READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY NOTES – 1st Sem Prelims  The possibility that Lawan in Samar Island is an important part
t Lawan in Samar Island is an important part of the Polynesian civilization
Pre-Hispanic Period
TIMELINE
Dawn man and Callao man existed as early as 250,000 and 65,000 years ago.
1800 BC Ancient Lawan Pacific Settlement (Ophir, the homeland of Polynesians)
1000 BC Igorot Society (CAR)
601 AD Chiefdoms of Zabag and Wak-Wak (Pampanga and Aparri
800 AD Namayan (Mandaluyong, Sta. Ana Manila)
900 AD Tondo (Tondo, Manila)
971 AD Huangdom of Ma-i
1176 AD Kingdom of Tondo
1200 AD Rajahnate of Cebu, Madjas-as Confederation, Dapitan, Butuan
1252 AD Lupah Sug (Sulu)
1376 AD Bruneian Empire
1408 AD Caboloan Vassal State of Ming China (Pangasinan)
1430 AD Sultanate of Sulu
1450 AD Kingdom of Tondo reached its peak with the largest territory in the archipelago
1470 AD Namayan became a vassal state of Tondo
1492 AD Kingdom of Taytay (Palawan)
1499 AD Brunei conquered Ma-i and Sulu
1500 AD Brunei conquered Tondo's Manila territory and established the puppet Kingdom of
Maynila
1501 AD Maguindanao established
1502 AD Brunei totally took-over Tondo which lost its territories up north of Luzon.
1000 BC ONWARDS
 Iron Age finds in Philippines point to the existence of trade between Tamil Nadu and the
Philippine Islands during the ninth and tenth centuries B.C.
 The archipelago was believed to be the island of Chryse, the "Golden One" which is an island
rich in gold east of India according to Greek writings.
 Historian Otley Beyer said that the “dawn man”, the aborigines of the Philippines, existed
250,000 years ago, although the Callao man fossils have been dated as 65,000 years ago.
 Excavations in Rizal, Kalinga in the Cagayan Valley of northern Luzon in the Philippines yielded
57 stone tools associated with an almost-complete disarticulated skeleton of Rhinoceros
philippinensis showing clear signs of butchery, together with other fossil fauna remains. The
finds originate in a clay-rich bone bed dated to between 777,000 and 631,000 years.
 The Philippines may have had a central role in southward movements of archaic hominids into
Wallacea, a geographical designation for a group of Indonesian Islands.
was confirmed somehow by a finding in an Australian study that the Pacific Island Philippines
could be the homeland of Polynesians in the pacific oceans.
 The migration of the Filipinos to different pacific islands who are identified today as Polynesians
and inwards into the Philippine islands like in Tondo happened slowly in thousands of years
and is evidenced by an existence of an ancient shipping industry based in Palapag which was
later converted into the shipping repair stations of the Galleon Trade and is identified by some
historians as the so-called "Lakanate of Lawan" once headed by Datu Iberein and was
mentioned by Henry Scott in his writings, particularly in the "Bingi of Lawan.”
KAMHANTIK LIMESTONE TOMBS (890 AD – 1030 AD)
 The Limestone tombs of Kamhantik in the Buenavista Protected Landscape in Quezon province
was known to Manila researchers of the National Museum of the Philippines in 2011. The
coffins were believed to be at least 1,000 years old, initially.
 It is composed of fifteen limestone coffins that can be dated back from the period of 10th to
14th centuries based on one of National Museum's top archaeologist "a complex archaeological
site with both habitation and burial remains from the period of approximately 10th to the 14th
century ... the first of its kind in the Philippines having carved limestone tombs.".
 However, after carbon-dating the human bones found on the site, it was known that the age of
the site is much older, between 890–1030 AD.
 The archaeological site is part of 280 hectares (690 acres) of forest land that was declared a
government-protected area in 1998 to keep away treasure hunters and slash-and-burn
farmers.
LAGUNA COPPERPLATE INSCRIPTION (c. 900)
 In January 1990, the Laguna Copperplate, on examination, was found to measure about 20 cm
square and to be fully covered on one side with an inscription in ten lines of finely written
characters. Antoon Postma deciphered the text and discovered that it identified the date of its
creation as the "Year of Sakya 822, month of Vaisakha." According to Jyotisha (Hindu
astronomy), this corresponded with the year 900.
 The inscription forgives the descendants of Namwaran from a debt of 926.4 grams of gold, and
is granted by the chief of Tondo (an area in Manila) and the authorities of Paila, Binwangan
and Pulilan, which are all locations in Luzon. The words are a mixture of mostly Sanskrit along
with some Old Malay, Old Javanese and Old Tagalog.
 The references to the Chief of Medang Kingdom in Indonesia imply that there were cultural and
trade links with empires and territories in other parts of Maritime Southeast Asia, particularly
Srivijaya.
INDIANIZATION AND SUYAT SCRIPTS (1200 ONWARDS)
 The script used in writing down the LCI is Kawi, which originated in Java, and was used across
much of Maritime Southeast Asia. But by at least the 13th century or 14th century, its
descendant known in Tagalog as Baybayin was in regular use.
 One example of the use of Baybayin from that time period was found on an earthenware burial
jar found in Batangas. Though a common perception is that Baybayin replaced Kawi, many
historians believe that they were used alongside each other. Baybayin was noted by the
Spanish to be known by everyone, and was generally used for personal and trivial writings.
Kawi most likely continued to be used for official documents and writings by the ruling class.
Baybayin was simpler and easier to learn, but Kawi was more advanced and better suited for
concise writing.
 Although Kawi came to be replaced by the Latin script, Baybayin continued to be used during
the Spanish colonization of the Philippines up until the late 19th century. Closely related scripts
still in use among indigenous peoples today include Hanunóo, Buhid and Tagbanwa.
SINICIZATION AND CHINESE TRADE (982 ONWARDS)
 The earliest date suggested for direct Chinese contact with the Philippines was 982. At the
time, merchants from "Ma-i" (now thought to be either Bay, Laguna on the shores of Laguna de
Bay, or a site on the island of Mindoro) brought their wares to Guangzhou and Quanzhou. This
was noted by the Sung Shih (History of the Sung) by Ma Tuan-lin who compiled it with other
historical records in the Wen-hsien T'ung-K'ao at the time around the transition between the
Sung and Yuan dynasties.
