LESSON 1: History
Natural objects and phenomena
HISTORY
Greek word: Historia – learning by inquiry
- Search for knowledge and truth, a search to
find out
- Any integrated narrative or description of
past events or facts written in a spirit of
critical inquiry for the whole truth.
Theories constructed by Historians:
1. Factual History
- Presents readers the plain and basic
information vis-à-vis:
➢ The events that took place (what)
➢ The time and date with which the events
happened (when)
➢ The place with which the events took
place (where)
➢ The people that were involved (who)
2. Speculative History
- Goes beyond facts
- Concerned about the reasons for which
events happened (why), and the way they
happened (how?)
HISTORIANS
- Seek to understand the present by
examining what went before.
- Undertake arduous historical research to
come up with a meaningful and organized
rebuilding of the past
HISTORIOGRAPHY
- Practice of historical writing
- Traditional method in doing historical
research that focuses on gathering
documents from different libraries and
archives to form a pool of evidence needed
in needed in making a descriptive or
analytical narrative
IMPORTANCE
1. To learn about our past
2. To understand the present
3. To appreciate our heritage in a broad
perspective
4. To acquire a background for critical thinking
LESSON 2: Sources
PRIMARY SOURCES
- Direct, original, reliable, and factual
Sources of Data
1. Individual persons
2. Organized groups or organizations
3. Established practices
4. Documents
5. Living organisms
6. Man-made material things
7.
When to Use:
1. Provide direct evidence
2. Construct your own analysis
3. Have new discoveries
Examples:
1. Photographs
2. Letters
3. Interviews
SECONDARY SOURCES
- Indirect, needs primary sources, constructed
long after the event, provide interpretations
Sources of Data
1. Books
2. Articles, Journals, Newspapers
3. Unpublished Master’s Theses
4. Monographs, Manuscripts, etc.
5. All other second-hand sources
6. Verbal or written data
When to Use:
1. Give background information
2. Back up or contrast analysis
3. Cannot access primary sources
Examples:
1. Art and theater reviews
2. Literary criticism
3. Biographies
EXTERNAL CRITICISM
• Authenticity of document
• Examines authorship
• Determines date and/or time period
• Relevance to other documents with the
same topic
• Applies physical and technical tests
INTERNAL CRITICISM
• Accuracy and credibility of content
• Understanding and questioning author’s
standpoint
LESSON 3: Reliability
ADDRESSING THE RELIABILITY OF DATA
IN HISTORICAL TEXTS
1. The author is an expert or a well-respected
publisher
2. Citations for sources used.
3. Up-to-date information for the topic.
4. Unbiased analysis of the topic
LESSON 4: Historiography
HISTORIOGRAPHY
- Study of historical writing
- Writing of history based on scholarly
disciples
Writing
- primary objective or goal of history
Compelling Argument
- essential to achieving that objective in
historical writing
HISTORICAL THINKING SKILLS
Facts
- Gathering factual data
Sequence
- Arrangement of the gathered data
Complexity
- Examining the gathered data
Interpretation
- Understanding the gathered data
THREE BASIC PROCESSES
HISTORICAL WRITING
1. GATHERING DATA
➢ Documentation – include diaries, letters,
interviews, oral histories, photographs,
newspaper articles, government documents,
poems, novels, plays, and music
➢ Evidence – consist of original documents,
artifacts, or other pieces of information that
were created at the time under study
➢ Facts – based from the gathered
documentation and evidence and answers
the very basic question, “what happened?”.
2. CRITICISM OF THAT DATA
SCCC Method
➢ Sourcing – type, who, author’s POV, why,
when, believable or not?
➢ Contextualizing – setting, time, and place
➢ Close reading – author’s claim, evidence
author uses, words or phrases
➢ Cross-checking/corroboration – reliable
or not, other sources say the same
3. PRESENTATION OF INTERPRETATIONS
- Last and final process of historiography
- Most crucial part
- Presentation of interpretations
Interpretations – formed by examining the
primary and secondary sources a historian
has found
➢ Identify the source
➢ Put in its context
➢ Consider the author and their purpose
➢ Evaluate the information
➢ Draw your interpretation
LESSON 5: Geo&Topography
Geography
- Study of places and the relationships
between people and their environments
- An umbrella term used to describe the
relationship of different components:
➢ Population
➢ Culture
➢ Language
➢ Religion
➢ Interaction
➢ Topography
Topography
- Arrangement of the natural and artificial
physical features of an area
- Detailed description or representation on a
map of the natural and artificial features of
an area
PHILIPPINES
OF - Tropical country in Southeast Asia
- Consists of 7,641 islands
- Three major islands:
Luzon
- Largest island; where Manila (capital city) is
located
- Surrounded by Sibuyan, Philippine, and
South China Sea
- Has major rivers, mountains, mountain
ranges, and volcanoes:
1. Laguna de Bay
2. Mayon Volcano
3. Taal
4. Sierra Madre – longest mountain range
in the Philippines; serves as a natural
protection during typhoons
5. Mount Pulag
Visayas
- Smallest among the three
- Characterized by high mountains
- Hills in Samar and Masbate, plains in Panay
and Negros, home to many bodies of water:
1. Mount Kanlaon
2. Calanay Limestone Hills
3. Hills in Talalora, Samar
4. Plains in Panay and Negros
5. Boracay
6. Alona Beach
7. Lake Danao – largest and longest lake in
Visayas, shaped like a number 8, home
to and endemic species: water birth little
grebe (Tachybaptus ruficollis
philippensis)
Mindanao other religious institutions were built all over
- Second largest island the archipelago
1. Iligan Bay
Syncretism
2. Davao & Moro Gulfs
- Developed in the Spanish colonial
3. Zamboanga Peninsula
Philippines as Catholicism was combined
4. Cotabato Peninsula
with native beliefs and rituals to create a
5. Mount Apo – active volcano and highest
unique combination known as "folk
mountain peak in the country located in
Catholicism."
