MODULE 1 composed the historical material, locating when and
 History is derived from the Greek word
Historia which means learning by inquiry.
 History deals with the study of past events
 Historians are the individuals who write
about history. They seek to understand the
present by examining what went before.
 The practice of historical writing is called
Historiography.
Theories constructed by historians in investigating
history
a. Factual History
b. Speculative History
Historians aim for Verisimilitude: Truth, Authenticity,
and Plausibility.
Historical records therefor should contain
verisimilitude.
Historical Method is the process of critically
examining and analyzing the records and survivals of
the past. While, Historiography is the imaginative
reconstruction of the past from the data derived. By
this Historians endeavors to reconstruct as much of
the past of mankind.
Historical analysis
A. Select the subject to investigate
B. Collect probable sources
C. Examine the sources, genuinely
D. Extract credible particulars
HISTORICAL DATA
A. Written Sources
-Narrative or Literature
-Diplomatic Sources
-Social Documents
B. Non-written sources
-Material Evidence
-Oral Evidence
HISTORICAL SOURCES
A. Primary Sources
-are original sources, the first-hand information
B. Secondary Sources
-are materials made by people long after the events
being described had taken place to provide valuable
interpretations of historical events.
HISTORICAL CRITICISM
A. External Criticism
-answers concerns and questions pertinent to the
authenticity of a historical source by Identify who
where the historical material was produced and
establishing the material's evidential value.
B. Internal Criticism
-Deals with the credibility and reliability of the content
of a given historical source. It focuses on
understanding the substances and message that the
historical material wants to convey by examining how
the author framed the intent and meaning of a
composed material
MODULE 2
WHO IS MAGELLAN?
-also known as Fernando de Magallanes
-Born in Portugal on Febuary 3, 1480
-He was a member of a noble family in Portugal
-The son of Rui de Magallanes and Alda de Mesquita
THE EARLY DAYS OF EXPEDITION
 Magellan approached King Manuel I of
Portugal to seek his support for a westward
voyage to the spice Islands. The King refused
his petition repeatedly.
 1517, the frustrated Magellan renounced his
Portuguese nationality and relocated to Spain
to seek royal support for his venture.
THE START OF MAGELLAN’S EXPEDITION
 Magellan relocated to Spain and asked King
Charles I to support his proposed expedition.
 King Charles I approved his expedition
August 10, 1519
Five ships of Magellan with the Captains
a. Victoria – Luis de Mendoza
b. Trinidad – Sebastian Elcano
c. Conception – Gaspar Quesada
d. Santiago – Juan Serrano
e. San Antonio – Juan de Cartagena
EXPEDITION OF MAGELLAN
 September 20, 1519 – Magellan started
 March 6, 1521 – They set foot on Landrones
Island, later on called Thief Island.
 March 16, 1521 – Magellan set foot on
Philippine Island of Zamal.
 From there, he met Rajah Garas-Garas of
Humunu Islands (Homonhon, Samar)
 From Zamal Island, they went to Humunu
Island where Magellan named the
archipelago as LAS ISLAS DE SAN LAZARO
 After that, they went to Mazaua Island where
they met Rajah Kolambu (King of Limasawa)
and his brother Rajah Siagu (King of butuan)
riding on a BALANGHAI (Large boats)
 This is also when kasi-kasi (a blood compact)
was recorded between Philippines and spain.
 March 31, 1521 - the first catholic mass held
in mazaua in celebration of the Easter Sunday.
 It was officiated by Father Pedro de
Valderama and Magellan Planted a cross
facing the shores which symbolizes that the
island was already a Christian place.
 This site is widely believed by many to be
Limasawa at the tip of Southern Leyte,
through this is contested by some who assert
that the first mass was instead held at masao,
Butuan. They both claim to be the venue of
the historical religious site.
BATTLE IN MACTAN
 April 7, 1521- They have arrived on Zubu
Island (Cebu) where he met Raja Humabon
and they also did a blood compact.
 In this time, the First Catholic Baptism Rites
attended by the families in Cebu also took
place.
 As Magellan wanted to promulgate
Christianity Throughout the whole country, he
then met Rajah Lapu-lapu (King of Mactan
Island) who unfortunately doesn't want to
submit on Magellan’s wish. Because of this,
conflict arose in Mactan.