 In Siquijor, there was an island called 'Katagusan', from tugas, the molave trees that cover the
hills, which abounded the island along with fireflies. During this time, the people of the kingdom
was already in contact with Chinese traders, as seen through archaeological evidences which
includes Chinese ceramics and other Chinese objects.
 The art of traditional healing and traditional witchcraft belief systems also developed within
this period.
ISLAMIZATION AND THE GROWTH OF ISLAMIC SULTANATES (1380 ONWARDS)
 In 1380, Makhdum Karim, the first Islamic missionary to the Philippines brought Islam to the
archipelago. Subsequent visits of Arab, Malay and Javanese missionaries helped strengthen the
Islamic faith of the Filipinos, most of whom (except for those in the north) would later become
Christian under the Spanish colonization.
 The Sultanate of Sulu, the largest Islamic kingdom in the islands, encompassed parts of
Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. The royal house of the sultanate claim descent from
Muhammad.
 Around 1405, the year that the war over succession ended in the Majapahit Empire, Muslim
traders introduced Islam into the Hindu-Malayan empires and for about the next century the
southern half of Luzon and the islands south of it were subject to the various Muslim sultanates
of Borneo.During this period, the Japanese established a trading post at Aparri and maintained
a loose sway over northern Luzon.
ATTACK BY THE BRUNEIAN EMPIRE (1500)
 Around the year 1500, the Sultanate of Brunei under Sultan Bolkiah attacked the Kingdom of
Tondo and established a city with the Malay name of Selurong (later to become the city of
Maynila) on the opposite bank of Pasig River.
 The traditional Rajahes of Tondo, the Lakandula, retained their titles and property but the real
political power came to reside in the House of Soliman, the Rajahs of Manila.
SOCIAL CULTURE BEFORE COLONIZATION
 The pre-colonial people of the Philippines have been noted for revering women and feminized
men. Women and men enjoyed the same rights and privileges. Additionally, virginity was not a
value and children were treated the same way. Unwed mothers or fathers were not shamed, as
many of their gods and goddesses were the same. Divorce was also practiced, and was highly
accepted by the common folk, the nobles, and the shamans
 After marriage, women did not lose their name. In fact, if a woman was especially
distinguished, either from her own merit or her family's merit, her husband usually took her
name as she was seen as far superior to her husband. During this time, women and feminized
men were also given high distinction as many of which took on the role of shamans (such
as babaylans), who also took on the role as interim head of the domain every time a datu is
absent or goes into a journey. Feminized men were also allowed to marry their male partners,
and women were also allowed to marry their female partners, the same as any person within
pre-colonial society, thus an early notion of marriage equality, although such distinction of
marriage was never made as the unity was simply termed as marriage, as same-sex
marriage and heterosexual marriages were viewed as equally the same thing.
NOBLE HOUSES
 Batang Dula. Father of David Dula y Goiti; Son of Lakan Dula and Mutya;Brother of Magat
Salamat, Felipe Salonga, Martin Lakan Dula, Dionisio Capulong, Luis Taclocmao and Maria
Poloin.
 Lakan Dula (1503 - 1589). David's grandfather; Husband of Mutya; Son of Rajah Sulaiman I and
Ysmeria Doylly; Father of Batang Dula,Martin Lakan Dula, Magat Salamat, Felipe Salonga,
Dionisio Capulong,Luis Taclocmao and Maria Poloin.
 Mutya. David's grandmother; Wife of Lakan Dula; Mother of Batang Dula, Felipe Salonga, Magat
Salamat, Dionisio Capulong,Luis Taclocmao and Maria
Poloin.
 Rajah Sulaiman I. David's great grandfather; Son of Rajah Lontok and Dayang Kalangitan;
Husband of Ysmeria Doylly; Father of Lakan Dula and Rajah Sulaiman II,; Brother of Dayang
Panginoan, Dayang Lahat and Gat Kahiya.
 Ysmeria Doylly. David's great grandmother; Wife of Rajah Sulaiman I; Mother of Lakan Dula,
Rajah Matanda and Rajah Sulaiman II.
 Rajah Lontok. David's second great grandfather; Son of Sultan Bolkiah and Lela Mechanai;
Husband of Dayang Kalangitan; Father of Dayang Panginoan, Dayang Lahat, Rajah Sulaiman I and
Gat Kahiya; Brother of Rajah Gappandan
 Dayang Kalangitan. David's second great grandmother; Wife of Rajah Lontok;Mother of Dayang
Panginoan, Dayang Lahat, Rajah Sulaiman I and Gat Kahiya
 Sultan Bolkiah. David's third great grandfather; Son of Sultan Sulaiman; Husband of Lela
Mechanai; Father of Rajah Lontok and Rajah Gatpandan.
 Lela Mechanai. David's third great grandmother; Daughter of Sultan Amir Ul-Ombra; Wife of
Sultan Bolkiah; Mother of Rajah Lontok and Rajah Gatpandan
 Rajah Gambang. David's third great grandfather; Father of Dayang Kalangitan
 Sultan Sulaiman. David's fourth great grandfather; Father of Sultan Bolkiah
 Sultan Amir Ul-Ombra. David's fourth great grandfather; Father of Lela Mechanai
 Rajah Alon. David's fifth great grandfather; Son of Lakan Timamanukum
 Lakan Timamanukum. David's 6th great grandfather; Father of Rajah Alon.
Spanish Colonial Period
TIMELINE (1521-1898)
 1521, March 16.
- A Spanish expedition, sailing across the Pacific Ocean from east towest, and led by the
Portuguese Ferdinand Magellan lands on Homonhon Island east of Samar with three
all ships, named the Concepcion, Trinidad and
- Victoria. Magellan calls the place San Lazaro Island since March 16 is Saint Lazarus day.
- Ferdinand Magellan
 1521, March 28.
- Directing his ships southwestward, Magellan reaches Limasawa Island, south of Leyte. It is
ruled by Rajah Kulambo who becomes Magellan's friend.
 1521, March 29.
- To seal the friendship between Magellan and Rajah Kulambo, they solemnize a blood
compact. This is the first recorded blood compact in Philippine history.
 1521, March 31.
- The first mass on Philippine soil is celebrated on Limasawa or Masaoin some reference
book.
 1521, April 7.
- After sailing to Cebu Island, Magellan enters a new blood compact with the local chieftain,
Rajah Humabon.
