Objectives

- be acquainted with a primary document in the

various historical periods of the Philippines
- learn history from primary sources
- properly interpret primary sources through
examining the content and context of the
documents
- understand the context behind selected
document
Two Kinds of Criticism.
The historian’s primary tool of understanding and
interpreting the past is the historical sources. Using
primary sources in historical research entails two kinds of
criticism.
1. External criticism
- examines the authenticity of the document or the
evidence being used. (the document is genuine and not
fabricated)
2. Internal Criticism
- examines the truthfulness of the content of the evidence.
(the content is accurate)
 In analyzing a primary source is also important to know the
authenticity of the primary sources. It starts with content and context.
Context Analysis
- an analysis of a text including
historical context of the source, place, time,
and situation.
- an analysis of the author’s
background, intent, and authority on the
subject
- an analysis of the source’s relevance
and meaning
Context Analysis

credible
reliable
trustworthy
Content Analysis

- an analysis of the application of

appropriate techniques depending on the
type of (written, oral, or visual)
- an analysis that identifies the
argument, compare points of views, biases,
and claims based on evidences
What to consider?

background event
background of the author

type of source
Content Analysis

logical

based on truth
Two Elements of
Content Analysis
a. Main Idea – main point of a piece of writing

b. Specific Information - statements offer that

support
The 6 C’s of Primary Source Analysis:
• Content - What is the main idea? Describe in detail what you see
• Citation - Who, When was this created?
• Context - What is going on in the world, the country, the region, or the locality
when this was created?
• Connections - Link the primary source to other things that you already know
or have learned about.
• Communication - Is this source reliable?
• Conclusions - Ask yourself: How does the primary source contribute to our
understanding of history?
By using these questions, students are able to analyze,
synthesize, and make personal connections to primary source
materials.
 CONTEXT CONTENT

Is the
Is the source
information
reliable?
logical?
 Summary of the
First Voyage
Around the World
by Magellan
a. Was it really Lapu-lapu who killed Ferdinand
Magellan?
b. Why did Europeans want to navigate to Philippines?
c. How did Filipinos accepted the Europeans?
d. What are the different places that the Europeans went
in the Philippines?
e. What are the impressions of the Europeans about
Filipino culture, environment, and natural resources?
f. What are the impressions of the Filipinos about the
Europeans?
 Ferdinand
Magellan
- a Portuguese explorer and
navigator
- from Sabrosa, Portugal
Understanding the
Background
Why are Europeans eager to navigate to
eastern islands or easter lands? What are
their reasons for navigating the Pacific and
Atlantic Ocean just to go to the orient?
3 Motives of Europeans: 3 Gs
GOD – spread Christianity
In the late 1400s, there was
only one religion in Europe and
that is Christianity. European
leaders were very religious and
wanted to convert everyone to
Christianity.
3 Motives of Europeans: 3 Gs
GOLD and TRADES
The idea or doctrine of
mercantilism was actually increasing.
The wealth of a particular country
depends on the amount of gold that
they have in the treasury.
They really wanted to go to Spice
Islands somewhere in Moluccas but they
landed in the Philippines.
Spices were very expensive during
that time.
3 Motives of Europeans: 3 Gs

GLORY
Explorers and navigators were seen as
heroes when they discover new lands, acquire
more golds and trades for their growing
empire.
Antonio Pigafetta
1490-1534
Context of the Source
- European context
- King Charles V provided the
Spanish fleet named Armada de
Molucca
- 5 ships namely Santiago, San
Antonio, Concepcion, Trinidad, Victoria
 Biases on the Perspective of
Pigafetta
1. When they reached Ladrones Islands,
Pigafetta recounted “These people have no
arms, but use sticks which have a fish bone
at the end. They are poor, indigenious, and
great thieves, and for that sake of that we
called these three islands “Ladrones Islands”.
 Biases on the Perspective of
Pigafetta
Ladrones Islands is now known as
Marianas Islands.
Ladrones came from the Spanish
term Ladron which means a thief.
 Biases on the Perspective of
Pigafetta
2. Belief System – Pigafetta wrote
that the religion and beliefs of early
Filipinos were blasphemous, barbaric,
and demonic.
The Timeline during their Stay in
the Philippines
In Pigafetta’s account, their fleet reached what he
called the LADRONES ISLANDS or the “Islands of the
Thieves.”
He recounted: “These people have no arms, but use
sticks, which have a fish bone at the end. They are poor,
but ingenious, and great thieves, and for the sake of that
we call these three islands the Ladrones Islands.”
The Timeline during their Stay in
the Philippines
– The Ladrones Islands is presently known as the Marianas
Islands; located at South-southeast of Japan, West-southwest of
Hawaii, North of New Guinea and East of the Philippines.
– Ten days after they have reached Ladrones Islands, Pigafetta
reported that they have what he called the Isle of Zamal, now
Samar but Magellan decided to land in another uninhabited island
for greater security where they could rest for a few days.
The Timeline during their Stay in
the Philippines
- On March 18, 1521, there were 9 men
who came to them two days, after they
landed in the Zamal, Humunu (Samar,
Homonhon). Locals welcomed them by
giving them their native products such as
fish, figs, cochos (coconut), palm wine
The Timeline during their Stay in the
Philippines
- He characterized the people as “very
familiar and friendly” and willingly showed them
different islands and the names of these islands.
The fleet went to Humunu Island (Homonhon) and
there they found what he referred to as the
“Watering Place of Good Signs” for it is in this
place that they found the first signs of gold in the
island. They named the island together with a
nearby island as the archipelago of St. Lazarus.
The Timeline during their Stay in
the Philippines
- On March 25, 1521, they left Homonhon Island
and went to Mazavva/Mazaua Island. Pigafetta
recounted that they saw two balanghai
(balangay), a long boat full of people.
- The leader whom he referred to the king
(Raja Siagu) became closely bonded with
Magellan as they both exchanged gifts to one
another.
The Timeline during their Stay in
the Philippines
- After few days, Magellan was introduced to
Raja Siagu’s brother who was also a king of
another island where Pigafetta reported that they
saw mines of gold. The gold was abundant that
parts of the ship and of the house of the king
were made of gold. This king was named Raja
Calambu, king of Zuluan and Calagan (Butuan
and Caragua).
The Timeline during their Stay in
the Philippines
- On March 29, 1521, a “kasi-kasi” blood compact
between Magellan and Raja Calambu sealed an
implicit political pact between
Spain and Philippines. The
blood compact is when Raja
Calambu and Magellan
drank each other’s blood
mixed with native wine,
Atuba.
 The Timeline during their Stay in the Philippines

