RPH REVIEWER:

GROUP 1:
Basic Concepts, Methods and Perspectives in the Study of history
 Understanding the past
 Learning from Mistake
 Identity and Culture
 Critical Thinking
 Preservation of Memory
 Influence on Policy and Decision-Making
 Understanding Change and Continuity

PRIMARY SOURCES
 Direct evidence from during that time.
 Examples: Diaries, Speeches, Letters, etc.

SECONDARY SOURCES
 Interpretations, analysis, or summaries of primary sources created by historians
or scholars.
 Examples: Newspapers, Articles, Textbooks, etc.

EXTERNAL CRITICISM
 When written? Where was it written? Why did it survive, who was the real
author?
 Evaluation of authenticity and reliability of sources.

INTERNAL CRITICISM
 Eyewitness or second-hand account, why was it written? Literal meaning,
Internal Consistency, Connotations.
 Involves evaluating the content of a source, including language, tone, bias and
consistency.

REPOSITORIES OF PRIMARY SOURCES

  Are institutions, collection, or archives that preserves and provide information.

KALANTIAW CODE
 Said to be a legal code established by Datu Bandahara Kalantiaw in 1433 a
legendary chief of the island of Negros, Philippines.

 It was written about by Jose E. Marco in 1913 in his historical fiction "Las
Antiguas Leyendes de la Isla de Negros" (The Ancient Legends of the Island of
Negros)

 In 1968, historian William Henry Scott called this a “hoax” in his book
“Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History” in 1968.

 Many still believe that the kalantiaw code is real even if it ceases to exist.

 The kalantiaw code listed 18 orders for the proper punishment of certain moral
and social transgressions.

GROUP 2:
FIRST TOPIC:
ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF HUMAN EXISTENCE IN THE PHILIPPINES
Why is it important?
- Archaeology consists of uncovering various evidence that bring the past to life.
With every dig that we do, we are peering into the past and understand the
origins of human society.

The Callao Man

- Archaeologists in the year 2007, unearthed human bones in the Philippines that
showed early man lived on the country about 70,000 years ago.

- Analyzing the 2.4-inch bone by using a method called uranium series dating, it
was revealed that it was notably older than “Tabon Man” wherein it was dated to
67,000 years ago.

- The ones who unearthed the Callao Man are Professor Armand Mijares from
the University of the Philippines and a joint leader with Florent Detroit.
The Laguna Copperplate Inscription
- It is a 20 cm square copperplate that is covered by a ten-line inscription of written
characters on one side.

- The text was purchased by the National Museum of the Philippines in 1990. They
also have the inscription to Dutch anthropologist Antoon Postma to analyze the
text.

The Manunggul Jar

- A jar that was used around 2,700 years ago to protect the remains of the dead. It
was discovered in the Manunggul Cave, Lipuun Point.
SECOND TOPIC:
AUSTRONESIAN THEORIES AND EVIDENCE
The Austronesian Expansion Theory
- This suggests that the growth of the population of the Philippines was a result of
people from Asia known as the Austronesians.

- These Austronesians are Austronesian-speaking people who populated areas in

Southeast Asia, Oceania, and East Africa.

- Peter Bellwood, professor of Archaeology and Anthropology at the Australian

National University, proposed the Austronesian Expansion Theory or also known
as the Austronesian Migration Theory.

Out-of-Taiwan Model
- This model suggests that Taiwanese indigenous people first sailed from Taiwan
to the Northern islands of the Philippines around 3000 BCE.

- During the late 1970s. linguist Robert Blust of University of Hawaii defended the
said theory by breaking down the Proto-Austronesian language groups into
different subdivisions and linking them back to Taiwan.
Nusantao Hypothesis
- A hypothesis that was developed by Wilhelm Solheim, the (NMTCN) or known as
the Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communicating Network.

- It is a trade and communication network that appeared during the Neolithic age
or around 5000 BC that first appeared in the Asia-Pacific region.

- This theory is an alternative to the spread of the Austronesian language family in

Southeast Asia. Solheim suggested the hypothesis in 1964, wherein it contrasts
the widely accepted Out-of-Taiwan hypothesis.

THIRD TOPIC:
EPICS AS SOURCES OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND CULTURE
On Human Values in Philippine Epics
- Epics have provided historical witness to deep-rooted indigenous values around
the societies from which they come to light. These values are known to many
cultures and traditions.

- The author Francisco R. Demetrio divided the epics into two groups with epics
surrounding values that is related to human interrelationships and the other
relating to relationships with the numinous, the world of God, and Spirits.

- Epics relating to values of human relationships:

1. The Case of Lam-ang: Human Worth and Justice

2. Doña Ines and Lam-ang: Respect
3. Aliguyon: Respect for Elders and Ability to Admire Good Qualities Even
in Enemies

- The epics mentioned are examples of respect for human dignity which also
symbolizes in respect for our parents and elders as well as the competence to
admire the good qualities of one’s enemies.
 - Epics relating to values of the Numinous:

1. Taake: Prayers Addressed to God Almighty

2. Aliguyon: Prayer to the Rooster and the Idao Bird

FOURTH TOPIC:
EARLIEST RECORD OF TRADE RELATIONS WITH THE CHINESE:
Indirect Trade Participation in the Tana Dynasty
An American archaeologist, Otley Beyer, said that after the massacre of foreigners
happened in Guangzhou in 878, Arab traders changed their maritime trade route by
turning eastward starting from the Malacca Straits going to Borneo, the Philippines, and
Formosa, then passed by ‘North China’ to push through to Korea and Japan.
This theory is heavily supported by the different archaeological finds of Yue wares of the
9th-10th centuries that was found in the Philippines. So far, the evidence that was found
in Samar and Butuan include these early wares and attests the shares of the Philippines
during the maritime trade in this period.

Involvement in Both Official and Private Trade in the Song Dynasty

It was in the Song and Yuan dynasties that the Nanhai trade was fully in effect. It is
also during this period that detailed descriptions of trade with the Philippines are
recorded.
The first historic reference to the Philippines appeared in the Northern Song annals
during the year 972. It is said that the office of Superintendent of Maritime Trade was
set up in Guangzhou in Guangdong and moved to Hangzhou and Mingzhou in Zheijang
to supervise the different foreign trades happening with several countries including Ma-i.
Places such as, Sta. Ana in Manila, Sta. Cruz, and Pila in Laguna are among the
archaeological sites with ceramics finds of late Song period. Excavations in Puerto
Galera in Mindoro have also found evidence of ceramics of this period.

