo in 1574.