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Module 3 :

One Past But Many Histories:

Controversies And
REPORTERS:

Conflicting Views In The Cardinoza, Cielo

Manlapaz, Jersey
Panlaqui, Nicole
Philippine History Quizon, Loren N.
Rodriguez, Benelyn
Rodriguez, Judith B.

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 Objectives:

Demonstrate the ability to formulate arguments in favor or

against a particular issue using primary sources.

Develop critical thinking skills in analyzing the various

controversies and conflicting views in the Philippine history.

Acquire an understanding of the past events to better

understand the matters that affect its antiquity, the present and
the future.

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SITE OF THE FIRST MASS Introduction of
the
CAVITE MUTINY CONTENT
THE RETRACTION OF JOSE
RIZAL
CRY OF BALINTAWAK

4
SITE OF THE FIRST MASS

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 SITE OF THE FIRST MASS

✘ The First Documented Catholic Mass in the

Philippines was held March 31, 1521 Easter Sunday
by Fr. Pedro De Valderrama

✘ It was referred in the journal of Antonio Pigafetta as

“Mazaua”

✘ Two native chieftains were in attendance: the Rajah

of Mazaua and the Rajah of Butuan

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 On the 16th of March (1521) they sailed in the
westerly course from ladrones.
Francisco
 “Yunugan “ a land towards the northwest. Albo’s
Log:
 “ Suluan “ this island was at 9 and two-thirds
Route of
degrees North Latitude. Magellan’s
Expedition in
 Departing from two island, They sail westward to the Island of
Saint Lazarus
an uninhabited island of “Gada”. They also sailed
towards a large island names Seilani “Ceylon”
(now Leyte)

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 “Mazava” (southwest ) a small island Francisco
Albo’s
 “Matan” (now called Mactan) and “Subu” Log:
(Cebu)
Route of
Magellan’s
 Town of Subu was on east-west with the island of Expedition in
Suluan and Mazava. the Island of
Saint Lazarus

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ANTONIO PIGAFETTA • A famous italian traveler
who studied navigation.
The
• Antonio Lambardo or account of
Francisco Antonio Pigafetta
Antonio
• He was one of the 18 Pigafetta:
survivors who returned to
Route of
Spain aboard Victoria Magellan’s
Expedition in
• An eyewitness of significant the Island of
event happened on the first Saint Lazarus
mass, Islands of Saint Lazarus
(Philippine Archipelago)

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 March 16, 1521 they first saw the island of the
Philippine group up to April 7, 1521
Francisco
 March 16, 1521 “High Land” named“ Zamal” Albo’s
sighted by Magellan Expedition Log:

Route of
 March 17-25, 1521 landed on unhibited island Magellan’s
known “Humunu” (Homonhon) referred as Expedition in
“Watering piece of good sign” the Island of
Saint Lazarus

 March 25, 1521 Change route between four

islands : Cenalo, Hiunanghan, Ibusson and
Albarien

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 March 28, 1521 Mazaua which is 25 leagues Francisco
from the Acquada Albo’s
Log:
 April 4, 1521 Bounded for Cebu. It took them past
five islands: Ceylon, Bohol, Canighan, Baibai and Route of
Gatighan Magellan’s
Expedition in
the Island of
 April 7, 1521 They entered the harbor of Subu Saint Lazarus
(Cebu)

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 First Mass
✘ On March 31, 1521, an Easter
Sunday, Magellan ordered a Mass to
be celebrated which was officiated
by Father Pedro Valderrama.
✘ First Holy Mass marked the birth of
Roman Catholicism in the
Philippines.
✘ Colambu and Siaiu
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✘ Gomez (2019), argues that the "first mass" on
Philippine soil was not in “Agusan” nor
Southern ''Leyte'' and pointed out Palm
Sunday must have been celebrated first
before the mass on Easter Sunday
✘ In the account of Pigafetta, Gomez noticed
that he failed to mention some points of the
journey where the masses were held.

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For further investigation, some points
at Pigafetta's account were translated
as follows:
✘ At dawn on Saturday, March 16, 1521,
(feast of St. Lazarus, Gomez inserted)
we came upon a highland at a distance…
an island named Zamal (Samar)
✘ (March 17, Sunday) the captain general
desired to land on another island
(Humunu) …uninhabited… in order to be
more secure and to get water and have
some rest. He had two tents set up on
shore for the sick.
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✘ On Monday, March 18, we saw a boat coming
towards us with nine men in it. This marks
our first human contact with Europeans
giving signs of joy because of our arrival.
✘ At noon on Friday, March 22, those men
came as they had promised. And we lay eight
days in that place, where the captain every
day visited the sick men who he had put
ashore on the island to recover.

