Revolt and Struggles for Freedom

Philippine Revolution, (1896–98), Filipino independence struggle that,

after more than 300 years of Spanish colonial rule, exposed the weakness of
Spanish administration but failed to evict Spaniards from the islands.
1. Revolt of Lakandula and Sulayman (1574)
Cause: Lavezaris's Reversal of Legazpi's Policy

After the death of Legazpi on August 20, 1572, Governor

Guido de Lavezaris no longer exempted the native rulers
and their descendants from paying tribute. He ordered
the confiscation of their patrimonial land properties.

Because of the new policy, Lakandula and Sulayman

decided to rise in arms. Taking advantage of Lim-Ah-
Hong's attack in Manila in 1574, the two chieftains
proclaimed their revolt and gathered their warriors in
Navotas.
2.First Pampanga Revolt (1585)
cause: Abuses Encomenderos
Disgruntled by the way the encomenderos
administered, some brave Pampangueno leaders
connived with the people of Manila and the Borneans to
rise in revolt.
According to their plan, they would secretly enter the
city of Manila one dark night and massacre the
Spaniards. A native woman who was married to a
Spanish soldier happened to learn of it and warned the
Spanish authorities about it. The leaders were arrested
and executed without any fair trial.
3.Tondo Consperacy (1857-88)
cause: Regain lost Freedom

Attempting to restore freedom and local leadership being enjoyed

during the pre-colonial years, Agustin de Legazpi (nephew of
Lakandula), together with other leaders like Martin Pangan
(gobernadorcillo of Tondo), Magat Salamat (son of Lakandula),
Juan Banal (another Tondo chief), Esteban Taes (chief of Bulacan),
Pedro Balinguit (chief of Pandacan), Pitonggatan (chief of Tondo),
Felipe Salonga (chief of Polo), and Geronimo Basi (brother of
Agustin de Legazpi) planned to overthrow the Spanish rulers in the
country.
4.Magalat’s Revolt Cagayan (1596)
cause: Tribute

During the rule of Governor Francisco Tello, two brothers

instigated the people of Cagayan to rise in arms against the colonial
government because of the latter's arbitrary levy collection. One of
the brothers was called Magalat. The uprising was suppressed by the
authorities. He and his men were kept in Manila as exiles.

The Dominican missionaries of Cagayan persuaded Governor

Tello to pardon them, after knowing the plight of the two brothers. The
favor was subsequently granted. After Magalat was released, he
went back to Cagayan and incited the people to continue the fight.
5. Revolts of the Igorot (1901)
cause: Refusal to accept new religion

The Spaniards were determined to convert the

Igorots to Christianity. They launched a crusade to
proselytize the highland natives of Luzon and to
place them under Spanish authorities. A strong
expedition was sent to the Igorot land to stop the
natives from resisting colonial subjugation. However,
the Spaniards were only able to gain nominal political
and military control over them.
6. Revolt of the Irrayas
cause: Oprression of Spanish Officials
Fray Pedro de Santo Tomas, a Dominican missionary, tried to
convince the rebels to avoid an uprising against the abusive
Spanish officials. The rebels led by Gabriel Dayag and Felix
Cutabay refused to heed the priest's words of peace. However,
they treated Fr. Santo Tomas and his missionary companions with
respect. They allowed the friars to leave unmolested, with all their
ornaments and jewels of the churches.

After the missionaries had left, the Irrayas began their fight by
killing the oppressive encomenderos and burning their houses.
After this bloody incident, the rebels went up to the Basili River and
built their fortification on a rocky hill.
7. Revolt of Tamblot, Bohol (1621-22)
cause: Return to Native Religion

In 1621, Tamblot, a babaylan (native priest),

reported the appearance of a diwata who promised
the people a life of abundance, without the burden of
paying tribute to the government or dues to the
church. He persuaded the natives to abandon the
Catholic religion and rise against the Spaniards.
Around 2,000 Boholanos responded to Tamblot's call.
8. Bankaw’s Revolt, Leyte (1622)
cause: Return to Native Religion