 1521, April 27.
- Magellan dies in a battle with Lapu-Lapu, chieftain of Mactan, an island near Cebu.
 1525.
- Spain sends an expedition under Juan Garcia Jofre de Loaysa to the Philippines. The
expedition expects to find gold and spices but fails to do so. Loaysa and many members of
his crew die in the Philippines.
 1526.
- Spain sends a third expedition to the Philippines under the leadership of Juan Cabot. This
expedition never reaches the archipelago as three years are wasted in South America, trying
to find a new route to the East.
 1527.
- The fourth expedition sent by Spain to The Country is under the command of Alvaro de
Saavedra. It is the first Spanish expedition starting from Mexico. It reaches Mindanao but on
the way to Cebu Saavedra's ship is carried by strong winds to the Moluccas.
 1529.
- Saavedra's expedition returns to Spain without Saavedra who died on the way home.
 1536.
- The Loaysa expedition returns to Spain. One of its survivors is Andres de Urdaneta, its
chronicler.
 1543, February 2.
- The leader of the most successful Spanish expedition after Magellan, Ruy Lopez
de Villalobos arrives in the archipelago. He names the islands the Philippines in honor of the
son of King Charles I, Philip II (1556-1598) of Spain. Villalobos reaches Sarangani Island off
the eastern coast of Mindanao and settles there for 8 months. But because of the scarcity of
food, the expedition isforced to leave the place and sails to the Moluccas where Villalobos
dies.
 1565, February 13.
- With four ships and 380 men, Miguel Lopez de Legaspi arrives in the Philippines.
 1565, May 8.
- The Island of Cebu is surrendered to Legaspi by its ruler King Tupas. Legaspi establishes the
first permanent Spanish settlement on Cebu and becomes the first Spanish Governor-
General. By his order, tributes are collected from all Filipino males aged 19 to 60.
 1568.
- The Portuguese, under the command of General Gonzalo de Pereira, attacked Cebu and
blockade its port.
 1570.
- The Portuguese again attack the colony and are repulsed. The series of attacks stems from
Portugal's claim to the territory based on the provision of the Treaty of Tordisillas
entered into by Spain and Portugal on
- June 7, 1474, in which their respective spheres of influence, trade and conquest were
defined. The Portuguese believe that the Philippines falls within their sphere.
 1570, May.
- Legaspi sends an expedition under the leadership of Martin de Goiti to Manila. Manila is
ruled by Rajah Suliman, whose friendship is won by de Goiti.
 1571, May 19.
 - Rajah Suliman wages war against the Spaniards due to a move by de
Goiti which he mistakes for an assault. De Goiti's army defeats Suliman's troops and
occupies the town.
 1571, June 24.
- Legaspi establishes his government in Manila and proclaims it the capital of the Philippines,
calling it the "distinguished and ever loyal city".
 1572, August 20.
- Legaspi dies and Guido de Lavezares succeeds him as governor. Lavezares extends
colonization to the Bicol region.
 1574, November 23.
- The Chinese pirate captain Limahong attacks Manila but the Spaniards win with the help of
the Filipinos.
 1574, December 2.
- Limahong again attacks Manila, this time with 1,500 soldiers, but cannot conquer the city.
 1574, December.
- In Tondo (now a district of Manila) Lakandula leads a short revolt against the Spanish.
 1580.
- The Spanish King Philip II receives the throne of Portugal upon the death of the Portuguese
King Sebastian. This puts an end to the Portuguese harassment of the Philippine
archipelago.
- The Spaniards institute forced labor on all male natives aged 16 to 60.
 1600.
- Governor Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera begins collecting the bandala from the natives.
Bandala is an annual quota of products assigned to the natives for compulsory sale to the
government.
- The Galleon trade between Manila and Acapulco, Mexico begins. But Manila
serves merely as a transshipment port for the exchange of goods between Spain and
Mexico on the one side and China on the other. Silver from Mexico is traded for any kind
of Chinese merchandise. Because of the Galleon trade's quick returns, Spain lacks interest
in developing the Philippine economy during the first 200 years of its occupation.
 1622.
- An early revolt takes place in Bohol. It is headed by Tamblot, a babaylan or priest of the
native religion. Revolts in Leyte, Samar and Panay follow, all protesting the collection of
tributes.
 1744.
- One of the most successful revolts in Philippine history breaks out, once more in Bohol,
and provides the island a kind of independence from the Spaniards for the following 85
years. The first leader of the revolt is Francisco Dagohoy.
 1762, September 22.
- In a side encounter of the European Seven Years War, the British attack Manila with 13
vessels and 6,830 men under the command of General William Draper and Admiral
Samuel Corning. The British win the battle and occupy the city.
 1762, October 5.
- The British take control of the Philippines and Darsonne Drake becomes Governor-
General. The British open the colony to international trade and ultimately change its
economic life.
 1762, December 14.
- A revolt under the leadership of Diego Silang breaks out in the Ilocos region.
 1763, May 28.
- The revolt ends as Diego Silang is assassinated by his former friend Miguel Viscos.
 1763, February 10.
- The Treaty of Paris between England, Spain and France is signed, ending the Seven Years
War in Europe as well as the British occupation of the Philippines.
 1808, May.
- French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte installs his brother Joseph as King of Spain. French-
influenced liberals support the king but the people do not.
 1809, January 22.
- As an effect of the appointment of Joseph Bonaparte as King of Spain, all Spanish colonies
including the Philippines are made integral parts of Spain by the Spanish Central Junta.
Filipinos are given the privileges of Spanish citizenship as well as representation in the
Spanish Cortes (parliament).
 1812, March 19.
- The Spanish Cortes promulgates the Cadiz Constitution. It is a liberal constitution, vesting
sovereignty in the people, recognizing the equality of all men and the individual liberty of
the citizen, and granting the right of suffrage, but providing for a hereditary monarchy and
for Catholicism as the state religion.
 1812, September 24.
- The first Philippine delegates to the Spanish Cortes, Pedro Perez de Tagle and Jose
Manuel Coretto take their oath of office in Madrid, Spain.
 1813, March 17.
- Spain officially implements the Cadiz Constitution in Manila.
 1813, October 16 to 19.
- The Battle of the Nations near Leipzig, Germany; it ends withNapoleon and the French
defeated.
 1813, October.
- Following the French defeat at Leipzig, the British General Duke of Wellington drives the
Napoleonic forces out of Spain.