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✘ As observed by Gomez, the instance
wherein Pigafetta had written about
the mass said it had two things in
common; they are both held in the
shores and there are Filipino natives
present.
✘ Another passing evidence, a document
found concerning the landing of
Magellan's fleet in Suluan
''(Homonhon)''
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 Historical issue: The
questions about where the
first mass happened in the
Philippines came from the
dichotomy of understanding of
“Mazaua” based on the
accounts of Pigafetta. 17
 Masao
 Historian Sonia Zaide identified Masao (also
Mazaua) in Butuan as the location of the first
Christian mass.
Basis: The diary of Antonio Pigafetta,
chronicler of Magellan's voyage.
In 1995 then Congresswoman Ching Plaza of
Agusan del Norte-Butuan City filed a bill in
Congress contesting the Limasawa
hypothesis and asserting the "site of the
first mass" was Butuan.
The Philippine National Historical
Institute
Then NHI chair Dr. Samuel K. Tan 18
 Bolinao
✘ Odoric of Pordenone, an Italian and
Franciscan friar and missionary explorer,
is heartily believed by many Pangasinenses
to have celebrated the first mass in
Pangasinan in around 1324.
✘ A marker in front of Bolinao Church states
that the first Mass on Philippine soil was
celebrated in Bolinao Bay in 1324 by a
Franciscan missionary, Blessed Odorico.

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Ultimately, the National
Historical Institute led by its
chair Ambeth Ocampo
recognized the historical
records of Limasawa in
Southern Leyte as the venue
of the first Mass, held on
March 31, 1521.
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21
 1872
✘ The 12th of June ✘ 1898 came to a ✘ There will be no
every year since 1896 very significant 1896 Philippine
is very important
year for all of us. Revolution if there
event for all the
Filipinos. In this
✘ But we should be was no 1872
particular day, the reminded that Cavite Mutiny.
enter filipino nation as another year is as
well as filipino historic as 1898 -
communities all over 1872.
the world gather to
celebrate the
Philippine
Independence Day.

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2 Major Events Happened in 1872:

✘ 1. 1872 Cavite Mutiny

✘ 2. Martyrdom of three priests in the person's

of Father Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos ,
and Jacinto Zamora (GOMBURZA)

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SPANISH'S VERSION
OF THE
CAVITE MUTINY
OF 1872

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 JOSE MONTERO y VIDAL

A Spanish historian,
who interpreted that the
Mutiny was an
attemped to remove
and overthrow the
Spanish Colonizers in
the Philippines

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GOV. GEN. RAFAEL IZQUIERDO

The Governor General

during the Mutiny. He
insisted that the mutiny
is stimulated and
prepare by native clergy.

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According to Montero and Izquierdo

✘ The abolition of priviledge

enjoyed by the workers of Cavite
arsenal such as non payment of
tribute and exemption of force
labor were the main reasons of
revolution.

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✘ They even said that the other causes were:
✘ (1) Spanish Revolution were overthrow the dirty
propaganda proliferated by unrestricted press,
✘ (2) Democratic, liberal and republican books
and pamphlets were reaching the Philippines
and
✘ (3) The most importantly, the presence of native
clengy who out of animosity against Spanish
Friars

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✘ Izquirdo blamed the Spanish Press for
stockpilling malicious propagandas grasped
by the Filipinos.
✘ He reported to the King of Spain that the
rebels wanted to overthrow the Spanish
Goverment to install a new "hari" in the
likes of Father Burgos and Zamora.

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 CAVITE MUTINY
✘ On Jan.20, 1872, The district of Sampaloc
celebrates the feast of Virgin of Loreto,
unfortunately participants to the feasr celebrated
the occasion with usual fireworks display.
✘ Those in Cavite mistook the fireworks as the sign
for attacks. The 200 men contigent headed by
Sergeant Lamadrid launched an attack targetting
Spanish officers and seized tha arsenal

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 GOMBURZA

✘ Major instigators including Sergeant Lamadrid

were killed in skirmish While GOMBURZA
were tried by court-martial and were sentence to
die by stragulation.
✘ On Feb 17, 1872 in an attempt of Spanish
Government and instill fear among Filipinos so
that they may never commit such daring act
again, GOMBURZA were executed.