The leader of this rebellion was the aged chieftain of

Limasawa, Bankaw, who was one of the first local leaders who
received Miguel Lopez de Legazpi in 1565. He had been
previously converted to Christianity and became loyal to
Spain. But in his old age, Bankaw together with his sons and a
native priest named Pagali, led the people of Carigara, Leyte
to rise i n arms in defense of their old religion. Soon they had
the whole island into armed resistance.
9. The Revolt of Ladia (1643)
cause: Spanish Oppression

Pedro Ladia, a native of Borneo, who claimed to

be a descendant of Rajah Matanda, instigated the
people of Malolos, Bulacan to rise in arms against the
Spanish government. He was able to recruit a number
of followers but before he could carry out his plan, Fr.
Cristobal Enriquez had already entreated the people
to remain loyal to Spain. Ladia was later on arrested
and sent to Manila to be executed.
10. The Revolt of Dabao (1650’s)
cause: controversial Decree to send Carpenters to the Cavite Shipyard

To move freely among fellow Christians, Dabao, a

Manobo chieftain in Northern Mindanao allowed himself
to be baptized to the Catholic faith. He convinced some
new converts to join him in his plan to kill the religious and
all the Spanish soldiers in the fort. He took his men to act as
prisoners. Just when the men were going to be set in the
stocks for their punishment, Dabao attacked the captain
and the supposed prisoners joined him by taking out their
concealed weapons. All the Spaniards in garrison were
killed
11. Samuroy’s revolt, Samar ( 1649-50)
cause: Forces labors
Under Juan Sumuroy's leadership, the people of Palapag,
Samar rose in arms against the government. They resented
Governor Diego Fajardo's order, which involved the sending of
men to Cavite shipyards. Hostilities began on June 1,1649, with
the killing of the curate of the town.
The revolt spread to Albay and Camarines, Cebu, Masbate,
Camiguin, and as far as Northern Mindanao. Sumuroy won
several victories over the Spanish-Filipino forces. At one time,
the Spanish commander offered a large sum of money in
exchange of Sumuroy's head. The rebels sent him the head of
a pig instead.
12. Maniago’s revolt, Pampanga (1660)
cause: Frequent Recruitment of Men to Cut Timber in the
Mountains and Bandala

Pampanga's rice production suffered

exceedingly from the disruptive effects of polo. One
thousand Pampanguenos had been working for eight
months as timber cutters. To show their sentiments
against the government, the workers mutinied and set
their campsite on fire. They chose Don Francisco
Maniago, a chief from the village of Mexico to be their
leader.
13. Andres Malong's Revolt, Pangasinan (1660-61)
cause: Spanish Oppression and the Desire to Replace the Spaniards as
Personal Rulers of the People

Spurred by the Pampangueno rebellion, the natives of

Pangasinan also rose in arms against the Spanish government
in Lingayen on December 15, 1660. Several Spaniards were
killed, including an alcalde mayor. Inspired by the growing
number of their followers and their early successes, Malong
proclaimed himself a king and directed his military leaders to
place the province under rebel control with his defenses at
the capital town of Binalatongan. He appointed Pedro
Gumapos as count, Francisco Pacadua as judge, and Jacinto
Macasiag, and Melchor de Vera as army generals.
14. The revolt of Gumapos (1661)
cause: Continue Andres Malong’s Revolt
Pedro Gumapos and his army of Zambals killed many
Spaniards in llocos. The Ilocanos did not join them; for their
loyalty was to their property. During the Zambal invasion, they
hid their valuables in the Bishop's house and buried other
properties.
The bishop assembled the Zambals and threatened them
with excommunication the moment they get anything from
the churches or from his house. But the bishop's words fell on
deaf ears.
Gumapos's campaign ended after an encounter with the
Spanish forces. Four hundred rebels were slain and Gumapos
himself was taken prisoner and was later hanged in Vigan.
15. The revolt of Almazan( 1660’s)
cause: Personal Ambitions

The flames of rebellion soon spread in Ilocos with Pedro

Almazan as the defiant leader. Almazan, a rich chief of San Nicolas,
crowned himself King of Ilocos during the wedding ceremony of his
son to the daughter of another chief. He wore the crown of the
Queen of Angels taken from the church, which the rebels sacked.
The rebels were gaining some headway at the start but the
Spaniards eventually suppressed them.
16.Tapar's Revolt, Panay (1663)
Cause: Found a New Religion Under Native Supervision
The prevalent misdemeanor of Spanish friars
alienated countless natives from the Catholic faith.
Tapar, a native of Panay, wanted to establish a
religious cult in Oton. He attracted many followers
with his stories about his frequent conversations with a
demon.