Deep Penetration of Trade Route into the Archipelago in the Yuan Dynasty
The Eastern Route passed from South China to Taiwan, Babuyan Island, then to Polilu,
to Luzon, the Visayas, Sulu, Borneo, and finally to the Moluccas.
The Western Route passed through the coast of Vietnam through the Straits of
Malacca and westward to the Indian Ocean and on to the Persian Gulf.
Because of the Eastern Route, Chinese trade wares were provided with more outlets
which in turn resulted in a great number of ceramic yielding sites both in Luzon and the
Visayas.
Fluctuating Trade Relations in the Ming Dynasty
The interruption in the trade relations between China and the Philippines is reflected in
the corresponding less quantity of ceramic finds during the Ming Dynasty.
The trade ban was lifted during the year 1465, and direct trade contacts between China
and the Philippines were resumed.
4 DYNASTIES MENTIONED:
1. Tana Dynasty
2. Song Dynasty
3. Yuan Dynasty
4. Ming Dynasty

GROUP 3:
ENCUENTRO AND THE METAMORPHOSIS OF THE INDIO
Arrival of the Spaniards: Pigafetta’s Account of Magellan’s Voyage (1565-1800s)
Background of the Author:
Antonio Pigafetta
 He was born sometime in 1491 and died around 1531.

 Eldest son of Giovanni Pigafetta to second wife Angela Zoga

 Antonio Pigafetta was an Italian scholar and explorer. (He studied Astronomy,
geography, and cartography.)

 He joined the Spanish expedition to the Spice Islands.

(While in Spain, Pigafetta heard of Magellan's planned expedition to find a
western route to the Spice Islands. Magellan accepted his application to join the
expedition and hired him)
 Pigafetta did not appear to have any specific role except to keep a daily record of
his observations.
(He recorded extensive information concerning the geography, climate, and
natural history of the places visited by the expedition)
  Pigafetta was wounded on Mactan in the Philippines, where Magellan was killed
in the Battle of Mactan in April 1521.
(Nevertheless, he recovered and was among the 18 who accompanied Juan
Sebastián Elcano on board the Victoria on the return voyage to Spain.)
 Presented himself to King Charles V and presented a book.

ABOUT THE BOOK

 The First Voyage around the world (1519-1522)
 The First Voyage around the world was written in of the 5 ships of the expedition.
(Ayung limang barko nay un, ayun ang kauna-unahanag nag layag at libutin and
buong mundo at ito ay pinangunahan ni Ferdinand magellan na isang Portuguese
explorer na kinalaunan ay namatay rin sa battle of mactan)

PANGALANAN NATIN ANG LIMANG BARKO NA YUN:

Santiago, San Antonio, Concepcion, Trinidad, Victoria.
NOTE:
 Only 3 ships landed in Philippines.
 2 ships natira pabalik sa Spain.
 1 ship survived and that ship is the Victoria.
 The original journal of Pigafetta did not survive in history.

Context:
 The fate of the five ships during the expedition (Eto yung mga challenges na
naranasan nila during the expedition katulad ng mga bagyo habang sila ay
naglalayag, kakulanagan sa pagkain, iba’t ibang sakit na dumapo sa kanila at
syempre yung mga enkwentro nila sa mhga tao naka salamuha nila.)

 It contains information about the economic activities of the local folks and the
goods.

 They offered for trade, maps, glossaries of the native words, geographic
information and descriptions of the place they visited.

 Lastly, Pigafetta gave us an eyewitness account of the battle of Mactan where

Magellan died and Pigafetta was injured.
 (nakatala din dito kung paano nangyari ang labanan, kung sino ang mgaing kalaban
nila, kailan at saan ito nangyari pati yung mga usap usapan at interksyon nila, so
ganon ka detalyado ang journal ni Pigafetta)

HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF THE DOCUMENT

Spices
Spices were in demand commodities among Europeans that were expensive.
(Ang alam kasi nila noon ginagamit nila ang spices na to para magpreserve ng pagkain,
tayo ngayon meron tayong refrigerator sila naman meron silang spices. Pero nalaman
nila na hindi lang pala sya pangpreserve ng pagkain, pwede rin sa medisina, at
pampalasa. So, for them to do this, kailangan nilang mgatravel around the world para
maka obtain ng iba’t ibang spices and knowing na in demand at mahal ang benta ng
mga ito tinake advantage ito ng mga merchants and nag distribute sila around Europe.)
(Katulad ng Asian products nakakarating sya sa Europe via silk road and arabian-italian
trade route. Bukod sa expensive na sya dahil maraming nauubos na resources sa
pagttravel pa lang ng ganon kalayo minsan nadidisruot pa sila dahil merong gera na
nagyayari, natural calamities at minsan kailangan pa nilang humingi ng permiso.)

Rivalry of Portugal and Spain

Both were interested in exploring and developing trade.
(Kasi itong Portugal nakaisip sila ng paraan para mas madaling makapunta sa spice
island at mas mura, so ang ginawa ni Prince Henry ng Portugal nagpatayo ng isang
maritime school para mag train ng sailors na syang magdidiscover ng ruta papunta sa
southeast asia via the atlantic and Indian ocean. So, ang pinagaawayan ngayon ng
spain in Portugal ay kung sino ang magiging primary source ng spices sa Europa.
Uminit yung pagaaway nila at kinailangan ng pope umaksyon paghiwalayin sa dalwang
parte ang mundo ang Spanish sphere ang Portuguese sphere eto yung tinatawag na
Treaty of Tordesillas.)

Morillo Map
 It was drawn by Father Murillo Velarde (1696-1753)
 Is the first and most important scientific map of the Philippines.
(Ang Pilipinas noong panahong iyon ay isang mahalagang bahagi ng Imperyong
Espanyol, at ang mapa ay nagpapakita ng mga ruta ng dagat mula sa Maynila
hanggang Espanya. Bukod sa naglalaman ito ng geographic na point of wiew,
 makikita din natin ito bilang isang etnograpikong dokumento. So, naglalaman ito ng
mga drawing tig anim sa dalawang panig Ang walo sa kung saan ay naglalarawan
ng iba 't ibang mga grupo ng etniko na naninirahan sa kapuluan at apat sa kung
saan ay cartographic paglalarawan ng mga partikular na mga lungsod o isla)
 Etong kauna unahang mapa ng pilipinas na ay mahalaga dahil eto ang patunay
at eto ang nagpanalo sa kaso pilipinas laban sa china sa atin ang panucat island
o kilala bilang scarborough shoal.