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I am Jayden Smith
I am here because I love to give
FILIPINO'S
presentations.
VERSION OF THE
You can findMUTINY
CAVITE me at @username
OF 1872

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 Mutiny
✘• A rebellion against authority.
✘• Comes from an old verb,
"Mutine" which means
"Revolt"

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Dr. Trinidad Hermenegildo Pardo De Tavera

✘ • A Filipino scholar
and teacher.
✘ • Wrote a Filipino
version of the bloody
incident in Cavite.

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 According to Pardo de Tavera

✘ The incident was merely a mutiny by Filipino

soldiers and laborers of the Cavite arsenal to the
dissatisfaction arising from the dracorian policies of
Izquierdo (abolition of privileges and prohibition of
founding of the school of arts and trades.)

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 Cavite Mutiny
✘ • Uprising of military personnel of Fort San Felipe
(The Spanish arsenal in Cavite, Philippines) on
January 20, 1872.

✘ • Around 200 soldiers and laborers rose up in the

belief that it would evaluate to a national uprising.
The mutiny was unsuccessful, and government
soldiers executed many of the participants.

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 GomBurZa
✘ • Collective name of the three martyred
priests.
✘ • Tagged as the masterminds of the Cavite
Mutiny.

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 GomBurZa
✘ • They were prominent Filipino priests charger with
treason and sedition.

✘ • The Spanish clergy connected to the priests to the

mutiny as part of a conspiracy to stifle the
movement of secular priests who desired to have
their own parishes instead of being assistants to the
regular friars.

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 Garrote- killing
someone by strangulation
typically with an iron
wire or cord.

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 On February 17,1872
✘ The GOMBURZA were persecuted by
garrote in public to serve as a threat to
Filipino's never to attempt to fight the
Spaniards again.

✘ This is a scene purportedly witness by a

young Jose Rizal.

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 THE
RETRACTION
OF JOSE
RIZAL

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 The Retraction of Jose Rizal

✘ Retraction means that he is taking back what he said

against the catholic church in the Philippines and the
friars.

✘ Some say he did this in order to marry his Irish partner,

Josephine Bracken.

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 Retraction
Letter of Jose
Rizal

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 “I declare myself a catholic and in this Religion in which I was born
and educated I wish to live and die. I retract with all my heart
whatever in my words, writings, publications and conduct has been
contrary to my character as son of the Catholic Church. I believe and
I confess whatever she teaches and I submit to whatever she
demands. I abominate Masonry, as the enemy which is of the
Church, and as a Society prohibited by the Church. The Diocesan
Prelate may, as the SuperiorEcclesiastical Authority, make public this
spontaneous manifestation of mine in order to repair the scandal
which my acts may have caused and so that God and people may
pardon me”.

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Controversy about the Retraction

✘ It was supposed to have been signed by Jose Rizal moments

before his death.

✘ May 13, 1935 –the document surfaced for public viewing.

✘ Fr. Manuel A. Gracia – found the document at the

Catholic hierarchy’s archive in Manila.

✘ But the original document was never shown to the public,

only reproductions of it.

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Controversy about the Retraction

✘ Fr. Pio Pi – a Spanish Jesuit, reported that as early as 1907,

the retraction of Rizal was copied verbatim and published in
Spain, and reprinted in Manila.

✘ Fr. Gracia, who found the original document, also copied it

verbatim.

✘ In both reproductions, there were conflicting versions of the

text.

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Controversy about the Date of Signing

✘ First— “December 29, 1890”

✘ Then —“December 29, 189C”

✘ Next — “December 29, 1896”

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Rizal’s Retraction as Forged Document

Roman Roque
✘ Was believed to be the forger of Rizal’s signature.
✘ The man who also forged the signature of Urbano Lacuna,
which was used to capture Aguinaldo.

Lazaro Segovia
✘ mastermind, they say, in both Lacuna’s and Rizal’s
signature forgery .

Spanish friars
✘ approached the two during the final day of the Filipino-
American war to forge Rizal’s signature.

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Rizal’s Retraction as Forged Document

Antonio K. Abad

✘ Revealed the story of the retraction being a forged

document.

