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HISTORY
History is the field of study that examines
the historical occurences in the past.
 Nakaraan
 Nangyari na
 Mahahalagang pangyayari
We have 2 concepts of History:
The Western View of History
 No document = no history
 Very reliant on documentation
 This is because this concept was
developed by Herodotus of
Halicarnassus, the Father of
History. He wrote the work
“Histories” which is a detailed
account of past events ng Greece.
The Philippine View of History (History
as Kasaysayan)
 Salaysay na may saysay
 Isang kuwento na may kabuluhan
at sinasabi o isinasaysay.
 Ito rin ay sanaysay na
nagsasaysay na isinasaysay dahil
may saysay ito para sa
nagsasaysay. (A story which tells a
story that is being told because it
has a meaning for the story teller)
HISTORIOGRAPHY
It is the study of how historians construct
history.
The first historical philosophy emerged in
Greece (doon nakatira si Herodotus)
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SOURCES
(see book, page 4-6)
IMPORTANCE OF SOURCES
(see book, pages 6-10)
HISTORICAL CRITICISM
(see book, pages 10-14)
Hermeneutics have 2 types:
1. Hermeneutics of continuity –
interpreting history and sources
based on how it was interpreted as
before.
2. Hermeneutics of rupture –
interpret history and sources into
new light, new context.
Rupture=break with tradition and
conventional way of interpreting
things.
de Castro (2023)
FIRST VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD
by Antonio Pigafetta
 Spain and Portugal are the world’s
fiercest competitors for new lands.
 It all started dahil gusto nila ng
spices for their food.
 Pope Alexander VI issued a Papal
Bull “Inter caetera” dividing the
world into two spheres of
exploration para sa Spain and
Portugal.
 According sa Papal Bull, all lands
discovered in the east of the
Azores belonged to Portugal.
Those in the West belonged to
Spain.
 ‘Di nag-agree yung both sides so
gumawa sila ng treaty na
tinatawag na Treaty of Tordesillas
to move the partition set by the
Pope.
 Ferdinand Magellan (Portuguese)
went to his king, Manuel I and
suggested to find new spice
routes.
 Manuel I rejected the idea.
 Dahil dito, Magellan renounced his
allegiance to Portugal and sailed
for Spain.
 His idea was supported by King
Charles V (Spain) and gave him
five ships for the expedition.
o Five Ships of Magellan
 Trinidad (flagship)
 San Antonio
 Concepcion
 Victoria
 Santiago
 He was also given 270 crew
members.
 They searched for routes from
West Africa to Brazil and to the
South American coastline but it
was ineffective.
 They went along the Patagonian
coast after searching the Rio de la
Plata.
 They stopped at Port St. Julian at
the end of March 1520.
o Spanish captains attempted
to overthrow Magellan but