IMPORTANT PERONAGES
 Antonio Pigafetta
 Ferdinand Magellan
 Raja Humabon
 Raja Lapu-Lapu
 Important Dates
March 16, 1521- Arrival in Zamal (Samar).
 So si pigafetta dinescribe nya tayong mga islanders as “ornately adorned” dahil
parte ng kultura natin dati is puno ng patterns yung katawan natin maraming
abubot, makukulay na damit. “Went immediately to the captain-general, giving
signs of joy of our arrival.” Hindi lang daw ito, nilista rin ni Pigafetta yung mga
binigay nating mga pinoy sa kanila “fish, a jar of palm wine, which they call uraca,
figs more than one palmo long (bananas), and others, which were smaller and
more delicate, and two cocoanuts.”

 Thus, Pigafetta wrote: “To honor our captain, they conducted him to their boats
where they had their merchandise, which consisted of cloves, cinnamon, pepper,
nutmegs, mace, gold and other things; and they made us understand by gestures
that such articles were to be found in the islands to which we were going.”

 So anong sinasabi neto? Dati pa lang mainit na yung pagtanggap natin sa mga
bisita which is nakikita pa rin naman ngayon nakakahiya pa nga minsan na wala
kang ipakain kapag may bisita, at pinaghahandaan talaga kapag alam nating
may darating sa bahay diba, so we filipinos we are known for being hospitable
dati pa lang.
March 31, 1521 - First Mass in the Philippines in Limasawa Island
ito ay pinangunahan ng isang Spanish friar na si Pedro de Valderrama na kasama nila
Magellan, Umattend din dito si Raja Kolambu at Raja Siagu at nung nakapunta sila ng
cebu naging malapit naming ang relasyon ni raja humabon at Magellan, umabot pa sa
nga sa punto na nagkaroon ng blood pact at naging alyansa ni humabon si Magellan,
sinabi pa ni magellan na kung may kalaban ka sa ibang tribo tawagin mo lang ako
tatalunin natin yung mga yun at papasukuin natin sila.
April 14, 1521 - Rajah Humabon, his wife, and around 400 Filipino natives were
baptized into Christianity, in a ceremony administered by Fr. Valderrama.
 Umusbong ang kristiyanismo sa bansa
April 27, 1521- Battle of Mactan and the death of Magellan.
Sa kagustuhan ni magellan na mangialam at eto namang si humabon gusto nyayung
idea na sya ang hari ng mga hari, sinabi kasi ni maegllan sa kniya na ikaw ang
magiging representative dito ni King Philip kumbaga ikaw ang magiging hari dito. At
gusto ni Magellan na pati yung mga kalapit na datu at raja na maconvert into
Christianity. Karamihan sa kanila sumunod, nagpaconvert. Pero si lapulapu di sya
pumayag, tumutol sya sa kung ano man ang gusto nilang mangyari. Nangyari lang
naman ang battle of mactan dahil sinabi ni Magellan na ipagtatanggol naming kayo sa
kalaban nyo, so ginawa nya kinalaban nya si lapulapu and it cost him his life.
September 8, 1522 - Victoria arrives at Seville, Spain (eto na yung end of
circumnavigation)

OUR ANCESTORS
 Male: Tattooed, wore gold earrings necklace and ornaments, long hair, wore cloth
that covered him from waist to knees

 Women: Wore tree cloth from chest to waist down, long hair and reaches the
ground, wore gold earrings, tattooed

CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS

 Trading - every ship that enters should pay tribute (pwedeng iba’t ibang
resources katulad ng pagkain, or pera)

 Festivities and entertainment - Our ancestors love to drink, sing and dance,
(gumagamit din sila ng iba pang instrument katulad ng tongali, kudypi, at
kulintang)

 Food - They eat coconut, meat, fish, rice, and palm wine. (eto rin yung binigay at
oinakin nila kila pigafetta at Magellan

 Religion - God is Bathala (Also known as maykapal or Abba eto yung kanilang
dinadasalan bago lumaganap ang christinanismo)
  Houses - Made from wood, bamboo, nipa grass (square lang sya na walang mga
kwarto may pintuan lang sya at bintana

RELEVANCE AND CONTRIBUTION OF THE BOOK

 The account contributed to the field of geography, navigation, and history.

 It proved that the earth is round.

 Philippines was rich in natural resources even before the colonial period.

 It gives us knowledge about the customs and traditions of our ancestors and their
physical appearance.

 This account proves that voyagers introduced Christianity.

 Evidence that most Filipinos are hospitable.

 It is the only source of Lapu-Lapu’s life and showed his nationalism.

INITIAL REACTIONS: FRIAR ACCOUNTS OF THE CUSTOMS OF THE NATIVES

Las Costumbres de los Tagalos en Filipinas (Customs of the Tagalogs) - by Fray
Juan De Plasencia
Juan De Plasencia
 His birth name is Juan de Portocarrero.

 He was born in Extremadura, Spain in 1520.

 Died in Liliw, Laguna in 1590.

 A Spanish friar, a member of the Franciscan Order, who came together with the
first batch of missionaries, is believed to have arrived in the Philippines on July 2,
1578.

 Upon his arrival, he joined forces with another missionary, Fray Diego de
Oropesa, and started preaching around Laguna de Bay and Tayabas (the
present Quezon Province).
  He was also known to be a defender of the native population, looking after the
poor, ill or neglected.

 Author of the “Doctrina Christiana” written in 1593.

 Author of the “Customs of the Tagalogs” written in 1589.

Doctorina Christiana
 One of the earliest historical and religious books printed in the Philippines in
1593.
 Used as a reading material to deepen Filipino faith in Christianity.
 Written in Spanish, Tagalog, and Baybayin.

THE CUSTOMS OF THE TAGALOG

 The Customs of the Tagalogs was written in 1589 during the Spanish colonial
period.

 Plasencia was tasked by the King of Spain to document the customs and
traditions of the colonized (natives), based on his own observation and judgment.

 This document provides insights into the customs, traditions, and way of life of
the people in Luzon.