 1814.
 - Ferdinand VII, son of Charles IV, is recognized as King of Spain. - Among the members are: Jose Rizal, Lopez Jaena (Dec 18, 1856 - Jan 20, 1897),
 1815, June 18. Marcelo del Pilar (Aug 30, 1850 -Dec 3, 1920), Antonio Luna (Oct 29, 1866 - Jun 5, 1899)
- Napoleon Bonaparte is defeated in a battle with another multi-national army under and Mariano Ponce (Mar 23,1863 - May 23, 1918).
Wellington at Waterloo, Belgium.  1891, March 28.
 1815, October 15. - Rizal finishes writing El Filibusterismo in Biarritz, France.
- Bonaparte is exiled to St. Helena's Island in the Atlantic Ocean, off the coast of West  1892, June 26.
Africa. - Rizal arrives in the Philippines via Hong Kong.
 1816, May 24.  1892, July 3.
- After the defeat of Napoleon in Europe and his brother's loss of the Spanish throne, - In Ilaya St, Tondo, Rizal founds La Liga Filipina to give the people achance for direct
conservative forces again dominate Spanish politics. The Spanish Cortes rejects the Cadiz involvement in the reform movement. Andres Bonifacio (Nov 30,1863 - May 10, 1897) is
Constitution which means, among other things, that Philippine representation in the one of Rizal's partners.
Cortes is abolished.  1892, July 7.
 1872, February 17. - The Spanish authorities arrest Rizal for organizing La Liga Filipina.
- Three martyr priests are publicly garroted as alleged leaders of the Cavite  1892, July 17.
Conspiracy, a movement for secularization and nationalism, which is distasteful to the - Rizal is exiled to Dapitan, Mindanao
Spanish friars. They are Jose Burgos, Mariano Gomez and Jacinto Zamora . The incident  1894, July 8.
gives the Filipinos an impetus to unite and to develop national consciousness. It also gives - Andres Bonifacio forms the Katipunan. Its members come from the lower and the
birth to a reform movement among Filipinos in Spain, known as the Propaganda middle class. The organization wants to awaken nationalism and free the Filipino people
Movement. from Spanish oppression and friar despotism. The organization believes that reforms can
 1882, March 3. only be obtained by means of a revolution.
- A talented offspring of the native elite, Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda  1896, July 1.
(Jun 19, 1861 -Dec 30, 1896) leaves Manila for Barcelona tocontinue his studies in - Rizal receives a telegram from Governor Ramon Blanco requiring his services as a
medicine. physician for the Spanish army in Cuba.
 1882, June 2.  1896, August 6.
- In Madrid, Rizal begins writing Noli Me Tangere, a political novel set in the Philippines. - Rizal returns to Manila.
 1884, June 21.  1896, August 19.
- Rizal finishes his medical studies in Spain. - Spanish authorities discover the Katipunan when one of its members, Teodoro Paterno,
 1887, May 29. betrays the organization to an Agustinian priest, Fr. Mariano Gil. All those implicated are
- Noli me tangere is published in Madrid and Barcelona. ordered arrested but many Katipuneros evade arrest and flee to the hills of Balintawak.
 1887, October.  1896, August 23.
- Rizal begins writing the novel El Filibusterismo, a continuation of Noli Me Tangere. - A revolution is proclaimed by Bonifacio. The event is marked in history as the Cry
 1888, December 13. of Balintawak . In this instance, Filipinos tear up their cedulas (I.D. cards) issued by the
- Filipinos in Barcelona establish the organization La Solidaridad. It demands for the Spanish government and thereby mark the beginning of the uprising against the
Philippines freedom of press, speech and assembly, equality Spaniards.
beforethe law, participation in governmental affairs, social and political freedom and  1896, August 26.
representation in the Spanish Cortes. - Rizal goes to Cavite where he boards a ship for Barcelona. In thefollowing night, Andres
- The demands are published and circulated in Barcelona for the purpose of reaching the Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto and other Katipuneros are able tosurreptitiously board Rizal's
Spanish King's ear. ship. They offer to rescue him from the Spaniards, but Rizal refuses.
 1896, August 30.
 - After the spread of the Katipunan revolt throughout The Country the first real battle for
Philippine independence takes place at San Juan del Monte. The Spanish Governor
Ramon Blanco proclaims a state of war in the 8 provinces that took up arms. The
provinces are Manila, Laguna, Cavite, Batangas, Pampanga, Bulacan, Tarlac and
Nueva Ecija.
 1896, September 2.
- Aboard the ship Isla de Panay, Rizal leaves Cavite for Barcelona.
 1896, October 3.
- Rizal arrives in Barcelona.
 1896, October 4.
- By order of Capt. Gen. Despujol, Rizal is incarcerated in Montjuich.
 1896, October 6.
- On orders from Madrid, Rizal is sent back to Manila as a prisoner.
 1896, October 31.
- A new group of the Katipunan is formed in Cavite; it discards the leadership of Andres
Bonifacio and is headed by Emilio Aguinaldo (Mar 22, 1869 -Feb 6, 1964).
 1896, November 13.
- Rizal arrives in Manila and is immediately imprisoned at Fort Santiago.
 1896, November 20.
- Rizal is interrogated the first time on charges of partaking in an uprising against the
Spanish government.
 1896, December 20.
- Rizal is sentenced to death by a Spanish court martial, and Governor Camilo Polavieja
orders his execution.
 1896, December 30.
- The Spaniards execute Jose Rizal in Bagumbayan (today's Rizal Park).
 1897, March 22.
- The Katipunan holds its election. Aguinaldo is elected as president while Bonifacio
is elected only as director of war. Bonifacio is insulted by the electionresults and refuses
to recognize the new leadership.
 1897, April 29.
- Katipuneros arrest Andres Bonifacio and his brothers Procopio andCiriaco on orders of
Aguinaldo, who considers the former a threat. The Bonifacios arecharged with sedition
and treason before a military court of the Katipunan.
 1897, May 8.
- The Katipunan court finds the Bonifacios guilty. They are sentenced to death.
 1897, May 10.
- Andres Bonifacio and his brothers are executed at Mt. Buntis, Maragondon, Cavite.
 1897, May 31.
- Aguinaldo establishes a Philippine republican government in Biak-na-Bato, San Miguel,
Bulacan.
 1897, August 10.