they were unsuccessful.
One captain was killed and
another one was left
onshore.
 On October 21, he finally found the
waterway he was looking for. It
was then called the Strait of
Magellan.
 The strait was located between
Tierra del Fuego and the
continental mainland.
 Only three ships made it
through. One was sunk (binagyo
ang Santiago) and another
deserted (nang-indian ang San
Antonio).
 Magellan navigated the passage
(strait) in 38 days. Afterwards, he
finally saw the ocean and broke
down in tears.
 He was the first European to sail
from the Atlantic to the Pacific
ocean
 He accomplished the westward
crossing of the ocean in 99 days.
 He called the ocean as “Mar
pacificus” or calm sea. Tranquil,
peaceful, pacified.
 By the end, the men were out of
food and chewed the leather on
their gears.
 On March 6, 1521, they landed at
Guam.
 On March 16, 1521, they arrived in
the Philippines.
 Magellan has a slave-interpreter
for the expedition named
ENRIQUE DE MALACCA. Siya
ang dahilan ba’t nagkaintindihan
sila ng mga natives.
 He also had Antonio Pigafetta as
his chronicler / taga-record ng mga
ganap per day.
 They then went to Sugbu / Cebu.
 Magellan made a blood compact
with Rajah Humabon, local
chieftain of Sugbu (Cebu)
 PACTO DE SANGRE / BLOOD
COMPACT. The thing is, iba pala
ang blood compact noon: hindi
yung akala natin na sa wrist
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sinusugatan. Sa dibdib
sinusugatan ang 2 magboblood
compact, then imimix ang dugo
nila sa wine then saka nila iinumin
both. Akala kasi ng iba, sa wrists
tapos pagdidikitin ang sugat. Later
development ‘ yon.
 Magellan was an explorer, not a
colonizer. His goal was to find the
Spice Islands without crossing
Portuguese territory.
 He called the islands as Islas de
San Lazaro, .
 Humabon was baptized and
received the name Carlos after the
King of Spain. (More on this later)
 The locals of Sugbu then asked
Magellan to conquer their
adversary, Lapulapu, the chief of
Mactan Island.
LAPULAPU, HERO OF MACTAN
 27 April 1521, the Battle of Mactan
happened.
 Lapulapu defeated Ferdinand
Magellan.
o Lapulapu is also called
Cilapulapu, Si Lapulapu,
Salip Pulaka, Cali Pulaco
and Lapulapu Dimantag.
 Lapulapu’s religion is still up for
question; but it is believed that they
followed the animistic religion.
(Hindi ISLAM kasi kumakain sila
ng baboy noon, which is
haram/bawal sa Islam).
 Lapulapu was involved in piracy
that robbed commercial ships. This
hurt Sugbo’s trade. Kaya nagalit si
Humabon kay Lapulapu.
 Records show that Lapulapu was
willing to pay homage to the
colonizer and acknowledge the
might of the Spanish Crown.
 However, naturn off si Lapulapu
dahil kasama sa conditions ang
halikan n’ya ang kamay ni Rajah
Humabon, na akala ni Magellan eh
supreme chieftain ng area.
 During midnight, Magellan’s 60
armoured Spanish soldiers, with

20-30 war boats (karakoa) went to
Mactan. Three hours before dawn,
they landed in Mactan. However,
due to the reefs and corals, they
weren’t able to land on the shores.
 They anchored their ship two
crossbows flights off the shore.
 Lapulapu’s warriors are 1500
armed with iron swords, arrows
and bamboo spears.
 Lapulapu refused Magellan’s offer
to refrain from attacking them in
exchange for its oath of allegiance
to Humabon, obedience to the
Spanish King, and payment of
tribute.
 The Battle started in the morning.
 Magellan instructed Humabon’s
warrior to stay aboard their ships to
impress them with the superiority
of European armors and weapons.
 Magellan and 49 other Spanish
soldiers went to battle against
Lapulapu’s 1500.
 They set fire to a few cotteges
along the shore to frighten them
but it backfired. The warriors
became angry and charged. A
poisoned arrow struck Magellan in
the leg, just above the knee, and
two Spaniards were slain instantly
in the struggle.
 Magellan ordered them to retreat.
 When the natives identified him as
the captain, they hogged on
Magellan. They weren’t able to
move quickly because of their
armours.
 Majority of the soldiers fled.
 18 Spanish soldiers were permitted
to go back to Spain.
 9 were left with Humabon (they
were given sanctuary)
 Magellan ordered Humabon to kill
the survivors but Humabon
objected. So instead, he sold the
survivors to Chinese traders as
slaves.
 Magellan might have a wrong
assumption that led to Lapulapu’s
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animosity. Magellan believed that
ancient Filipino culture was
organized similar to European
society, with a king or queen ruling
over a certain area. Magellan
thought that Rajah Humabon was
also ruler of Mactan because he
was the monarch of Cebu.
 Magellan was killed by Sampong
Baha, a native of Tubigon, Bohol.
EVOLUTION OF THE NAME
“PHILIPPINES”
1. Ma-Yi or Ma-I (Land of Gold)
Given by the Greek cartographer (map-
maker) Claudius Ptolemy.
The original Chinese name for Mindoro
was Ma-i.
Gold in the Philippine Islands
Our ancestors used gold throughout as
talismans and as currency.
The earliest type of currency in the
Philippines is the piloncito. The piloncito
was used in Tondo, Namayan, and
Butuan.
They were the first known coins used in
the Philippines between the 9th and 12th
century.
These coins grew into prominence when
the barter system weakened.
Gold ingots in the shape of rings are
called “Panica” or barter rings were used
in the Philippines until the coming of the
Spaniards.
This proved that gold was easily
accessible in the archipelago even before.
Luzon / Liusung
- The Chinese referred to Luzon as
Liusung
- Murillo Velarde thought that the name
was derived from the Tagalog word
“Lusong” which mean the wooden
mortar they used to grind their rice.
- Pires (Portuguese chronicler) called it
Lucoes.
- Before Sanson ‘d Abbevile used the
cedilla to soften the C sound,