- On March 31st (Easter Sunday), Magellan ordered

the captain to preside a mass by the shore. The king
heard about this plan and sent two dead pigs and
attended the mass with the other kings. Pigafetta then
wrote: “…when the offertory of the mass came, the two
kings, went to kiss the cross like
us, but they offered nothing,
and at the elevation of the
body of our Lord they were
kneeling like us, and adored
our Lord with joined hands.”
 The Timeline during their Stay in the Philippines
This was the first Mass in the
Philippines, and the cross would be
named Magellan’s Cross which is still
preserved at present day. This was the
same cross which Magellan explained
to the kings as a sign of his emperor
who ordered him to plant it in the
places where he would reach and
further explained that once other
Spaniards saw this cross, then they
would know that they had been in this
island and would not cause them
troubles.
 The Timeline during their Stay in the
Philippines
- By April 7th, Magellan and his men reached the port
of Zzubu (Cebu) with the help of Raia Calambu who
offered to pilot them in going to the island. The king of
Cebu demanded that they pay tribute as it was
customary but Magellan refused. By the next day,
Magellan’s men and the king of Cebu, together with
other principal men of Cebu, met in an open space. There
the king offered a bit of his blood and demanded that
Magellan do the same.
 The Timeline during their Stay in the
Philippines
- On April 14, Magellan spoke to the kind and
encouraged him to be a good Christian by burning
all of the idols and worship the cross instead. The
king of Cebu, Raja Humabon, was then baptized as
a Christian. After 8 days, all of the island’s
inhabitant were already baptized.

- When the queen came to the Mass one day,

Magellan gave her an image of the Infant Jesus
made by Pigafetta himself.
The Timeline during their Stay in
the Philippines
- On 26th of April, Zula, a principal man
from the island of Matan (Mactan) welcomed
them. But Cilapulapu, the other chief, refused
to obey the king of Spain.
- Datu Zula, requested the captain to
defeat Cilapulapu which started the battle.
The Timeline during their Stay in
the Philippines
- They numbered 49 in total and the
islanders of Mactan were estimated to
number 1,500. Magellan died in battle on April
27, 1521. He was pierced with a poison arrow in
his right leg. Raja Humabon who was
baptized offered help but Magellan refused
so that he could see how they fought.
The Timeline during their Stay in
the Philippines
- Captain told them to give up this
losing battle, but his men insist.
- Magellan was shot in
the leg with a poisoned
arrow, He died, their
“mirror comfort” and “true
guide” as what Pigafetta
described.
The Timeline during their Stay in
the Philippines
- The king also offered the people of
Mactan gifts of any value and amount in
exchange of Magellan’s body but the chief
refused and wanted to keep Magellan’s
body as a memento of their victory.
- Magellan’s men then elected Duarte
Barbosa as the new captian.
The Timeline during their Stay in
the Philippines
- Pigafetta also accounted how Magellan’s slave and
interpreter named Henry betrayed them and told the king
of Cebu that they intended to leave as soon as possible.
Henry and the king of Cebu conspired and betrayed what
was left of Magellan’s men. The king invited these men to a
gathering where he said he would present the jewels that
he would send for the King of Spain.
- Pigafetta was left on board the ship and was not
able to join the 24 men who went to the gathering because
he was nursing his battle wounds.
The Timeline during their Stay in
the Philippines
They left Cebu and continued their journey
around the world. Year 1522, September 6, only
the ship Victoria returned to Spain and able to
complete circumnavigating the globe, with 21 men
inside and Juan Sebastian Elcano as its captain.
Thank you for listening….