 Appeared initially in Blair and Robertson’s 55 volumes, The Philippine Islands

(1903) and in the Philippine Journal of Sciences (1958).

SOCIO POLITICAL CUSTOM

Dato/Datu (Chief)
 The chief who governed the people, and were the captains of wars, led the
barangays, whom people obeyed and revered.
Barangay
 Consists of parents and children, relations and slaves.
 Ruled by the chief.
Maharlica/Maharlika (Nobles)
 They are free born, do not pay taxes, and are warriors of the barangay.
Aliping Namamahay (Commoners)
 Serves their chief’s; accompanies his chief.

 Live in their chief’s house and are lords of properties and gold.

 Their children are entitled to inherit the riches and the rank of their fathers.

 Cannot be sold.
Alipin sa Guiguilir (Slaves)
 Serve their chief in his own house and on his cultivated lands.

 Can be granted a portion of their chief’s harvest.

 Can be sold.

MARRIAGE AND INHERITANCE

 There are customs related to marriage, dowries, and inheritance that are
described in the document, including rules about the division of property, dowry
distribution, and what happens in cases of divorce or the death of a spouse.
When the maharlica marries a slave:
 If the father is a maharlica and the mother is a slave, the mother and their
children will be free.

 If the Maharlika had another wife, the wife had to pay the chief due to the risk of
death and rest in pregnancy.

 In this case, half of the child was free if the father (maharlica) recognized him. If
not, the child will become a whole slave.

 If the woman is a maharlica, and the man is a slave, they will all be free, if he
was not her husband.

 If two persons married, of whom one was a Maharlica and other was a slave
(namamahay o sa Guiguilir), the children were divided.

 In which, the odd birth order (1st, 3rd, 5th) belongs to the father.

 While the even birth order (2nd, 4th, 6th) belongs to the mother.
  Maharlicas could not, after marriage, move from one barangay to another without
paying a fine depending on the amount given by the datos.

OTHER CASES:
 When one married a woman of another village, the children were afterwards
divided equally between the two barangays.
Judicial System
 The judicial system, led by datos and arbiters, is outlined. It explains how
disputes were resolved within the barangays and how people could seek
arbitration from other tribes.
Way of Judging
 The first option for the people is to be judged by the dato and the ruling should be
done in front of the people.

 If the defendant felt prejudiced about the ruling, he or she may seek arbiters from
the other tribe to be judged.

 A man who insulted the children or wife of the datos are condemned to death.

 Children and companions of the witches are considered slaves of the Dato,
unless the person that they harmed has fully recovered.

 One can be also called a slave if for the moment he has no means to pay any
violations done until he can already pay it. If he was freed through his relatives,
he must serve half of his service. If he has not served it that way, he must serve
twice of what should have been. Will be considered Aliping namamahay.

 If a married woman gave birth to a child outside her marriage, the husband can
do 2 things: Punish the wife, which was considered as dowry, and the child would
be considered legitimate, or disregard the wife so that the child would not get
anything to inherit.
Slavery
 A means of paying the debt that he has failed to fulfill.

 People of the tribes are against slavery, but there are situations that called for
enslavement.
Debts
 Inherited by the debtor’s children.

 If the parents’ died, children must pay the debt through half of the profits of their
lands until fulfilled.
Inheritance
 Equally divided among legitimate children, except if there is a favoritism present
in the family.

 Exception: If the parents decided that their son would be married to the dato’s
daughter, the son would get more than any of their sons.
Dowries
 Dowry is given by man to the woman’s parents before marriage.

 Enjoyed by the parents if still living.

 In case of their death, it is divided among the children equally.

 If the woman has no parents, she can enjoy it with her relatives.

OTHER CASES OF DOWRY AND INHERITANCE:

 If one has two wives and has children to both wives, the children will divide their
mother’s dowry.

 If one of his wives is a slave, she would not receive any dowry, thus, not share
for her children even if legitimate.

 The children are bound to free their mother out of slavery and give her something
or a slave.

 There are situations that the children of the slave could have the inheritance.

 If the father was a Dato or it was with unanimous consent. Illegitimate children
are given one-third of the inheritance.

 If one has no legitimate children, all will be given to the unmarried wife or called
“Inaasava’s child”.
  If he has no children, will be given to the nearest relatives.
Adoption
 To adopted children, they inherit double the payment for their adoption.
 If an adopted child has children, and he died first, his children will not inherit.
Divorce
 Happens if the spouse dies.

RELIGIOUS CUSTOMS
 Absence of temples or churches - Ceremonies and worships are celebrated in
the house of the Dato which they call “simbahan”. They do a festival of pandot or
worship which they call “pagaanito”.

IDOLS:
 There are various idols, deities, and supernatural beings revered by different
indigenous groups across the archipelago.
Bathala
 Their supreme God. Signifies “all powerful” or “maker of all things”.
Balatik and Mapulon
 Worshiping the sun, moon, stars, and constellations
Dian Masalanta
 The patron of lovers and of the generation.
Lacapati and Indianale
 The patron of the lands and of husbandry.
BUAYA
 Which they fear from.
Beliefs:
 Ancestors are also firm believers of auguries.

 Can be translated into two: Flood Omen and Bad Omen.

  Divination to know if the weapon is suitable for the possessor.

 Years, months, and days are determined through observing the soil, flowers,
fruits, and leaves.

 Believed that there were two seasons present which are the sun-time and water-
time.

 There were beliefs about an afterlife, with two contrasting destinations: "maca," a
place of rest for those who did not harm others and possessed moral virtues, and
"casanaan," a place of anguish where souls faced a demon called "sitan."

Sacrifices and Offerings:

 Sacrifices were offered during festivals to idols, which were anointed with
fragrant perfumes. These offerings included animals like swine, goats, and fowls.
The idols were believed to grant favors in return.

 Sacrifices were made for various reasons, including the recovery of the sick, safe
sea voyages, successful harvests, favorable outcomes in wars, childbirth, and
happy marriages.

 Large celebrations could last up to 30 days.

12 KINDS OF DEVIL PRIEST (DISCIPLES OF DARKNESS)

 Catolonan - either a man or a woman, offering to the feast of the devil.

 Mangangauay - witches who deceive by pretending to heal the sick, capable of

causing death.

 Manyisalat - had the power of applying such remedies to lovers that they would
abandon and despise their own wives, and in fact could prevent them from
having intercourse with the latter.