European map makers referred to it as
Luconia.
- The Japanese called it Roson or
Ruson.
- De Jorde, Linschoten, Kaerius were
the first to depict Luzon in western
maps.
- Luconia – Luzonia – Luzon
2. Las Islas de San Lazaro (Saint
Lazarus Islands)
In 1521, when Magellan landed on the
islands and planted a Cross on Cebu, it
signalled the beginning of Christianity in
the Philippines. Magellan named the
islands as Islas de S. Lazaro because he
first saw the Islands on Saint Lazarus
Sunday.
Rajah Humabon and Hara Amihan were
baptized and they received the name
Carlos and Juana (after the King of Spain
and the Queen Mother of Spain).
Fr. Pedro de Valderrrama who was the
chaplain of the voyage baptized them.
Magellan gave the couple three religious
gifts:
a) Santo Nino
b) Ecce Homo
c) Virgen de la Cotta
These items were left to the Rajah and
stayed there for long. They converted the
Santo Nino into a rain god and began to
parade it to ask for rain. Years later, when
Miguel Lopez de Legazpi arrived in Cebu,
the natives left their dwellings and set
them on fire, but they found the Sto Nino
intact.
Cebu was originally named Sugbu (which
came from the word sibu/sibo which
means trade). It was renamed Villa del
Santisimo Nombre de Jesus to Ciudad
del Santisimo Nombre de Jesus.
3. Las Islas Filipinas (Philippine
Islands)
After the death of Magellan, Ruy
Lopez de Villalobos was sent to the
Islands to colonize them. He named
the islands of Leyte and Samar the
names Filipinas, in honor of the
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Prince of Asturias (Crown Prince of
Spain) who eventually became king
Philip II.
In 1571, Spain established Manila as
the capital city of the Spanish East
Indies.
The People
1. Callao Man – Latest oldest man in the
Philippines. This beat the age of the
Tabon man. It was discovered in
Callao Cave in Cagayan.
The fossils were unearthed beneath the
Callao Cave’s rocky floor.
It proved that tiny humans (hominid) lived
on Luzon during the Late Pleistocene
period.
Before the Callao Man, the latest was the
Homo floresiensis and their tiny teeth and
geographic location (South east Asia)
imply that they were basically the same
species but the form of their teeth (molars
and premolars; callao man has 3 roots
instead of the usual 2), their feet, and
several other traits set them apart.
Armand Mijares (University of the
Philippines) with Florent Detroit (Musee d
l’homie) discovered the Callao Man.
The Negritos are thought to have
descended from Homo Luzonensis.
According to their research, the bones
belonged to three people; one whom is
fairly young.
2. Tabon Man – oldest complete human
specimen. Found in 1962 at Tabon
Cavs in Quezon, Palawan Island. They
were discovered by Dr. Robert Fox.
Social Classes
Four Social Classes
1. Maginoo/Datu – head of the
barangay, Royal blooded.
2. Timawa – Commoners of a
community
3. Maharlika – well respected
warriors of the barangay
4. Alipin – classified into two:
a. Aliping namamahay –
have their own rooms, free
to pick their own spouse,
 GNED 04

allowed to possess
property, and compensated
for their service.
b. Aliping saguguilid- no
homes,can be sold, unable
to marry without permission
of their owner.
Other important groups
1. Tambalan- Babaylan class
2. Atubang ng datu – Adviser of the
datu
3. Daragangan – outstanding soldier
4. Paratabgaw- baragay teacher

OTHER CUSTOMS
1. Dote / Bigay-kaya – Philippine’s
own version of the dowry system.
2. Himaraw – compensation for the
mother for all the sleepless night
lost while the bride was an infant

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