Module 1- Learning History SECONDARY SOURCE

- “second hand”
HISTORY - Information that has been reworded, or
interpreted.
- study of past events.
CRITICISM
- presents the known past.
-To validate the authenticity of the sources.
- unknown is yet to be retrieved
INTERNAL CRITICISM
- “higher criticism”
TWO COMPONENTS
-examines the meaning and trustworthiness
KASAYSAYAN – history as narrative.
of the content.
(Ambeth Ocampo)
EXTERNAL CRITICISM
 salaysay - narrative
 saysay – meaning or kabuluhan - “lower criticism”
-The genuineness of the document.
Why do we need to study history? -Form, appearance, FACE (outside factors
surrounding the event.)
 We cannot fully understand the
present situation unless we have a
firm grasp of the past.
 To avoid repeating the same
mistakes and errors in the past.

SOURCES OF HISTORY
-Provide the evidence from which the
historian obtains facts about the past.
-Reenacts the history in the context of
analyzing the documents.

PRIMARY SOURCE
- original “first hand” or eye-witness
- contains new information that has not been
interpreted.
- direct interpretation
Module 2- Understanding sources
(Philippines and china’s claims of
sovereignty over the Scarborough shoal)
SCARBOROUGH SHOAL- “Huangyan
Dao” “Democracy Reef” 
(Shoal located between the Macclesfield
Bank and Luzon island in the South China
Sea.)
CLAIMS OF CHINA
HISTORICAL RIGHTS-
• Scarborough Shoal was first
discovered in China's Yuan Dynasty
• Since ancient time, the Chinese
fishermen have been fishing in
Scarborough shoal
• In January 1935, Huangyan Island
was included as a part of Zhongsha
Islands on the Map Verification
Committee of China.
• October 1947, Scarborough Shoal
renamed as Democratic Reef.
• In 1983, Huangyan Island (standard
name) and Democratic Reef
(alternative name.)
NINE DASH LINE-
CLAIMS OF PHILIPPINES
1. The Philippines have exercised both
effective OCCUPATION and
EFFECTIVE JURISDICTION over
Bajo de Masinloc (“under
masinloc”)
2. Bajo de Masinloc is a political
subdivision of the province of
Zambales, known as Masinloc.
MAPS THAT CONSIDERED
BAJO DE MASINLOC AS PART
OF THE PHILIPPINES
 Carta Hydrographical y
Chorographica De Las Yslas
Filipinas
 Alejandro Malaspina expedition
showed Bajo as part of Philippine
territory.
 The Mapa General, Islas Filipinas,
Observatorio de Manila
SUMMARY ON PHILIPPINES' 5
ARGUMENTS VS CHINA
1. China’s historical rights and 9
dash line have no bearing on sea
disputes under UNCLOS.
2. Rocks vs islands- China's
activities changed rocks into
islands.
3. Breach of the law of the sea-
China prevents Filipinos from
fishing in the WPS
4. Damage to Environment- China
is building artificial islands in the
West Philippine Sea.
 RULING OF THE PERMANENT
COURT OF ARBITRATION
 There was no legal basis for China to
claim historic rights to resources
within areas falling in the ‘nine-dash
line’”
 That none of the Spratly Islands is
capable of generating extended
maritime zones
 July 12, 2016 (tribunal agreed that
China had violated the Philippines)

 Interfering with Philippine

fishing and petroleum
exploration.
 Constructing artificial islands
 Failing to prevent Chinese
fishermen from fishing in the
zone.”

CONTENT AND CONTEXT ANALYSIS

OF SELECTED PRIMARY SOURCES
IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

CONTENT- what is contained in the work

CONTEXT- circumstances that help us to

understand the text.
Module 3- Magellan’s Voyage around the
world

FERDINAND MAGELLAN'S
EXPEDITION
 March 16, 1521 (150 crew)- landed
on Homonhon island.
 Raja Humabon was friendly to
maghellan and embraced
Christianity. He wanted Magellan to
kill Lapu-Lapu.
 April 27, 1521- battle of mactan
 September 6, 1522- the VICTORIA
ship returned to Spain
 Juan Sebastian de Elcano
(CONCEPCION) commanded the
expedition of Victoria back to Spain.

DEATH IN THE PHILIPPINES

 Enrique- one who communicated
with the tribe (colonization of
Malacca)
 Hara Amihan and RH were baptized
and were given the image of Holy
child (SANTO NINO DE CEBU)
 Magellan was struck by a bamboo
spear
PIGAFETTA AND GINÉS DE
MAFRAS’ DIARY