- Aguinaldo begins negotiating with the Spaniards, represented by Pedro Paterno.
 1897, November 1.
- The Constitution of Biak-na-Bato is signed. It was prepared and
written by Isabelo Artache and Felix Ferrer.
- The government of the Biak-na-Bato Republic has the following officers:Emilio
Aguinaldo, President; Mariano Trias, VicePresident; Isabelo Artache, Secretary of
Interior; Antonio Montenegro, Secretary of Foreign Affairs; Baldomero Aguinaldo,
Secretary of Treasury and Emiliano Riego de Jesus, Secretary of War.
- The Biak-na-Bato Republic fails as its leader, Aguinaldo, resigns to the fact that the
Filipinos are not yet ready to confront the Spanish forces. This belief also drives him to
negotiate with the Spaniards for the Pact of Biak-na-Bato.
 1897, December 14.
- The Pact of Biak-na-Bato between the Spanish and Aguinaldo is signed.
In this pact, Aguinaldo agrees to surrender all arms and to go with his companions into
exile in Hong Kong upon payment of 800,000 pesos and an additional 900,000 pesos for
the non-combatants who suffered losses because of the war.
 1897, December 27.
- Aguinaldo and his companions leave for Hong Kong.
 1898, February 15.
- The United States declared war on Spain, and the Philippine Revolution became
embroiled in the Spanish-American War.
- Aguinaldo returned to the Philippines with U.S. assistance to reclaim leadership of
the revolution.
 1898, August 13.
- Spain surrendered to U.S.
- In the Treaty of Paris signed on December 1898, the United States “purchased” the
colony from Spain for $20 million and the Philippines came under a second colonial
power.
American Colonial Period
TIMELINE (1898 – 1933)
 December 8, 1898
- When the Spanish-American War ended in December 1898, Spain sold the entire Philippine
archipelago to the United States for $20 million. The Philippines had acquired a new colonial
ruler. The United States had acquired a colony the size of Arizona, located more than 4,000
miles away across the Pacific.
 Dec. 21, 1898: Mckinley issues "Benevolent Assimilation" Proclamation
 - On Dec. 21, 1898, President McKinley issued the BENEVOLENT ASSIMILATION
PROCLAMATION, announced in the Philippines on Jan. 4, 1899, which stated the U.S.'
"altruistic" mission in acquiring the Philippines.
- The U.S. have "come, not as invaders or conquerors, but as friends, to protect the natives
in their homes, in their employment, and in their personal and religious rights.“
- The term benevolent assimilation refers to a policy of the United States towards the
Philippines as described in a proclamation by U.S. President William McKinley issued on
December 21, 1898. It succinctly stated that "future control, disposition, and government of
the Philippine islands were ceded to the United States" and that "the military government is
to be to the whole of the ceded territory."
 Jan 23, 1899
- On Jan. 23, 1899, the First Philippine Republic, popularly known as the Malolos Republic,
was inaugurated amidst colorful ceremonies at the Barasoain Church, Malolos, Bulacan
Province. This was also the first republic in Asia. Aguinaldo took his oath of office as
President of the Republic. He stated the aspiration of the nation "to live under the
democratic regime of the Philippine Republic, free from the yoke of any foreign
domination.“
 June 12, 1898
- When Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo declared Philippine independence on June 12, 1898, he
appointed Filipino "ilustrados" (men from the upper social classes) to draft the Philippine
Constitution in the Malolos Congress. The constitution they crafted was intended to show
the Americans that Filipinos were fully capable of self-government. But this same group ---
including Cayetano Arellano, Benito Legarda, Pardo de Tavera, Florentino Torres and Pedro
Paterno---deserted Aguinaldo at a critical moment.
 February 4, 1899
- After its defeat in the Spanish American War in 1898, Spain ceded its longstanding colony of
the Philippines to the United States in the Treaty of Paris. On February 4, 1899, just two days
before the U.S. Senate ratified the treaty, fighting broke out between American forces and
Filipino nationalists led by Emilio Aguinaldo who sought independence rather than a change
in colonial rulers. The ensuing Philippine-American War lasted three years and resulted in
the death of over 4,200 American and over 20,000 Filipino combatants. As many as 200,000
Filipino civilians died from violence, famine, and disease.
 November 14, 1899
- When U.S. troops fired on Philippine troops in February 1899, the Philippine-American War
erupted. The U.S. Senate narrowly passed the Treaty of Paris, and the U.S. military enforced
its provisions over the next three years through a bloody, racialized war of aggression.
Following ten months of failed conventional combat, Philippine troops adopted guerrilla
tactics, which American forces ultimately defeated only through the devastation of civilian
property, the “reconcentration” of rural populations, and the torture and killing of
prisoners, combined with a policy of “attraction” aimed at Filipino elites. While Filipino
revolutionaries sought freedom and independent nationhood, a U.S.-based “anti-
imperialist” movement challenged the invasion as immoral in both ends and means.
EMILIO AGUINALDO
 When the Spanish-American War ended in December 1898, Spain sold the entire Philippine
archipelago to the United States for $20 million. The Philippines had acquired a new colonial
ruler. The United States had acquired a colony the size of Arizona, located more than 4,000
miles away across the Pacific.
 Not surprisingly, the United States refused to recognize Aguinaldo's authority and on February
4, 1899 he declared war on the U.S. forces in the islands. After his capture on March 23, 1901,
Aguinaldo agreed to swear allegiance to the United States, and then left public life. His dream of
Philippine independence came true on July 4, 1946. He died in Manila in 1964.
JONES ACT OF 1916
 Jones Act, formally Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916, statute announcing the intention of
the United States government to “withdraw their sovereignty over the Philippine Islands as soon
as a stable government can be established therein.”
 The U.S. had acquired the Philippines in 1898 as a result of the Spanish–American War; and from
1901 legislative power in the islands had been exercised through a Philippine Commission
effectively dominated by Americans.
 One of the most significant sections of the Jones Act replaced the Commission with an elective
Senate and, with minimum property qualifications, extended the franchise to all literate Filipino
males. The law also incorporated a bill of rights.
TYDINGS – MCDUFFIE ACT
 Tydings-McDuffie Act, also called Philippine Commonwealth and Independence Act, (1934), the
U.S. statute that provided for Philippine independence, to take effect on July 4, 1946, after a 10-
year transitional period of Commonwealth government.