 Rajah Sulah asked Magellan's help to defeat
Rajah Lapu-lapu in which he agreed upon.
 April 27, 1521, Magellan died with a poison
arrow in his leg and spear on his hand.
EXPEDITION AFTER MAGELLAN
 Jofre Garcia Loaisa (1525) This aims to
recover the remains of Magellan in the
Mactan Island and conquer the Moluccas
Island but unfortunately, they didn’t arrive in
the Philippines.
 Sebastian Cabot (1526) - This expedition aims
to Conquer the Moluccas and to return to the
Philippines because they failed to find the
Strait of Magellan.
 Alvaro De Saavedra (1527) This aims to
search for the missing fleet of the Loaisa
Expedition and bring it back to Spain. They
also didn’t arrive in the Philippines because
they only aim to sail in the Pacific Ocean.
 Rudy “Ruy” Villalobos (1542) He started his
expedition on November 1, 1542. He
followed the route Magellan. On February 2,
1543 Villalobos came in Mindanao. He
establishes a colony in Saranggani to
continue to sail for the Moluccas Island.
 Miguel Lopez De Legazpi (1564)
On February 13, 1565 Legaspi’s expedition
landed on Cebu. Travelling to Leyte, Camiguin
and Bohol. He then made a blood campact
between the chieftain, Rajah Sikatuna.
NOTE:
-victoria and trinidad left
Enrique de Malacca (translator, slave)
Juan Sebastián Elcano (nakaikot ng mundo) Victoria
(barkong nakabalik ng spain)
Antonio pigaffeta (writer ni magellan)
MODULE 3
CUSTOM’S OF TAGALOG (Discover the life of the
Filipino Natives and their culture the early colonization
of Spain)
Juan De Plasencia
 Fray Joan de Puerto Carrero del convento de
Villanueva de la Serena was his real name
 He spent most of his missionary life in the
Philippines, where he founded numerous
towns in Luzon.
 He also authored several religious and
linguistic books, most notably the Doctrina
Cristiana (Christian Doctrine), the first book
ever printed in the Philippines.
 He came here in the Philippines along with
other Franciscan Missionaries on July 2, 1578
at the port of Cavite.
HISTORICAL CONTENT AND BACKGROUND OF THE
DOCUMENT:
  Customs of the Tagalog was written in
Spanish entitled "Recitation de las
Costumbres de Los Tagalos" in 1589.
 It was the first form of Civil Code used by local
governors to administer justice.
A. SOCIAL CLASSES
1. DATU OR CHIEFTAIN - They are the captain of
wars, governed and rule the people whom the people
obey and give reverence.
2.Nobles or Maharlika - They are the rich people,
friends of the datu, the free born and they do not pay
taxes.
3.Commoners or "Aliping Namamahay" - They are
helpers of the Nobles, they live in their owns houses,
and still can get a property.
4.Slaves or "Aliping Saguiguilid" - They serve their
masters in their master's house, and his cultivated
land can be sold by their masters.
B. MODE OF DRESSING
1.PUTONG - The Head gear for male
2.KANGGAN - The upper gear for male
3.BAHAG - The lower Gear for male
4.BARO OR CAMISA - Upper Gear for female
5.SAYA - Lower gear for female
C. HOUSES
-Made with Bamboo, wood or nipa palm.
D. Different Ornaments
-ornaments is a decorative object or detail that adds
quality or distinction to a person place or a thing.
E. BARANGAY
-The unit of government before is called Barangay
that come from the word Balanghai or barangay
which are large Boats used by kings.
F. MARRIAGE CUSTOMS
-Men were in general, monogamous; while their
wives are called ASAWA. Courtship begins with
PANINILBIHAN. Prior to marriage the man requires to
give the following dowry:
1.Bigay-kaya
2.Panghihimuyat
3.Himaraw
4.Bigay-suso
SEVERAL GROUNDS FOR DIVORCE
1.Adultery
2.Abandonment
3.Cruelty
4.Insanity
G. RELIGIOUS BELIEFS
They believe in sacred animals and tress. They are
also polytheist; they worship many gods such as:
1.Balhala - the supreme being
2.Idiyanale - Goddess of labor and Good deeds
3.Dumangan - God of good harvest
4.Mayari - Goddess of moon
5.Tala - Goddess of stars (incomplete)
SUPERSTITIOUS BELIEFS
 They believed in Aswang, Dwende, kapre
Timbalang and Tyanak.
