Readings in Philippine History (Reviewer) by: NLaudencia

History: From an ancient greek word which means “to know”

- Study of beliefs and desires, practices, and institutions of human being.
Historia - means Inquiry
- Act of seeking knowledge
- Knowledge that results from inquiry
2 Types of sources:
1. Primary Historical Sources: Produced by people or groups directly involved in
the event or topic.
Examples: Photographs, old sketches, old maps, cartoons or political
expressions or propaganda, cave drawings, syllabaries, ancient writings,
statistical tables, graphs, and charts, oral history or recording, published and
unpublished primary documents.
2. Secondary Historical Sources: testimony of anyone who is not an eyewitness
or is not present in the event.
Examples: encyclopedias, histories, reviews, textbook, magazine articles,
biographies

The Philippines in Ancient Times

Social Classes
1. Nobles (In Tagalog Region they usually carried the title of “Gat” or “Lakan”
- Upper class
- Maharlika
- Composed of chiefs in the family
- Highly respected in the community

2. Freemen (Timawa)
- Middle class
3. Dependents (Alipin)
- Lower class
Acquired by:
1. Captivity in battle
2. Failing to pay debt
3. By inheritance
4. By purchase
5. By being guilty of a crime

Tagalogs Visayans

1. Aliping namamahay “SERFS” 1. Tumataban - only worked when

- Had their own house and family told to do so
Readings in Philippine History (Reviewer) by: NLaudencia

2. Aliping Sagigilid “SLAVES” 2. Tumarampuk - worked 1 day a week

- No house of own for the master
- Lived with master 3. Ayuey - 3 days a week
- Could not marry without the master
consent

Marriage Customs
● Woman of one class is married to same class
● Man could marry as many as he can support
● Legitimate and Illegitimate
● Legitimated
● Courtship during that period is long and difficult

Man is required to give a dowry Bigay-kaya

- Piece of land or gold

To the parents of the girl Panghimuyat

To the girl’s wet-nurse Bigay-suso

Marriage Ceremony:
1. Groom and bride drinking from same cup
2. Old man would announce that ceremony is about to began
3. Priestess would bow to the assembled guest and would take the hands of the
couple and join them over a plate of uncooked rice.
4. She would shout and throw rice to the guests
5. The latter would respond with a loud shout and ceremony is over.

Trial by Ordeal
- To determine who was right or telling the truth
Examples of practiced in the Philippines:
1. Theft - dipping their hands into a pot of boiling water
2. Suspect whose candle dies out first is guilty
3. Ordering suspects to plunge into a deep river with their lances (First to rise to
surface is guilty)
4. Chewing of uncooked rice
5. Thick saliva means you are the culprit

Burial
1. When a relative died he was placed in a coffin and buried under his house
2. Living relatives will place the valuable items inside the coffin
Readings in Philippine History (Reviewer) by: NLaudencia

Morotal is for female

Maglahi is for male
Laraw is for dead chieftain

Filipino traits and values

1. Trait: distinguishing feature or character of a person
Examples of filipino traits:
1. Hospitality- visitors are given the best treatment
2. Close family ties- family is the unit of society (head of family is the father but the
mother who governs)
“Cooperative work within the family”
3. Respect for elders- one of best and unique filipino traits
4. Sentimental- giving pasalubong when someone pays a visit
5. Values
a. Pakikisama: sense of togetherness
b. Utang na loob(DEBT OF GRATITUDE)
c. Hiya or kahihiyan(SENSE OF SHAME)

Early contacts with neighboring countries

Champa(Vietnam)
India
Sulu (Pearls and gold)
Filipino Chinese(Tang Dynasty)
Tang Stonewares found in Babuyan islands, ilocos, pangasinan, mindoro(Puerto
Galera), Batangas, Manila etc.

1. Orang Dampuan - People of Southern Annam (Vietnam today)

2. Champa - Annamese Kingdom
3. Buranun - People of Sulu
4. Banjar/Banjarsammin - People nearby Borneo

● Arab traders were barred from the central chinese coast

● They were relocated to Malay Peninsula were they sought alternative route
starting from Malacca – Borneo – Philippines – Taiwan
● Chinese trade in the philippines improved during Ming Dynasty
● Emperor Yung-Lo
● Admiral Cheng Ho (Lingayen manila bay, mindoro and sulu)
● Ko ch’a-lao as governor (suzerainty over Luzon)
Economic and Cultural Exchanges
● 13th Century - Chinese had overtaken Arabs in the region
Readings in Philippine History (Reviewer) by: NLaudencia

● With trade of products came cultural exchanges

● Trade was conducted through Barter System
8th Century - Currency used in the form of barter rings
12th Century - Gold coins(piloncitos) is used as medium of exchange

Knowledges from Chinese

1. Use of umbrella, porcelain, gongs, manufacture of gun powder, metallurgy and
mining methods
2. Parents arranging marriage of children
3. Wearing white instead of black when mourning

Influence of Indians of India

Malays - professed the Hindu religion

DEITIES:
Indra Batara - lord of the universe
Idiyanale - god of agriculture
Agni - god of fire