 Mancocolam - whose duty to emit fire from himself at night, once a month,
capable of causing death through its words and doings.

 Silagan - if they saw anyone clothed in white, to tear out its liver and eat it, thus
causing death.
  Hocloban - by simply raising the hand, they killed whom they chose. But if they
desired to heal those whom they had made ill by their charms, they did so by
using other charms.

 Magtatangal - the purpose was to show himself at night to people, without his
head or entrails. In such wise the devil walked about, carried, or pretended to
carry his head to different places, and in the morning, returned to his body
remaining, as before, alive.

 Osuang - equivalent to sorcerers, they say that they have seen him fly, and that
murdered human and ate their flesh.

 Mangangayoma - made charms for lovers out of herbs, stones, and wood which
would infuse the heart with love.

 Sonat - equivalent to preachers, helps one to die, at which time he predicted the
salvation or condemnation of the soul.

 Pangatohojan - was a soothsayer and predicted the future.

 Bayougin - signified a cot quean, a man whose nature inclined toward that of a
woman.

BURIAL CUSTOMS
 The dead were buried outside his house, or if he is a dato his body would be
beneath a little house which they constructed. Mourn for 4 days and afterward,
laid him on a boat which served as a coffin or bier, placing him beneath the porch
where guard was kept over him by salve.

 In place of rowers, various animals were placed, two male and female of each
species.

 The slaves would take care of the animals which they should make sure that it
was well fed.

 If the dead is a warrior, the slave would be tied to his body until it wretched the
way he died.

 They would sing praises for the deceased for his good qualities, they also
accompany this with drinking and eating.
TRADITIONAL HOUSES
 Made of wood, bamboo, and nipa palms.

Male
 Headdress is called Putong (symbolizes the number of persons the wearer had
killed).

 A jacket with short sleeves called kanggan.

 bahag
Female
 Baro o camisa
 Saya

GROUP 4:
Patrionic Responses and the Development of Nationalism (1521-1800s)
Uprising

1872 Cavite mutiny (January 20, 1872)

- The Cavite mutiny was an uprising of Filipino military personnel of Fort San
Felipe, the Spanish arsenal in Cavite, Philippine Islands led by Fernando La
Madrid.

Philippine Revolution (1896-1898)

- The Philippine Revolution began in 1896 as a rebellion against brutal Spanish
rule that spanned over three centuries from the time Ferdinand Magellan led an
expedition to the island in the early 1500s to the establishment of a full Spanish
colony.

Cry of Pugadlawin (August 23, 1896)

- The Cry of Pugad Lawin was the beginning of the Philippine Revolution against
the Spanish Empire. In late August 1896, members of the Katipunan led by
 Andrés Bonifacio revolted somewhere around Caloocan, which included parts of
the present-day Quezon City.

BATTLE OF PASONG TAMO (AUGUST 28, 1986)

- The Battle of Pasong Tamo was a sequence of small battles between the
remnant Katipuneros in Caloocan and the Guardia Civil immediately after the Cry
of Balintawak.

Battle of San Juan Del Monte (August 30,1896)

- The Battle of San Juan del Monte also referred to as "Battle of Pinaglabanan". It
is considered as the first major battle of the Philippine Revolution, which sought
Philippine independence from Spain. The first battle cry of the Katipunan
coincided with the pealing of church bells at nine o'clock on the night of August
29, 1896.

Battle of IMUS (September 1–3, 1896)

- The Battle of Imus, or the siege of Imus, was the first major battle of the
Philippine revolution against the Spanish colonial government in the province of
Cavite. It was fought between September 1–3, 1896 at Imus, Cavite province in
the Philippines, right after Bonifacio's attack on the gunpowder magazine at the
Battle of San Juan del Monte in Manila.

BATTLE OF SAN MATEO AND MONTALBAN (November 1-8, 1896)

- The Battle of San Mateo and Montalban was a battle fought between the
remaining Katipuneros under the command of Andres Bonifacio and Emilio
Jacinto and the Spanish government after a failed attempt to capture the El
Deposito water works at San Juan del Monte.

Battle of Binakayan Dalahican(November 9-11, 1897)

- The Battle of Binakayan–Dalahican was a simultaneous battle during the

Philippine Revolution that was fought on November 9–11, 1896 that led to a
decisive Filipino victory. The twin battle took place at the shores of Binakayan, in
the town of Cavite Viejo (also called Cavite el Viejo, now Kawit); Dalahican and
Dagatan in Noveleta; and, to minimal extent, in Imus and Bacoor towns in Cavite,
Philippines that lasted for two days before the Spanish army retreated
demoralized and in disarray.
Battle of Aliaga (September 4-5, 1897)

- The Battle of Aliaga was fought on September 4–5, 1897, between the Philippine
revolutionaries of Nueva Ecija and the Spanish forces of Governor General
Primo de Rivera. Even with the reinforcements, the Spaniards were overcautious
in attacking the rebels there, and halted their attack for the rest of the day. The
Filipinos held the town of Aliaga for the rest of the day up into the night of
September 5.

Spanish-American War (1898)

- Conflict between the United States and Spain that ended Spanish colonial rule in
the Americas and resulted in U.S. acquisition of territories in the western Pacific
and Latin America.

Battle of Manila Bay (May 1, 1898)

- The Battle of Manila Bay, also known as the Battle of Cavite, took place on 1 May
1898, during the Spanish American War. The American Asiatic Squadron under
Commodore George Dewey engaged and destroyed the Spanish Pacific
Squadron under Contraalmirante Patricio Montojo.

BATTLE OF MANILA/ MOCK BATTLE OF MANILA (aUGUST 13, 1898)

- The Battle of Manila, sometimes called the Mock Battle of Manila, was a land
engagement which took place in Manila on August 13, 1898, at the end of the
Spanish–American War, four months after the decisive victory by Commodore
Dewey's Asiatic Squadron at the Battle of Manila Bay.

Philippine-American War (1899-1902)

- The war between the United States and Filipino revolutionaries from 1899 to
1902, an insurrection that may be seen as a continuation of the Philippine
Revolution against Spanish rule.