 The bill was signed by U.S. Pres. Franklin Roosevelt on March 24, 1934, and was sent to the
Philippine Senate for approval. Although that body had previously rejected the similar Hare-
Hawes-Cutting Act, it approved the Tydings-McDuffie Act on May 1.
 The act inaugurated a ten-year ”Philippine Commonwealth” government transitional to
”independence.” While serving as president of the commonwealth in the years prior to the 1941
Japanese invasion of the Philippine Islands, Quezon consolidated dictatorial power.
 Colonial political structures, constructed where the ambitions and fears of the Filipino elite
connected with the American imperial need for collaborators, had successfully preserved the
power of provincial, landed elites, while institutionalizing this power in a countrywide
”nationalist” politics.
COMMONWEALTH GOVERNMENT
 Following the terms of the independence act, Filipinos elected delegates for
a constitutional convention on July 10, and Roosevelt approved the Philippine constitution on
March 23, 1935.
 The Commonwealth government, under the presidency of Manuel Quezon, was inaugurated in - Applying logical techniques in order to clearly appreciate the historical concepts being read
November of that year. For the next 10 years the Philippines remained U.S. territory. Foreign - The arguments in the historical texts are what analytical philosophers focus on rather than
affairs, defense, and monetary matters remained under U.S. jurisdiction, but all other internal historical settings
matters were in the hands of the Philippine people. SPECULATIVE PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY
 During the Commonwealth period, duties were to be imposed on a graduated scale, but the  Relevance
trade provisions were subsequently amended in 1939 in favour of the Philippines. - Makes sense of the Flow of History
 The draft of the constitution was approved by the convention on February 8, 1935 and ratified - Gives meaning to Past Events
by Pres. Roosevelt in Washington D.C on March 25, 1935.  Sense of Identity
 Elections were held in September 1935, Manuel L. Quezon was elected as the president of the - This kind of philosophy of history can be a source of assurance due to people relating past
Commonwealth. situations to current events in their lives
 The 1935 Constitution provided the legal basis of the Commonwealth Government which was  Worthwhile
considered a transition government before the granting of the Philippine independence with - Prediction of the Future with the Past as a Basis
American-inspired constitution; the Philippine government would eventually pattern its - Make sense of Human Suffering
government system after American government. 2 The Historians Task in the Philippines
History Articles THE HISTORIAN’S TASK IN THE PHILIPPINES
1 Speculative Philosophy of History  Jose Rizal was the best proof of progress in Philippine history despite the 3 Centuries of Spanish
PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY Rule
 Voltaire coined the term ‘Philosophy of History’  Rizal hoped that every Filipino Historian is capable of great achievements by:
 Similar to that of ‘Critical Cultural History’ 1. Understanding our Past
 His intention was to extract morally useful lessons from history 2. Cultivating our National Identity
3. and bringing Inspiration for our Future as a Country
 Philosophy of History is concerned with’ two different meanings of the term ‘history’:
Although, this comes with challenges
1. Refers to Past Events or Matter to be Studied
RECOVERING THE PAST
2. Is an Academic Discipline which studies Past Events
PHILOSOPHY (DEFINITIONS)  It is important to know how to put into question past documents and uncover underlying truths
1. Thoughtful Knowledge or answers in them
2. What We Think About Something THE FORMATIVE CENTURY
3. Rely on our Capacity to ‘Think Out’ a Problem as Rationally as we can  A great amount of undeserving intensive researches were made during the Revolutionary and
4. Seeking Knowledge and Exercising Reasons American Colonial period that neglected what some Filipinos went through
TWO BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY METHOD IN HISTORY
 Speculative Philosophy  The Historian should rid himself of biases and prejudice when interpreting historical documents
- treats History as ‘object’ NATIONALIST HISTORY
- Thinking about the actual ‘content’ of (human) history to see in what sense ‘it as a whole’ is  Historians must have a nationalist point of view to properly convey historical documents and the
explicable or meaningful past events of one’s country
- Making sense of history and finding meaning in it Pre-Colonial Period Articles
- This speculative impulse roots from the desire to predict the future (for the many situations 3 Precolonial - State and Society in the Philippines
that may occur) NEW STATES AND REORIENTATIONS
- Makes you reflect on the history of our species – mankind.  The whole region of the Philippines was undergoing tremendous change in the 16th and 17th
 Analytic Philosophy Centuries
- treats History as a ‘discipline’
 Most of the population converted to Sunni Islam and Catholic Christianity due to various
territorial conquests by foreign invaders
TRANSFORMATIONS IN COMMERCE & RELIGION
 Islam
- First entered Southeast Asia in the 13th Century through Indian and Arab Traders and
Missionaries which has influenced political authority in the country
 Christianity
- The Spanish were particularly driven by the desire for wealth and profit as well as the
navigational race (similar with the Muslims).
- Despite the many defeated Spanish expeditions, Catholicism still endures and has greatly
influenced our laws and authorities
 Conquest
- Despite defeated Expeditions, Spain endured and was able to colonize the Country for 300
years.
 Division
- To this day, Christian communities continually fear Moro slave raids (including attacks from
Mountain Communities who resisted Christian Conversion)
Colonial Articles
4 Spanish Rule - State and Society in the Philippines
FRIAR POWER
 “Despite Spanish policy not to dispossess indios, officials often looked the other way when their
local allies sold common land to hacienda owners. Even the religious orders, forbidden to
engage in commercial or land transactions, soon began to accumulate property to convert to
agricultural production. The principalia solidified ties with the orders by selling or donating land
to so-called friar estates.”
REDUCCION
 After reduccion, many families were displaced from their homes which meant loss of livelihood.
Moreover, these families became vulnerable to loss of property. Although the Spanish law
entails no indio, or in a more polite manner, Filipino, shall be stripped of property despite the
relocation of families and division of the settlements into smaller territorial units called
cabeceras, the corrupt officials who ran the country at that time were more than eager to
overlook the dictate of their motherland in order for them to widen the grasp of their assets.
Even men of cloth who are supposed to be non-materialistic and simple joined the race for asset
acquisition thus robbing some Filipinos of their lands and titles.