Tapar and his men were killed in a bloody fight

against the Spaniards, along with native volunteer
soldiers. Their corpses were impaled on stakes.
17.Dagohoy's Revolt, Bohol (1744-1829)
cause: Refusal to Give His Brother a Christian Burial
Father Gaspar Morales denied Francisco Dagohoy's brother a
Christian burial because the latter died in a duel. Dagohoy argued that his
brother's burial was the responsibility of the Jesuit priest because he had
died carrying out the missionary's order, to arrest an apostate. The priest
refused to bury Dagohoy's brother unless the proper limosnas, or church
offerings were given. The body was left decomposing for three days.

Humiliated by this tragic incident, Dagohoy got mad and incited

the natives of Bohol to revolt. He took around 3,000 men and women to the
uplands of Talibon and lnabangan. He set up a self-sustaining community
far from the Spanish authorities. Dagohoy's community grew in number as
more people fled to the hills to avoid being recruited by the government to
join its expeditions in Northern Mindanao as well as to avoid the harsh
impositions of the government.
18. Silang's Revolt (1762-63)
Causes: His Imprisonment, Abusive Government Officials, Heavy
Taxation
The Ilocanos had already been complaining about the anomalous
collection of tribute and the abuses of the alcaldes max/ores in the
exercise of indulto de comercio. Diego Silang appealed to Don Antonio
Zabala, the provincial governor of llocos to consider the demands of the
natives. Regarding him an agitator, Zabala had Silang incarcerated.

Silang's followers and friends successfully worked for his release.

Taking advantage of the Spanish preoccupation with the British in
Manila, Silang led the revolt of the Ilocanos and made Vigan the capital
of his independent government. His defiance of the Spaniards lost him
support of many principals. He ordered that those principals who were
opposing him be arrested and brought to him. Should they resist, they
were to be slain. He also imposed a fine of 100 pesos on each priest but
lowered it to 80 pesos on their petition. Property of the church was also
taken.
Other example
 19. Palaris's Revolt (1762-65) – causes : Tribute

 20. Basi Revolt (1870) – cause: Wine Monopoly of 1786

 21. Revolt in Defense of the Spanish Constitution (1851) – cause: Abolition

of the Liberal Spanish Constitution

 22. Revolt of the Bayot Brothers (1822) – cause: Feeling of distrust between
the Peninsulares and the Creoles.

 23 Religious Revolt of Hermano Pule (1840-41) – cause: Religious Freedom

Muslim Wars (1578-1898)
 The Spaniards made attempts to subdue the inhabitants of Mindanao by
deploying its military forces in the South. The Muslims on the other hand,
valiantly resisted and repulsed the colonizers. They retaliated by raiding
territories under Spanish rule with varying degrees of intensity. The war
between the Muslim Filipinos and the Spaniards (aided by Christian Filipinos)
lasted for more than 300 years.

 The Muslim wars were brought about by the following reasons: the Spanish
invasion of Mindanao and Sulu, preservation of Islam, and the love of
adventure arising from the spoils of wars.

 The bitter warfare between the Spaniards and the Muslims ended in
1898, after the signing of the Peace Treaty of Paris on December 10,
1898, which ended the Spanish domination in the Philippines.
 The rise of Filipino Nationalism
 was said to have rooted from a strong feeling among populace
that they belong to the same race

 The transition of the country's traditional societal structure to

colonial bureaucracy brought about the awareness of the local
inhabitants as to their common source of anxiety and suffering.
Unknowingly, the Spanish government planted the seeds of
nationalism by perpetuating poverty and injustice among the
lower classes of society.
The following have been regarded in history as
factors that gave rise to Filipino nationalism:

Spread of liberalism
Sentiment against the principals
Racial prejudice
Cultural changes
Secularization controversy
Propaganda Movement
 Many Filipinos took refuge in Europe and initiated in Spain a crusade for
reforms in the Philippines. The emergence of more Filipino ilustrados gave
birth to a unified nationalist movement. This campaign was known in our
history as the Propaganda Movement.