● A figurine of Hindu goddess Padmapani was found in Butuan

Indonesians
Laguna Copperplate (full payment of a loan) - discovered in Pagsanjan, Laguna river
delta in 1986

The coming of Islam

1. Islam was bought to the rest of middle east, northern africa, spain and central
asia
2. Muslim missionaries traveled to India, china, and southeast asia
Tuan Masha’ika (trader from malaya) - introduced Islam in philippines
Qur’an (Koran) - holy book of muslim’

The sultanate
1. Sultan (with a royal or arab ancestry)
2. Ruma Bichara (council of elders composed of datus and
panglimas/teachers)
3. Other officials
Waiir - first minister/datu
Maja Rajah - customs chief
Rajah Laut - chief of seas
Readings in Philippine History (Reviewer) by: NLaudencia

Qadi - Chief interpreter of the muslims adats(tradition) and law and the muslim
court (the Shariah)

Encounter with the West (1400-1600)

- Philippines and the world considered Tierra Incognita(Unknown Lands) to the West
for a long time
- Portugal and Spain vied for colonies in America, Asia, and Africa

The Coming of the Spaniards

- European interest in the "Orient"
- Stories about the wonders of the East sparked European admiration
- Venetians initially held a trading monopoly, later challenged by Portuguese,
Spaniards, and other Europeans
- Rivalry among European countries led to expeditions to Asia

Trade Routes
- Three major trade routes: Northern, Central, Southern
- Turks' capture of Constantinople in 1453 closed Northern and Central Routes
- Venetians monopolized Southern Route, controlling European trade to the East
- This monopoly prompted Portugal and Spain to seek alternative routes to Asia

Early Voyages to Asia

- Portugal led the way with expeditions, notably by Prince Henry "The Navigator"
- Henry's voyages inspired others, including Bartholomew Diaz's discovery of Cape
of Good Hope and reaching Calicut, India

Spain’s Expeditions
- Christopher Columbus (North America, 1492)
- Amerigo Vespucci (America)
- Vicente Pinzon (Brazil, 1500)
- Nuñez de Balboa (Pacific Ocean)

Divisions of the World

- Papal Bull of 1493 divided lands west of Azores and Cape Verde Islands between
Spain and Portugal
- Imaginary line drawn at 100 degrees west of Azores determined territories for each
nation
- Subsequent disputes and treaties clarified ownership of discovered lands

The Magellan Expedition

Readings in Philippine History (Reviewer) by: NLaudencia

- Ferdinand Magellan, Portuguese, not Spanish

- Expedition set sail on September 20, 1519
- Discovered the "Strait of Magellan," leading to the Pacific Ocean

Stops in the Philippines during Magellan's Expedition

- Ladrones Islands (now Marianas)
- Homonhon (sick men)
- Limasawa (Rajah Kulambu; Blood compact)
- Archipelago of St. Lazarus (Limasawa)
- Cebu (Rajah Humabon and first Mass)
- Clash between Rajah Sula and Rajah Si Lapulapu in Mactan

Importance of the Expedition

- Only two ships remained: Victoria and Trinidad
- Trinidad captured by the Portuguese; Victoria, under Sebastian del Cano,
reached Spain
- Magellan's route challenged Venetian monopoly of the Southern Route and
confirmed the Earth's round shape.

Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

- Imaginary line drawn west of Cape Verde Islands, dividing newly discovered lands
between Spain and Portugal
- Established protocols for land discovery east and west of the demarcation line

Ferdinand Magellan's Significance

- Demonstrated the feasibility of circumnavigating the globe
- Proved that Earth was round, expanding global understanding of geography

Legacy of Magellan's Expedition

- Opened new trade routes, breaking Venetian monopoly on Southern Route
- Pioneered maritime exploration, leading to further expeditions and discoveries in
the Age of Exploration
Readings in Philippine History (Reviewer) by: NLaudencia

Magellan's Voyage Timeline

1453 - Conquest of Constantinople closes the land route to the Spice Trade.

1469 - Marriage of Queen Isabella of Castile and King Ferdinand I of Aragon.

1492- Victory of Catholic monarchs over the Moors in the Battle of Granada.

1492-1502 - Christopher Columbus' trans-Atlantic voyages.

1519
- August 20: Magellan-Elcano expedition departs from Sanlucar de Barrameda,
Seville.

- 1521:
- March 16: Landfall near an island (likely Samar).
- March 18: Interaction with local inhabitants, exchange of goods.
- March 31: First mass in the Philippines celebrated on the island of Limasawa.
- April 27: Battle of Mactan, Magellan's death.
- Survivors leave Cebu on the ships Victoria and Trinidad.

- 1522
- September 7: Juan Sebastian Elcano and 17 survivors arrive in Spain aboard
the Victoria.

Antonio Pigafetta
- Born around 1490 in Vicenza, Venice, Italy.
- Joins Magellan's expedition in 1519.
- Returns to Spain in 1522, later possibly joins Knights of St. John.
- Dies around 1534.

- 1536: Condensed version of Pigafetta's manuscript published in Venice.

- Copies of the manuscript preserved, later published in various languages.

Pigafetta's Account - Provides detailed insights into the journey, geography, and encounters.