 They also believed in magical power of
amulet and charms such as anting-anting,
kulam and gayuma.
H. ECONOMIC LIFE
A. Agriculture
B. Hunting in highlands
C. Fishing in river banks and sea
D. Ship-building, weaving, poultry, mining, and
lumbering
E. Domestic trade in different barangays by boat
F. Foreign trades with different countries
I. LANGUAGE AND SYSTEM OF WRITING
 Major languages are originated from Malayo-
Polynesian language.
 System of writing: the alphabet considered 3
vowels and 14 consonants called BAYBAYIN.
 They used tap of trees as link and pointed
stick as pencil. They wrote on large plants
leaves, bark tree or bamboo tubes.
MODULE 4
"Art is not a mirror to hold up to society, but a
hammer with which to shape it" -Leon Trotsky.
HISTORICAL PAINTINGS
 These are visual representations of concrete
happenings on the life of people in a specific
period.
 The Idea about certain events and people is
communicated or expressed aesthetically
through art.
FERNANDO AMORSOLO
  Fernando Amorsolo y Cueto was born on May
30, 1892 at Paco District, Manila died on April
24, 1972.
 At the age of 13, he began training as
appreciate of his mother's first cousin, Fabian
dela Rosa.
 He studied fine arts at UP.
 In 1914, he became a commercial artist and a
part-time instructor at UP
 After 3 years, he went to Madrid and
immersed himself with his artistic passions
 He developed the use of backlight
(chiaroscuro)
 He was one of the greatest wartime painters
during and after WWII
 AFTERNOON MEAL OF THE RICE WORKERS
 In 1939, this art work of him was awarded as
the 1st prize at the New York's World Fair.
*ANTIPOLO FIESTA
*MANGO PICKERS
*EL CIEGO
*RETURNING FISHERMAN
TRIVIA: UNFINISHED PAINTING OF FERNANDO
JUAN NOVICIO LUNA
 Born on October 23, 1857 in the town of
Badoc, Ilocos.
 Juan was not just an artist, he was a
revolutionary and influential political activist
who was an active participant in the
Philippines Revelation that took place in the
late 19th Century.
 He got his Bachelor's Degree in Arts at
Ateneo de Manila.
 In 1877, Juan decides to travel to Europe
where he would p and education in the art
capitals of Europe, specifically Escuela de
Bellas Artes de San Fernando.
 In 1881, when his iconic and iconic and
remarkable work, The Death of Cleopatra
was awarded a silver medal at the Exposicion
Nacional de Bellas Artes.
*LA MEURTE DE CLEOPATRA
 His talent and unique skill won him much
favor with the King of Spain, who was an
influential patron and art enthusiast.
 Juan became a regular contributor to the
Exposićion Nacional de Bellas Artes, where he
won the gold medal in 1884, for his huge and
captivating "Spoliarium" and in 1887, he
contributed his Battle at Lepanto.
SPOLIARIUM
 It currently hangs in the main gallery at the
first floor of the National Museum of Fine Arts
in Manila. Referring to the basement of the
Roman Colosseum where the fallen and dying
gladiators are dumped and devoid of their
worldly possessions. At the center of Luna's
painting are fallen gladiators being dragged by
Ramon soldiers.
BATTLE OF LEPANTO
 This painting is a portrayal of national pride
because the Spanish were instrumental in the
victory at Lepanto and Catholicism since the
battle resulted in a Catholic victory. This
painting is still currently displayed at the
Madrid Senate Hall.
THE PARISIAN LIFE
TAMPUHAN
TRIVIA:
 Juan Luna and his jealous disposition became
the reason why he had questioned the loyalty
of his wife, Paz Padro de Tavera, whom he
accused of having an affair with Monsieur
Dussaq, a surgeon.