✘ Personally heard the tale from Roman Roque.

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Rizal’s Retraction as Forged Document

✘ To this day, the retraction issue is still raging like a

wild fire in the forest of the night.

✘ Others would like to believe that the purported

retraction of Rizal was invented by the friars to
deflect the heroism of Rizal which was centered on
the friar abuses.

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 Controversy on the Autobiography of
Josephine

Autobiography of Josephine

✘ Written on February 22, 1897 was also forged and forged

badly.

✘ The document supported the fact that they were married under
the Catholic rites.

✘ There is a giant difference between the penmanship of the

document, and other letters written by Josephine to Rizal.

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“Whether Rizal retracted or not, the fact
still remains that he is the National hero
of the Philippines”

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THE CRY OF BALINTAWAK
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Dates and Places of the Cry of Pugad Lawin

Various accounts

✘ Lt. Olegario Diaz — Balintawak on August 25, 1896

✘ Teodoro Kalaw — last week of August 1896 at

Kangkong, Balintawak

✘ Santiago Alvarez—Bahay Toro, now in Quezon City on

August 24, 1896

✘ Pío Valenzuela— Pugad Lawin on August 23, 1896

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Dates and Places of the Cry of Pugad Lawin

Various Accounts

✘ Gregorio Zaide — Balintawak on August 26, 1896

✘ Teodoro Agoncillo —Pugad Lawin on August 23, 1896

✘ Milagros Guerrero, Emmanuel Encarnacion and Ramon

Villegas —Tandang Sora’s barn in Gulod, Barangay Banlat,
Quezon City on August 24, 1896

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Controversy about the Place of the Cry

✘ Some of the apparent confusion is in part due to the double

meanings of the terms "Balintawak" and "Caloocan" at the turn
of the century.

✘ Balintawak referred both to a specific place in modern

Caloocan City and a wider area which included parts of modern
Quezon City.

✘ Similarly, Caloocan referred to modern Caloocan City and also

a wider area which included modern Quezon City and part of
modern Pasig.

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Controversy about the Place of the Cry

✘ Pugad Lawin, Pasong Tamo, Kangkong and other

specific places were all in "greater Balintawak",
which was in turn part of "greater Caloocan"

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Account of
Guillermo
Magsangkay

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 Account of Guillermo Magsangkay

• August 26 – big meeting was held in balintawak

• Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, Aguedo del Rosario, Tomas Remigio,

Briccio Pantas, Teodoro Plata, Pio Valenzuela, Enrique Pacheco,
and Francisco Carreon

• The purpose was to discuss when the uprising was to take place.

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 Cry of Balintawak

✘ August 26, ✘ defined as that ✘ "Long Live

1896 turning point when the Philippine
the Filipinos finally Republic!",
refused Spanish the cry of the
colonial dominion people.
over the
Philippine Islands.

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Account of
Pio
Valenzuela

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 Account of Pio Valenzuela

• 1935, Valenzuela with Briccio Pantas and

Enrique Pacheco

• "The first Cry of the revolution did not happen

in Balintawak where the monument is, but in a
place called Pugad Lawin."

• views were only exchanged, and no resolution

was debated or adopted.

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Account of
Santiago
Alvarez

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 Account of Santiago Alvarez

✘ started our trek to Kangkong at about eleven

that night.
✘ It was nearly two in the morning when we
reached the house of Brother Apolonio Samson
in Kangkong.

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 Account of Santiago Alvarez

✘ The Supremo began assigning guards at five

o'clock the following morning, Saturday 22
August 1896.
✘ carried assorted weapons, bolos, spears,
daggers, a dozen small revolvers and a rifle used
by its owner, one Lieutenant Manuel, for
hunting birds.

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The following matters were approved at the
meeting:
✘ An uprising to defend the people's freedom was to be
started at midnight of Saturday, 29 August 1896;
✘ To be on a state of alert so that the Katipunan forces
could strike should the situation arise where the
enemy was at a disadvantage. Thus, the uprising
could be started earlier than the agreed time of
midnight of 29 August 1896 should a favorable
opportunity arise at that date. Everyone should steel
himself and be resolute in the struggle that was
imminent; and

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The following matters were approved at the
meeting:

✘ He immediate objective was the capture of Manila.

After the adjournment of the meeting at twelve noon,
there were tumultuous shouts of "Long live the Sons of
the People!”

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