BATTLE OF MANILA (1899)

- Battle of Manila, (4–5 February 1899), largest and first battle of the Philippine-
American War, a war between the United States and Filipino revolutionaries from
1899 to 1902, an insurrection that may be seen as a continuation of the
Philippine Revolution against Spanish rule. Filipino hopes that the U.S. defeat of
their Spanish colonial masters in the Spanish-American War of 1898 would bring
independence to the Philippines were dashed when the United States annexed
the islands for itself.
MORO REBELLION (1902-1913)

- The Moro Rebellion (1901-1913) occurred after the conclusion of the Philippine-
American War and involved sporadic confrontations between the Muslim Filipinos
living in the southern part of the Philippines and the American soldiers there to
oversee the transition from Spanish rule to U.S. oversight.
- The Moro peoples had assumed that once the Philippines were liberated from
the Spanish, they would be self-governing. They resisted the American takeover
of the Philippines in 1899, centering their fighting in the island of Mindanao and
the Sulu Archipelago, and loosely organized around the Sultan of Sulu.

Battle of Bud Bagsak (June 11-15, 1913)

- The Battle of Bud Bagsak was a battle during the Moro Rebellion phase of the
Philippine–American War fought between June 11 and 15, 1913. The defending
Moro fighters were fortified at the top of Mount Bagsak on the island of Jolo,
Sulu. The attacking Americans were led by General John 'Black Jack' Pershing.
The Moros were annihilated, including their leader, Datu Amil.

Rise of Nationalism in the 19th Century

- This ideology began to spread among the locals and by the mid-19th Century -
when the Suez Canal was opened - they were verging on nationalism.

- The Insulares released the Indios agraviados, which was a manifesto that
defended the Filipinos against discriminatory remarks. However, this only
antagonised the colonists and migrants, who began to take their frustration out
on those who were leading the nationalist movement.

- Increasingly Filipino, the Insulares began to reject this power structure, so when
Padre Pedro Peláez, archbishop of Manila, began to fight secularization, the
locals took notice. The mantle of leader was taken by his disciple Father Jose
Apolonio Burgos.

- During the time when the ilustrados were established. Its members did not wish
to seek independence from Spain but only yearned for equality with the
Peninsulares. They demanded that the Philippines be viewed as a province of
Spain and for the secularization of parishes.

- This was no longer the case when the Ilustrados caught wind of the 1872 Cavite
Munity which led to the execution of the 3 priest martyrs the GomBurZa, which
also marked the beginning of the La Solidaridad, which aimed to emphasize the
needs of the Filipinos.
 - After La Solidaridad, the La Liga Filipina was established as another organization
which also supported the reform movement for the Filipinos. This was used to
reinforce the message Rizal implied in his magnum opus, Noli Me Tangere and
El Filibusterismo.

Spanish Reaction

- Ang Spanish Reaction ito yung ginawang actions ng mga espanyol to stop the
revolution in the Philippines, which is naging alarming yun sa nga spaniards kung
saan yung pag revolution ng Philippines is magkakaroon ng kamalayan sa mga
Pilipino.

Catholicism in the Philippines

- In the revolution of the Philippines the Spaniards took actions to influence the
Spanish Colonial Authorities in working together to promote and maintain
Catholicism in the Philippines.

- Ang pangunahing layunin ng Espanyol sa kanilang pananakop ay ang

ipalaganap ang Katolisismo. Ipinakita ito ng mga Espanyol sa pamamagitan ng
pagtatayo ng simbahan.

- So yung ginagawang actions ng simbahan is closely tied sa Spanish government

na kung saan sila yung may power to take a rule so both entities benefited na
galing sa wealth and power na nagained nila through conversion sa mga natives
then they planned to force the issue with the people.

- So this was indeed a compromise but apparently naging effective rin sa pag
spread ng Catholicism. Kase karamihan sa mga Pilipino nagkaroon ng malalim
na pananampalataya, so parang naging kultura na’to na sa pang-araw-araw na
pamumuhay at pakikitungo nila sa kapwa.

- Yung mga kilos na ginawa ng simbahan ng Katoliko at mga awtoridad ng spanish

colonial sa panahon na’to ay nagdulot ng tensyon at mga pagbabago sa lipunan
sa Pilipinas. Kaya kinatatakutan nila na kapag nagkaroon ng mataas na
edukasyon ang mga Pilipino magdudulot ito ng kalayaan sa mga Pilipino at
 pagkawala ng kontrol sa mga mamamayan. Catholicism continues to be a
powerful and enduring force in the Philippines.

GOMBURZA
- It was composed of Fathers Catholic priests Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and
Jacinto Zamora, who were executed on February 17, 1872. They were Catholic
priests in the Philippines who fell victim to oppression and abuse by both the
friars and the Spanish colonial government.

- So disniscuss naman na ni Leyva yung sa tatlong paring martir na lumaban para

sa equal rights among priest sa mga espanyol discuss ko naman kung paano
pinatay ang tatlong paring martir na kilala bilang mga Filipino Catholic priests,
Mariano Gómes, José Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora, kung saan sila hinatulan sila
ng parusang bitay gamit ang garrote on February 17, 1872 with the charges of
subversion arising from the 1872 Cavite mutiny.

ILLUSTRADOS
- The Ilustrados were middle-class Filipinos who studied and/or lived in Europe,
most of them residing in Madrid and Barcelona. They are considered to have
promoted nationalism and patriotism through their pieces of art and literary
works, and by forming various socio-political organizations that advocated for
reforms.

- Ang mga "ilustrado" ay isang grupo ng mga edukadong Pilipino sa espanya sa

kinabibilangan nilang may mataas na antas ng edukasyon at angkan ng lipunan.

- Karamihan sa mga ilustrado ay nag-aral sa Europa, kung saan sila'y naging

saksi sa bagong ideya hinggil sa kalayaan, karapatan ng tao, at demokrasya.
Ang ilang kilalang ilustrado ay sina Jose Rizal, Marcelo del Pilar, Graciano Lopez
Jaena, Antonio Luna, at iba pa. Ang mga ilustrado ay may layunin na bigyan ng
kamalayan ang mga espanyol sa pangangailangan ng mga pilipino sa Pilipinas.
La Solidaridad
- "La Solidaridad" or "Sol" is the newspaper of a Filipino propagandists
which had a significant role during the Spanish Colonial rule that was
published in Barcelona, Spain from 1889 to 1895.

- Ito ay isang pahayagan at organisasyon na inilathala sa Espanya noong 1889 at

nagpatuloy hanggang 1895, na itinalaga ng mga repormista na nasa Espanya,
sila Graciano López Jaena, isang kilalang manunulat at lider ng propaganda
movement. Bukod sa kanya, kasama rin sa pagtatag ng "La Solidaridad" sina
Marcelo H. del Pilar at pinamunuan ni José Rizal.