 On the positive side, however, the Spaniards were the ones responsible for turning what once
was a scattered lot of “highly flammable’ nipa and bamboo settlements into orderly and
carefully walled shelters linearly placed along riverbanks to define rational arrangement in
accordance to socio-economic status as visibly seen also in the physical structure in the
settlements and how they differ so much from settlements that of highborn Filipinos. The
concept of division into small units of the towns and city states instead of sticking to the
rajahnate system prone to turf wars was one of the spatial and political contributions passed on
by the Spanish colonizers and one that we use still to this very day.
TAXATION
 “From 1565 to 1591, conquest, forced labor, excessive tributes, the shift to sedentary
agriculture, military campaigns, famine, and epidemics led to rapid population decline. The first
census of 1591 counted only 166,903 tribute payers (heads of household) from an estimated
preconquest population of 750,000. The population stabilized and grew again by the end of the
century, but another decline in the 1600s was caused by forced military service, food shortages,
and disease. Certain areas of Luzon experienced a 40 percent drop from 1591 to 1655.35 From
the mid-1600s, the population began to recover again and by 1766, there were 200,000 tribute
payers, or roughly 800,000 Christians living under Spanish control. Furthermore, this number did
not represent the total population of the islands, but only those living in the lowland areas of
Luzon, the bigger of the Visayan islands, and northern Mindanao.”
 The Spanish did not only enforce excessive taxes to the common folk, they used forced service
as a means of payment for those who have nothing to pay for the taxes. They were slaves left to
tend to the galleons as Spain traded from Manila to Acapulco and vice versa. Conditions at the
time were atrocious, disease was widespread with limited medical knowledge and forced labor
affected the mortality rate and longevity quite significantly. This shows not just abuse of
authority by the Spaniards but rather the abuse that Filipinos had to endure such as not being
able to enjoy human rights. Lucky were those who were highborn, the Spaniards were more
lenient with them.
5 Katipunan State and Society
THE KATIPUNAN
 Rizal returned to Manila and established La Liga Filipina
o Urban workers and students joined the organization and formed a militant wing
 Rizal’s exile in Dapitan stopped La Liga in its tracks
o The radical wing, led by Andres Bonifacio, formed the Kataastaasan Kagalang-galang na
Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan
o a secret society committed to over-throwing Spanish rule
 In the change from Rizal’s Spanish to Bonifacio’s Tagalog, we can see the movement shift from
elite reformism to lower-class radicalism.
 Bonifacio’s Background
 Spanish knowledge of Katipunan’s existence prompted Bonifacio to launch a preemptive
rebellion in the working-class districts of Manila in 1896.
o Tenants and smallholders rallied to the revolution in reaction
to persistent friar abuse and economic hardship.
 Rizal was accused of instigating the Katipunan revolt and was executed in late 1896
 o his life was frequently integrated into local tellings of the pasyon—biblical stories
including the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ.
 In this nationalism, Spanish rule was understood as the oppression of a Pharisee-like clergy and
the corruption of a Roman-like officialdom; resistance was an attempt to overcome the
darkness of false religion,the obstacle to the nation
 Influenced by Rizal, he also articulated the millenarian themes of the peasantry through his
facility with poetic Tagalog.
 Spanish military forces easily routed the revolutionaries. Yet outside Manila, one community
after another declared independence, andpolitical victories could not undo what the Katipunan
had done—transform political conditions despite military defeat.
 At a meeting in Cavite province, where he had retreated, the local
elite denigrated his leadership ability and lack of education and engineered his ouster as
supremo in favor of Emilio Aguinaldo.
 Bonifacio was arrested on charges of under-mining the revolution and secretly executed.
 Leadership of the revolution passed to Aguinaldo with Bonifacio's defeat.
 Two Military Ideals
 Aguinaldo’s military could not stop the Spanish counteroffensive and his revolutionary forces
were pushed toward the mountains.
o Pursued a truce
 Aguinaldo declared the “Biak-na-Bato Republic” on November 1, 1897
 The new republic was to have a constitution (borrowed from Cuba), supreme council, and
centraliand government, but instead, the revolutionary leadership accepted a truce and exile in
Hong Kong.
THE MALOLOS REPUBLIC
 February 15, 1898, the United States declared war on Spain, and the
Philippine Revolution became embroiled in the Spanish–American War.
 Aguinaldo returned to the Philippines to reclaim leadership of the revolution
 U.S. Pacific Fleet soon destroyed the Spanish defenses of Manila.
 August 13, 1898, Spain surrendered to the U.S.
o Neither combatant recognized the legitimacy of the Filipino revolutionar-
ies who had declared independence on June 12
 In the Treaty of Paris signed in December 1898, the United States “purchased” the Treaty from
Spain for $20 million aTreaty Philippines came under a second colonial power.
 Philippines existed as a state
o Despite institutional weakness and less-than-total territorial coverage, the state had
shaped society over the centstate in ways ranging from religion, gender norms, and
family naming to the spatial definition of civic life and economic livelihood.
 Filipino reaction to the new colonizers was therefore not a continuation of the revolution
against Spain.
o Rather, a reaction of an emerging nation-state in
defense of its imagined community.
 January 23, 1899, this community was realized in the Constitutional Republic of the
Philippines,community called the Malolos Republic, after its capital.
 Within a month, the republic was at war with the United States.
 The war is important,because it initiated Filipino nationhood and was the context for the
revolutionaries to articulate the powers and obligations of the state they struggled to establish
 The newly drafted Malolos Constitution provided for a representative form of government, a
detailed Bill of Rights, the separation of church and state, and the dominance of a single-
chamber legislative branch over the executive and judiciary.
 “reflect the aspirations of Filipinos based on their past
experiences with oppression from a colonial government.” -Cesar Majul, Historian
 The revolutionary Philippine government inherited these conflicting goals
o protection against abuse by power-holders versus centralized, effective governance.
 Their dilemma was framed by war, meditated by politics, and filtered through the emerging
class structure of a nation born with competing internal interests.
 The most important protection against abuse of power was the guarantee of rule of law, applied
from the largest landholder to the smallest peasant.
 Yet the constitution’s articles on property rights, consistent with nineteenth-century liberalism,
were designed to protect what was owned after a century of land accumulation, not what the
dispossessed might claim by moral right.
 Legislative preeminence was not a democratic gesture.
 While the constitution did not specify voting rights, the June Decrees of the revolutionary
government limited the franchise to men of high social standing and education.
