Past and History

Collingwood: Historian’s imagination of the past determinate in space and time.

- The historian’s task is to reconstruct the past and to construct history.

- The historian bridge the chasm between the past (the origin of knowledge and imagination) and the historical account (knowledge
produced about the past)

“THE HISTORIAN’S WORK IS WHERE HISTORY HAPPENS”

[HISTORY IS] THE SCIENCE WHICH FIRST INVESTIGATES AND THEN RECORDS, IN THEIR CAUSAL RELATIONS AND DEVELOPMENT, SUCH PAST
HUMAN ACTIVITIES AS ARE

a. DEFINITE IN TIME AND SPACE

b. SOCIAL IN NATURE,
c. SOCIALLY SIGNIFICANT

Studying History

- studying history provides us a sense of our own identity

- history helps us understand the present
- History enables us to understand the tendencies of humankind, social institutions, and all aspect of the human conditions
- History can help one develop tolerance and open-mindedness
- History allows us to appreciate various aspects of our heritage

Primary Sources- A document or information from an eyewitness account or actual participant/observer of the event/activity.

Secondary Sources- Any information or document derived from primary sources.

Two important activities in historical research: internal criticism and external criticism

EXTERNAL CRITICISM

- it refers to the genuineness of the documents

INTERNAL CRITICISM

- accuracy of the contents of the document

Categories of Historical Sources Material:

1. Document
2. Numerical Records
3. Oral Statement
4. Relics

Primary Sources- first Hand and Original and unfiltered information

Examples:

1. Personal Journals-
2. Survey
3. Artifact
4. Eye witness Account
5. Interviews
6. Experiment
7. Historical document

Secondary Sources- A secondary source interprets and analyzes primary sources

1. Textbook
2. Commentaries
3. Magazine Article
4. Histories
5. Internet

Tertiary Sources- Provides third-hand information of reporting ideas and details from secondary sources

1. Biographical Dictionary
2. Encyclopedia
Types of Primary Sources Repositories of Primary
1. Autobiography and Memoirs Sources
2. Photo and Poster 1. Library
3. Diaries , Personal Letter` and Correspondence 2. Archieve
4. Work of Art and Literature 3. Mesuem
5. Interview and legal document
6. Speeches and oral histories

Types of Secondary Sources Criteria on assesing the historical significance of

1. Bibliography sources
2. Biographical Works 1. Relevance
3. Periodicals 2. Resonance
4. Literature review and Review articles 3. Remakable
4. Remembered
5. Revealing
historical Significance- The process used to evaluate what was 6. Resulting in Change
significant about selected events, people and developments in the past. 7. Durability
8. Quantity
9. Profundity

Excerpts From Magellan's Voyage Around The World

Sunday March 16,1521 – They arive in zamal or samar

Monday, March 18 – They meet nine men in ph

Age of Exploration (1400s- 1700s)

3 Motivation of Europeans Tools for Navigation and Exploration

1. Gold (Money) 1. Magnetic Compass- Made to sail accurately

2. Glory (Power) 2. Astroblade- Use star for direction
3. God (Religion) 3. Caravel- Better ship to sail shallow water and
open sea.
4.

Prince Henry The Navitagor

Vasco Dagama- 1st exmplorer to find direct route to asia.

Conquistador- Spain Explorer to the new world to find gold, claim land and spread christianity

- Cortez Conquered the Aztecs

- Pizaro Conquered Inca

Magellan Voyage
- Departure of the Armada to the spice Island September 20, 1519 5 Ships and 270 men with Magellan
- February 1520 reached Rio dela Plata
- March 17, 1521-sighted the Mountains of what is now Samar, “islas de 1. Trinidad
san lazarus” 2. San Antonio
- Magellan’s Voyage 1519-1522 3. Victoria
4. Conception
- Santiago Ship Sinked 1st in near San Julian 5. Santiago

- San Antonio Ship Turned back to spain

- 27 November 1520 They found the way to the pacific ocean

- It took them 3 and Half Months to cross pacific ocean

- They arrived march 17 1521

- Noverber 28 They reached the Spice Island

- Trinidad Ship did not succed in sailing in pacific ocean

- Victoria sailed the indian ocean

- Septem 6, 1522, Victoria reached spain

Spanish Conquest and Settelement
Even in Europe
- Rise of the West
- They Traded goods with Asian countries
o Oriental Spices
o Silk
o Fruits
o Persian Rugs
o Precious Stone
Early European expedition to Asia
Antiquity

- 330 BC- Alexander the Great(part of the central asia and india)
Middle Age
- Roman traders in Siam, Cambodia Sumatra and Java
- In 13th century- Italian Francisco Giovanni da Pian del Carpine reach kamakorum, Present day Mongol

Treaty of Tordesillas:
- June7, 1494
- Imaginary line of 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands
Spanish Expedition After Magellan
- Loaysa Expedition, 1525-26
- Cabot Expedition, 1527-28
- Saavedra Expedition of 1527- 28
The Treaty of Zaragoza, April 22,1529
- Portugal bought Moluccas for 350,000 gold ducats

King Philip II Commissioned More Expeditions to the Orient

- 1538-41, King Charles of Spain sent expeditions to the East (to the Spice or Moluccas Islands)
- Ruy Lopez de Villalobos, to command the expedition.
- With 6 ships, Villalobos on November 1, 1542, crossed the vast Pacific and reached Mindanaw in February 1543
- Samar and Leyte- “Felipinas” in honor of Prince Philip of Spain.