- Ang pangunahing layunin ng La Solidaridad ay itaguyod yung mga karapatan at

interes ng mga Pilipino sa ilalim ng pamamahala ng Espanya. Ito yung nagsilbing
instrumento upang maiparating ang mga hinaing ng mga ilustrado sa Espanya at
sa buong mundo, at ipakilala ang kultura at kabatiran ng Pilipinas sa mga
dayuhan.

La Liga Filipina
- La Liga Filipina was a Filipino nationalist and reformist organization
founded on July 3, 1892, in the Philippines during the Spanish colonial
period by Dr. Jose Rizal.

- Ito ay itinilaga ni Rizal matapos siyang makauwi mula sa Europa. Layunin kase ni
Rizal na gumawa nang isang samahan na magtutulungan ang mga Pilipino mula
sa lahat ng antas ng lipunan, tulad ng mga edukado, propesyonal,
mangangalakal, at manggagawa sa mga adhikain ng pag-unlad at pagpapalaya.
Nais kase ni Rizal na makamtan yung pag-unlad at kalayaan ng bayan sa
pamamagitan ng mapayapang pamamaraan.

Martial Law Declaration

- Noong August 30, 1896, nag declared ng Martial law si General Ramon Blanco
sa walong provinces, namely Manila, Bulacan, Cavite, Pampanga, Tarlac,
Laguna, Batangas and Nueva Ecija. Para hulihin yung mga pinaghihinalaang
kasama sa katipunan at yung mga sumuko.
So Why the Propaganda Movement, La Solidaridad and La Liga Filipina Failed?
- The colonial government did not agree to any of its demands. Spain itself
was undergoing a lot of internal problems all that time, which could explain
why the mother country failed to heed the Filipino’s petitions.

- Ang Propaganda Movement ay hindi nagtagumpay sapagkat hindi pumayag ang

kolonyal ng pamahalaan sa anumang mga hiling nito. Isa rin na ang mga prayle
ay nasa kasukdulan ng kanilang kapangyarihan na walang panahon o naisin na
pakinggan ang tinig ng bayan.

- Naging dahilan din ang problema sa pondo ng paglilimbag sa La Solidaridad

dahil sa paglipat-lipat ng lugar ng pag printan nila ng newspaper. Kaya’t hindi
araw-araw ang labas ng newspaper isang beses lang kada dalawang linggo at
dahil na rin sa mga hindi pagkakasundo sa hanay ng mga pag-aambag at yung
panggigipit ng mga Kastila sa komunidad dahil sa pagbabago-bago ng sitwasyon
sa pampulitika.

- Kaya’t nagkaroon ng iba pang paraan ng sekretong pagpapadala ang postman

na si Brigido Casteloy na palihim na nagpapamahagi sa iba pang mga mensahe
ang materyales sa lungsod at mga probinsya.Ngunit sa huli, nahuli at
pinarusahan sila ng mga nakakataas sa kanila.

- Mabigat na parusa kung sino man ang pagkukumpiskahan ng mga kopya ng La

Solidaridad at iba pang mapaniraang materyales na propaganda, kaya marami
ang naaresto at pina-deport. Kasama dito yung dalawang kamag-anak ni Del
Pilar na siya niyang umaasa para sa pondo.

- Ayon sa ibang mga historians naging matagumpay daw ito, ngunit bilang isang
paraan na impluwensya ng mga Kastila, ito ay nabigo. Sa La liga Filipina naman
maagang nauwi sa kanyang pagwawakas dahil sa pag-aresto ni José Rizal ng
mag espanyol.
Warrant of Arrest on the Execution of Jose Rizal
- The arrest warrant for Jose Rizal was part of the Spanish colonial
authorities' larger efforts to suppress his writings and activities, as they
saw him as a threat to their control over the Philippines.

- Dr. Jose Rizal ay isang activist who played a significant role in the movement for
Philippine independence from Spanish colonial rule. In this part pinapakita rito
kung ano at paano ginawa ng mga spaniards ang pag-aresto kay Rizal para lang
pigilan ang kalayaan ng mga mamamayan sa Pilipinas.

So, On July 6, 1892, only three days after La Liga Filipina’s establishment, Jose
Rizal was secretly arrested.

1. Jose Rizal was arrested by the Spanish government upon his return to the
Philippines in 1892 for being a subversive and for his reported involvement
in the rebellion which had advocated reform but never condoned the
revolution.

- Nung bumalik si Jose Rizal sa Pilipinas noong 1892, siya ay inaresto at

ipinatapon sa Dapitan, Zamboanga del Norte, Ang kanyang pag-aresto kay Rizal
ay tumagal ng apat na taon at labing-tatlong araw.

2. During his exile, Rizal would give Pio Valenzuela sound advice for the
Katipunan. As his exile ended, Rizal was arranged to become a physician to
Cuba on behalf of Spain, demonstrating his "patriotic conduct."

- After mag end ng exile ni Rizal sa dapitan pinadala ng gobyerno ng espanya si

Rizal sa Cuba behalf ng Spain to become physician bilang pagpapakita ng
kanyang patriotic conduct.
3. Twelve days later, he was subjected to interrogation. Rizal was informed of
the charges against him but was not permitted to cross-examine the
witnesses against him.

- After twelve days, iniformed si Rizal sa mga charges na against sa kanya at hindi
siya binigyan ng karapatan na makita at marinig yung mga hatol ng saksi laban
sakanya.

4. On this day, December 26, in 1896, the first day of José Rizal’s trial began.
He was charged with rebellion, sedition, and conspiracy (“por rebelion,
sedicion y asociacion ilicita”)

- Which means rebellion,sedition and formation of illegal associations that are

against the Spanish colonial government in the Philippines. After that yung Korte
Suprema nag decide na si Jose Rizal was guilty for charges and voted for the
death penalty in his trial with a death sentence via a firing squad.

5. On December 28, 1896, Governor General Polavieja signed a Rizal’s death

warrant ordering him to be shot at 7:00 o’clock in the morning at
Bagumbayan.

- Sa mata ng pamahalaan ng spaniards, kailangang tapusin ang buhay ni Rizal

upang supilin ang inspirasyon na kanyang ibinigay sa mga Pilipino.