 “Being fully convinced, therefore, that in case of obtaining our independence, we were for a
long time to have a really oligarchic republic in which the military element, which was ignorant
in almost its entirety, would predominate, I preferred to see that oligarchy neutralized by the
oligarchy of intelligence, seeing that the Congress would be composed of the most intelligent
elements of the nation.” -Felipe Calderon on single-chamber legislative supremacy as a defense
against tyranny by an insurgent army consisting of “the most ignorant classes.”
6 The Provincial and Municipal Elites of Luzon During the Revolution - Guerrero, Milagros
The Provincial and Municipal Elites of Luzon During the Revolution, 1898-1902
BACKGROUND
I. Title: The Provincial and Municipal Elites of Luzon During the Revolution
Author: Milagros C. Guerrero
I. Public Information
Place of Publication: not identified
Date of Publication: 1977
STATEMENT OF THE TOPIC AND PURPOSE
 The ground rules established by Aguinaldo for political reorganization, it may be reiterated here,
carefully preserved the colonial elite, to the exclusion of even a few non-elite elements who
might have been elected to office by the citizenry – not by the principalia – on the basis of their
active support of the Revolution. Only the Spanish colonial master had been done away with; on
the provincial and municipal levels, the same actors performed the same unchanging roles. The
consequent incongruities of political reorganization during the Revolution, e.g., the firm
entrenchment of municipal officials who had openly supported or sympathized with the
Spaniards and the use of unbridled authority by many local officials, led to widespread
discontent and frustration.
 The perpetuation of the same aspects of colonial rule served to weaken the reformist and
integrative goals of the Revolution, alienated many citizens from the Republican government
and contributed markedly to the process by which the peasants of Luzon found their voice and
resisted, in their limited way, the seemingly concerted attempts of the political elite to thwart
their expectations of the rewards of the Revolution. As the political elite were quick to claim the
leadership of the Revolution, so too did members of the peasant masses demand that they also
should partake in the rewards of the revolution through the implementation of good
government and the abolition of taxes and forced labor.
SUMMARY
 As the Philippines slowly gets the freedom from the Spanish control. Local elites as the real
victors during the revolution brought most significant features of the political situation. Which
General Aguinaldo establish ground rules for the Philippines’ political reorganization thus
empower the elites to be authority to the direction that the revolution would take in many
towns.
 The revolution in Luzon did not lessen in the area of Tagalog Provinces but widespread quickly
to the Central Luzon and Ilocos Provinces, as the Katipunan operate war against Spanish killing
many Spanish officials, priest and also Filipino who supports Spain.
 Filipino win in the revolution, the arise of early political reorganization become totally twist to
each other as the conflict between the military and civil, that affects many provinces in Luzon.
The Central government mostly of the officials becomes ineffective and uncontrolled power in
Luzon. The Spanish gone the scene and no one to be blame in the issue still the continuing
corruption in the society and government.
7 The Philippine American War Friendship and Forgetting
INTRODUCTION
 The Philippine – American War broke out during the year 1899 which lasted for three years
before Emilio Aguinaldo got caught and surrendered to the Americans and made an oath of
allegiance to the United States. Emilio was trying to prove after gaining independence from
Spain to the United States who took over the country that they have the capacity to rule the
Philippines. The First Philippine Republic was the Malolos Congress in which Emilio Aguinaldo
was elected as the President however, the United States failed to acknowledge this government
system even after Aguinaldo’s inauguration which led to the start of the Philippine – American
War.
THE ESTABLISHMENT OF AMIGO WARFARE
 Amigo Warfare is what the Americans call to those Filipinos who befriends Americans during the
day and disguises as guerillas during the night. They even reached to points wherein they wear
similar uniforms that was used by the American army for them to be able to attack much easier
with the enemies by disguising as one. The author also noted that this is one of the main
reasons why Filipinos handle tricky situations much easier nowadays especially in situations that
needs multiple identities and commitments.
THE ESTABLISHMENT OF DUAL GOVERNMENT
 The pacified town was under a dual government which serves as a strategy after amigo warfare.
Cantos was a historical figure during this time since he became the presidente of Tiaong but in
reality, he serves as the secret weapon for the guerillas since during this time they were still at
war. He was able to gain the trust of Captain Moore, an American official who sought to capture
the guerillas in the country. He served as a disguise to be able to communicate between the
town and the countryside. The duality of Filipino behavior was one of the factors for the ease of
forgetting the past.
THE COUNTER AMIGO WARFARE AND THE NEW COLONIALISM
 The war is memorialized in US textbooks, this is called the “Spanish-American War.” It was
because of the sentiments of Lieutenant Parker who proposed the following solution in May
1900. And impetrating the images of armies and navies instead of natives being shot on the run.
On the latter part of 1901, Maj. Gen, Lloyd Wheaton concluded that the policy of Benevolent
Assimilation had not worked because of certain because of the intractable qualities of the
Filipino psyche. We were seen as semi-civilized and treacherous. General Bell pacified the Ilocos
provinces. And he promptly announced that the Amigo Warfare would be terminated. Due to
this no neutrality was allowed- it was only for or against, not just in words but in deed. The
Filipinos had to live near the town centers-where the Americans are. Guerillas are outside the
protected zones and their families are inside.
 The strengths of the article was that the author was able to give a deeper knowledge about
what happened during the Philippine American War. The author cited some factors that made it
easier for Filipinos to reconcile with the Americans despite of the war that happened. The
author pointed out two cities specifically Tiangco and Candaleria which he believed that made
all of these friendships and forgetting the past with the Americans possible.
 The author was too focused on what did the US provided for the Filipinos after the war ended
and emphasized on the word ‘utang na loob’ that he oversee the fact on how many lives were
lost because of the battle, how long the war lasted because people were fighting for our
independence and how much the war affected our country negatively after it has ended. We
were able to restore the Philippines through their help, but was it really easy to forget the
sufferings and sacrifices our fellow Filipinos have made during this period?
CONCLUSION
 The Philippine-American War serves as a mark on our history as Filipinos. We may not have a
good start with the Americans, but they have made a significant impact during their time of
colonization in the country. In many circumstances, we had different beliefs with them which
created conflicts and misunderstandings. We may have surrendered to them but it doesn’t
mean we are giving up in our hopes for a better country. It is important to remember that in the
midst of survival, we tried to connect and communicate with the Americans which is why it
wasn’t hard for us to build relationships with them. We must know the difference between
forgiving and forgetting the past. Forgive for what they have done but never forget this
significant event that has happened in our history.