 On September 23, 1892, in a blinding rage of
jealousy, Juan murdered his wife, his mother-
in-law, along with causing serious injuries to
his brother-in-law.
POLITICAL CARICATURE
"Art is not what you see, But what you make others
see."
-Edgar Degas
WHAT IS POLITICAL CARICATURE?
 Made for the purpose of conveying editorial
commentary on politics, politicians, and
current events.
 Such cartoons play a role in the political
discourse of a society that provides for
freedom of speech and of the press.
 They are a primarily opinion-oriented medium
and can generally be found on the editorial
pages of newspapers and other journalistic
outlets, whether in print or electronic form.
 Cartoonists use visual metaphors and
caricatures to address complicated political
 situations and sum up current event with a
humorous or emotional picture.
 Cartoons have a great potential to political
communication capable of enhancing political
comprehension of events.
"OPINION IS THE MEDIUM BETWEEN KNOWLEDGE
AND IGNORANCE" - PLATO
CAVITE MUNITY
WHAT IS MUNITY
-It is a Revolt among a group of people to oppose,
change, or overthrow an organization to which they
were previously loyal.
Fort Santiago Felipe Cavite.
CARLOS MARÍA DE LA TORRE y NAVACERRADA
 Governor-General of the Philippines from
1869 to 1871 and is considered to be the
most beloved Spanish Governor-General ever
assigned in the Philippines.
RAFAEL IZQUIERDO y GUTIERREZ
 He became the Governor-General of the PH in
April 4, 1871 to January 8, 1873.
 Abolition of the school of arts and trades for
the Filipinos.
 Personas Sospechosas
CAVITE MUNITY: WHAT HAPPENED
 January 20, 1872
 Feast of the Virgin Loreto at Sampaloc District,
Manila.
 Celebrated with fireworks and Caviteños
mistook it as the signal to commence the
attack
 200 soldier and laborers led by Sergeant
Fernando La Madrid rose up and went to
FORT OF SAN FELIPE (Spanish Arsenal) in
Cavite.
 After that GOMBURZA were put on a trial by a
court-martial on February 15, 1872 and they
were sentenced to be executed 2 days after.
GOMBURZA Martyrdom
*MARIANO GOMEZ
*JOSE BURGOS
*JACINTO ZAMORA
GOMBURZA was tagged as the masterminds of Cavite
munity
 They were charged with treason and sedition
 They believed to have desired to have their
own parishes instead of being assistants to
regular friars (Secularization of Parishes)
 They were publicly executed through a
Spanish Method called GARROTE in
Bugumbayan on February 17, 1872.
 Purpose: To threaten Filipinos never to
attempt to fight against the Spaniards again.
OTHERS WHO WERE IMPLICATED SUCH AS
*JUAQUIN PARDO DE TEVERA
*ANTONIO MA. REGIDOR
*JOSE BASA
*PIO BASA
And other Filipino lawyers were suspended from the
practice of law. Arrested and sentenced to life
imprisonment at the Marianas island.
CAVITE MUNITY: SPANISH VERSION
JOSE MENTORO y VIDAL
 Spanish Historian
 His claim focused on how the event was an
attempt to overthrow Spanish Government
IZQUIERDO'S ACCOUNT
 January 23, 1872 Izquierdo made a report
about the Munity on Spanish Ministry of War.
 This is where he insisted that munity was
planned and its goal is to kill high-ranking
officials and friars
 He also highlighted the attempt to overthrow
the Spanish government in the Philippines to
install a new "hari* in the persons of Burgos
and Zamora.
CAVITE MUTINY: FILIPINO VERSION
 TRINIDAD HERMENEGILDO PARDO DE
TAVERA
 Filipino Physician, Researcher and scholar
 Wrote the Filipino Version of Cavite Munity
ACCORDING TO PADRO DE TEVERA the incident was
merely amutiny by Filipino soldiers and laborers of the
policies of Izquierdo (abolition of priveleges and
prohibition of the founding of the school of arts and
trades)
EDMUND PLAUCHUT
 French Writer
 He complemented Taveras account and also
analyzes the motivation of Cavite Mutiny
Cavite Mutiny
This event paved way to the revolution happened in
1898 by the katipunan.