Legazpi Expedition:
- in 1556, King Philip II sent an expedition to the East
- Fr. Andres de Urdaneta, pilot of the expedition
- Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, head of the expedition
- With four ships and 380 men, November 21, 1564 from port Navidad
- Reached Cebu in February 1565
- In 1571, Legazpi entered Cebu
- Hostility with Rajah Tupas
- Image of the Infant Jesus which Magellan gave to Juana forty-four years earlier.
- “Policy of attraction”
o Agreement
 loyalty to the King of Spain
 Help the Spaniards in Battle engagements
Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade
Legazpi Negotiated with the Natives
- Filipinos hand over to the Spaniards the natives who committed crime against the Spaniards, vice-versa
- Goods sold should be priced moderately
- Armed Filipinos shall not be allowed to enter the Spanish settlementd moderately
Spanish Settlement in Cebu
- in form of triangle (one side of which faced the land and the other sides faced the sea)
- City of the Most Holy Name of Jesus (Ciudad del Santisimo Nombre de Jesus)
Spanish settlement in Panay
- 1569, sailed for Panay
- second Spanish settlement
Legazpi sent his grandson to explore North of the Islands
- Juan de Salcedo led an expedition to the north
- Defeated the natives in Lubang Island near Mindoro and saw the outer rim of Manila Bay
- reported to his grandfather what he saw in Manila
- Legazpi sent an expedition on May 8 for Mindoro to Manila
Expeditions in Luzon
- Martin de Goiti
- Juan de Salcedo
Manila under Sulayman:
- Manila or Malmila:
- ruled by Raja Sulayman
- *Kingdom is located south of Pasig River (p. Pasig River)
- Battle in manila in May 24, 1570
Legazpi made Manila as the Capital of the Spanish Colony in Asia
- *Legazpi became governor and captain-general
- *April 20 Legazpi relocated his settlement to Manila
- *June 24, 1571- Manila became the capital city
- *Legazpi died on August 20, 1572.

Spanish Colonialism Period, 1521-1898

- "Las Islas Filipinas" (Phillip's Islands)
-
Misionary Strategy
- Spread Gospil using local languages
- Bajo de la Campana- Build churches near towns and people are required to live near them
- Prohibited Animistic Practices- Ancient altar and Icon are destroyed. Native priest are capture and banished or killed.
- Introduced Catholic Rituals and celebrations
Nipa Hut – Known as Bahay kubo, an indigenous house used in the philippines.
Bahay na Bato- The bahay na bato, the colonian Filipino house, is a mixture of native Filipino, spanish and chinese influnces
- House Parts
o Zuguan- Passageway leading to the entrance door to the central part of house
o Cuadra- Stable
o Bodega- Storage Room
o ENTRESUELO- mezzanine, low or partial story that is just above the ground floor; entresol, balcony for workers
o ALIBE- Water well is an excavation or structure created in the ground by digging, driving, broing or drilling to access
groundwater in underground aquifers
o BAÑO- Toilet and Bath
o COMUN/LATRINA-Comfort Room
2nd Floor
o CAIDA- anteroom
o SALA- living area
o COMEDOR- dining area
o BANGGUERA-place for drying pots
o DESPACGO- office room
o CUARTO-Bedroom
o AZOTEA- Balcony/Rooftop

Galleon Trade (1565-1815)

- Philippines became a transhipment point for the export of Oriental products to Spanish (Latin) America.

Cash-crop Cultivation and Export (1800’s)

- The government encouraged or mandated the planting of farmlands into tobacco, sugar, and abaca. These crops were for
export.
Educating the Filipino Elite
- They taught the 4Rs: Reading, (W)Riting,
(A)Rithmetic, and most importantly Religion.
-Spanish was only taught in select schools for rich
Filipino, Mestizo, and Spanish children.

Separate School for Girls

- They Are taught to be a proper woman
- sewing, embroidery, singing, dancing, playing the piano.
Hispanized the Elite
- They became Spanish in speech, dress, manners, in their lifestyle. They felt more closer to the Spaniards than to the lower
class Filipinos

Making the Indio- A term use to call Filipino during the Spanish Colonial period
- From Timagua (freeman) to Subject Under Spanish rule
- In 1884 Tribute is replaced by Cedula or individual tax
- Indios are also force to work in the goverment (from 16yo – 60yo) each year they are force to work in 40 days
- 19th century 40 days of work per year is reduced to 15 days
- Observed the Bandala – planted crops according to the orders of the government and sells the harvest to the government
too.