 The aim of the Propaganda Movement was peaceful assimilation

 Those who joined this peaceful campaign were the Filipino exiles of 1872, the
patriots who left the islands to escape persecution, and those who had been to
Spain for their studies. Although not all of the propagandists were sons of
wealthy Filipinos, they were scions of good families.
 La Solidaridad
 The La Solidaridad (Solidarity), a purely Filipino organization was
established in Barcelona on December 31, 1888. This took place at a
traditional New Year's Eve banquet with Galicano Apacible as
president and Graciano Lopez Jaena as vice-president. Rizal, who was
in London during that time, was named as the honorary president.

 The contributors of La Solidaridad were mostly Filipinos like M. H. del

Pilar (Plaridel), Dr. Jose Rizal (Dimas Alang, Laong Loan), Mariano
Ponce (Naning, Kalipulako, or Tigbalang), and Antonio Luna (Taga-
Ilog). Some foreigners also contributed their articles, like Professor
Ferdinand Blumentritt and Dr. Morayta.
 LA LIGA FILIPINA
On the night of July 3, 1892, Rizal founded La Liga Filipina at
the residence of Doroteo Ongjunco in llaya St., Tondo, Manila with
Ambrosio Salvador as president; Deodato Arellano, secretary;
Bonifacio Arevalo, treasurer; and Agustin dela Rosa, fiscal. Among
those present in the meeting were Pedro Serrano Laktaw (Panday
Pira), Domingo Franco (Felipe Leal), Jose A. Ramos (Socorro),
Moises Salvador (Araw), Faustino Villaruel (Haw), Numeriano
Adriano (Ipil), Apolinario Mabini (Katabay), and Andres Bonifacio
{May Pag-asa).
 LA LIGA FILIPINA
 La Liga was to be a sort of mutual aid and self-help society,
dispensing scholarship funds and legal aid, loaning capital and
setting up cooperatives. The league's motto Unus Instar Omnium
(one like all) served as an avowal of their ideals.

 The goals of La Liga were to be carried out by the Supreme

Council, the Provincial Council, and the Popular Council. Each
member of the league had to pay 10 centavos as monthly dues.
The members ought to choose a symbolic name.
 THE KATIPUNAN
On the night of July 7, 1892, Bonifacio and his
friends met secretly at Deodato Arellano's house at No. 72
Azcarraga Street (now Claro M. Recto) near Elcano Street in
Tondo, Manila. They decided to form a secret revolutionary
society, modeled in part on Masonic Order called
Kataastaasan Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak
ng Bayan (Highest and Respected Society of the Sons of the
People), otherwise known as K.K.K. or Katipunan, dedicated to
national independence through armed revolution.
 THE KATIPUNAN

There were also women members of the Katipunan, but

they were not required to sign with their own blood. To be
admitted in the women's section, one had to be a wife, daughter,
or sister of a Katipunero (male member) to ensure the secrecy of
the movement. Among the women members were Gregoria de
Jesus, Bonifacio's wife, who was called the Lakambini of the
Katipunan; Benita Rodriguez, the wife of Katipunero Restituto
Javier; and Josefa and Trinidad Rizal, sisters of Dr. Jose Rizal.
 THE KATIPUNAN
 Bonifacio wrote a decalogue or 10 commandments titled
Katungkulang (iagawin tig mga Anak tig Bayan (Duties to be
Observed by the Sons of the Country) to lay down the guidelines
for good citizenship.

 In the early part of 1895, Bonifacio became the Supremo (head

of the Supreme Council). He also occupied this position in the
fourth and fifth elections of the Supreme Council, in December
1895 and August 1896, respectively.
 Questions:
What were the common grievance of
Filipinos against the Spanish colonial
administration?

Why did early Filipinos fail to liberate the

country from Spaniards?
Presented by:
Jude Michael L. Balansag
Raven Valdeviso
Paula Rito