6. On December 29, 1896, Rizal was transferred to his death cell in Fort
Santiago, where he received numerous visitors, including his counsel,
some Spanish officials, and several priests.

- Ang paglipat ni Rizal sa Fort Santiago ay parte ng proseso ng paghahanda para

sa kanyang eksekusyon, nanatili siya rito kung saan mahigpit yung seguridad.

7. On December 30, 1896 at 7:03 AM, Rizal’s public execution by firing squad
in Bagumbayan or known as Rizal Park.
 - Ang pagpatay kay Jose Rizal ay isang hakbang ng mga Espanyol para pigilan
ang paglago ng rebolusyonaryong kilusan sa Pilipinas, sapagkat nakakita nilang
isang banta si Jose Rizal sa kanilang kapangyarihan.

RETRACTION LETTER NI RIZAL

- It is said to be a letter or document in which José Rizal, the Philippines'
national hero, renounced his previous writings and beliefs against the
Catholic Church and expressed his desire to rejoin the Church before his
execution in 1896.

- Walang natala na sinuman na nakakita ng "orihinal" na dokumentong ito noong

1896, maliban sa mga tagapaglimbag ng La Voz Española, na naglathala ng
nilalaman nito noong araw ng pagpatay kay Rizal

- So until now pinagdedebatehan pa rin ng karamihan na ang iba ay naniniwala na

ang sulat-kamay sa dokumento ay totoo. Sa kabilang banda naman, labis na
naguguluhan ang iba kung bakit biglang aatras si Rizal eh matapang niya
namang hinarap ang mga pagkikipag laban sa mga kastila kaya’t sa huli ay
hinatulan ng kamatayan dahil sa kanyang mga paniniwala.

Books of Jose Rizal that was burned by the Spanish People

- The Spanish authorities kept a close eye on Jose Rizal activities and
sought ways to limit his influence. They ordered the confiscation and
burning of copies of Rizal's books, including "Noli Me Tangere" and "El
Filibusterismo."

- Habang si Rizal ay inaresto at ipinatapon sa Dapitan, patuloy pa rin siyang

nagsusulat ng mga nobela niya at aklat. Noong December 30, 1896, matapos
ang kanyang kamatayan sa bagumbayan ay naganap yung pagkumpiska ng
mga espanyol sa aklat at mga sulatin ni Rizal at ito ay sinunog ang mga kopya
nito.

- Kung saan ang "Noli Me Tangere" ay isang nobelang pumapaksa sa mga abuso
at katiwalian ng mga opisyal ng gobyerno at prayle sa Pilipinas. Habang ang "El
Filibusterismo," naman ang pangalawang nobela ni Rizal, ang continuity sa tema
 ng kanyang unang nobela at naglalarawan ng korapsyon at hindi patas na
sistema ng hustisya.

- Ang kaganapang ito sa buhay ni Rizal ay tinalakay sa librong may pinamagatang

"Rizal Without the Overcoat" ni Ambeth Ocampo kung saan pinigilan ang
pagkalat ng mga ideya at inspirasyon na sinulat ni Rizal na maaaring magmulat
ng mas maraming tao sa kahalagahan ng pagkakaroon ng sariling kalayaan.

In conclusion:
- The Spanish colonial government utilized its strength and resources to
retain control and discourage any threats to its rule. They attempted to
intimidate and overcome the people, using force where necessary. Despite
these efforts, the Spanish rulers were met with constant hatred from
Filipinos who were becoming increasingly determined to establish their
rights and attain independence.

- Nagtagumpay ang mga espanyol sa ibang paraan sa pagpigil sa kalayaan ng

mga Pilipino pero hindi rin nagtagal ang pananakop dahil na rin sa pagdating ng
mga amerikano kung saan nagkaroon ng alyansa sina Emilio Aguinaldo at
George Dewey. Yung pagpigil ng mga espanyol is nagpapakita lang ng takot sa
kanila sa anumang kilusang reporma sa Pilipinas. Kaya nagbigay daan ito sa
mas matinding determinasyon ng mga Pilipino na ipaglaban ang kalayaan, na
humantong sa Himagsikang Pilipino noong June 12, 1898.

Nationalism from the masses and the 1898 Revolution:

1. Pre-19th Century Uprisings: Early uprisings lacked coordination against Spanish rule
in the Philippines.

2. Opposition to Spanish Monopoly: Before 1872, Filipino clergy opposed Spanish

control in the Roman Catholic Church.

3. Cavite Mutiny (1872): This brief uprising heightened anti-Spanish sentiment after the
execution of Filipino priests.
4. The Propaganda Movement (1886): Reform-minded Filipinos, led by Dr. José Rizal,
campaigned for independence through literature.

5. Emergence of an Educated Middle Class: A 19th-century educated middle class

developed with a strong desire for Philippine independence.

6. Katipunan and Armed Rebellion (1892): Andres Bonifacio's Katipunan called for
armed rebellion, sparking the Philippine Revolution in 1896.

7. Execution of Rizal (1896): Dr. José Rizal's execution fueled anti-Spanish sentiment.

8. Leadership Shift to Aguinaldo (1897): Emilio Aguinaldo took leadership but struggled
against Spanish and Filipino mercenaries.

9. Pact of Biak-na-Bato (1897): The pact temporarily ended the revolution but was not
honored, leading to renewed conflict.

10. Spanish-American War (1898): The war ended Spanish rule in the Philippines,
transitioning to U.S. control.

11. Return of Aguinaldo and Renewed Revolution (1898): Aguinaldo restarted the
revolution against the new colonial power, the United States.

12. Capture of Aguinaldo (1901): Aguinaldo's capture marked a significant moment,

appealing to Filipinos to accept U.S. sovereignty, ending the struggle for independence
at that time.

DIARY OR ACCOUNT OF Governor General Rafael de Izquierdo

- Governor-General Rafael Izquierdo sent an extensive account of the Cavite

Mutiny to the Overseas Minister. In his letter, he insisted that the mutiny was
stimulated and prepared by the native clergy, mestizos, and lawyers as a signal
of objection against the injustices of the government such as not paying
provinces for tobacco crops, pay tribute, and rendering forced labor. He used
strong language in his report, referring to the mutiny as an "insurrection," an
"uprising," and even a "revolution." The report is of great significance in
determining whether those punished were really behind the revolt.