Davao
AMERICAN PERIOD AND POST-
PACIFIC RING OF FIRE th
INDEPENDENCE (20 Century to Present)
- Where the Philippines is located
Protestantism
- Because of this (geographical location), the
- gained followers as American Protestant
Philippines is more vulnerable to natural
missionaries arrived, leading to the
calamities with:
establishment of various Protestant
1. Fault Lines – 30 active fault lines
denominations and contributing to the
2. Volcanoes – 24 active volcanoes
religious diversity of the country
3. Typhoons – 7 tropical depressions and
2 typhoons so far Islam in the Philippines
- In the American period and post-
IMPORTANCE
independence Philippines, Islam continued
1. Understand the relationship between the
to flourish, particularly in the southern
place and society
regions of Mindanao and the Sulu
2. Understand different factors or patterns in
Archipelago, shaping the religious and
health
cultural practices of local Muslim
3. Planning disaster risk management
communities
4. Enhance knowledge about cultural and
societal difference Modern Religious Pluralism
- Emerged reflecting the coexistence of
LESSON 6: Religion various religious beliefs and practices
PRECOLONIAL PERIOD (Antiquity to the among different communities, including
16th Century) Islam, Christianity, and indigenous faiths.
Animism
- Filipinos practiced animism before LESSON 7: Art & Literature
colonization. PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
- They embraced the belief that everything, Pre-Colonial
including rocks, trees, human beings, and Riddles Folk Songs Epics
even phenomena from nature, has a spirit Proverbs Legends & Fantasy
Myths stories
Hindu-Buddhist Influence
Tanaga Fables Folk tales
- Brought concepts and styles of architecture
Spanish Colonization (1521 – 1898)
from Southeast Asian and Indian cultures to
1. Religious Literature
the Philippines, inspiring the creation of
➢ Pasyon
temple complexes and the adoption of
➢ Senakulo
certain religious practices.
2. Oral Literature
Islam ➢ Songs
- Was introduced by Arab and Malay traders, ➢ Religious Drama
influencing and establishing a presence ➢ Drama
primarily in the southern regions of 3. Secular Literature
Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago ➢ Awit
➢ Korido
SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD (16th to 19th
➢ Prose Narratives
Century)
4. Written Literature
Catholicism
➢ Short Stories
- was brought to the Philippines during the
➢ Poetry
Spanish colonial period by Spanish
• Notable Personalities:
missionaries, who also established it as the
➢ Jose Rizal
main religion. As a result, churches and
➢ Marcelo H. Del Pilar
 ➢ Andres Bonifacio Contemporary
- Multimedia, mixed media, and trans media
Revolutionary Period (1864 – 1896)
were introduced, together with figurative and
1. Propaganda Literature
non-figurative arts.
➢ Satires, editorials, news articles written to
- Many more modern architectures were built,
attack and expose the evil of Spanish
such as hotels, resorts, commercial
Rule
buildings, etc.
2. Revolutionary Literature
➢ More propagandistic than literary as it LESSON 8: Values
focuses more on the independence for
Values
the country
1. Hospitality
American Colonization (1901 – 1946) - Filipinos are hospitable people
1. Period of Apprenticeship ➢ Known for their warm and welcoming
➢ Tagalog novels nature towards guests and visitors
➢ Romantic poetry 2. Religion and Education
➢ Short stories - Religion and education play a significant role
2. Period of Emergence in the lives of Filipino.
➢ English novels - As early as the time before the Spanish
➢ Newspapers colonization, education was informal
➢ Magazines unstructured, and devoid of methods.
- Children were provided more vocational
Republic Period (after Japanese training and less academics by their parents
Colonization) and in the houses of tribal tutors
1. Radios 3. Human Labor or Work
2. TV Shows - Filipinos are hardworking and have a strong
3. Filipino Films work ethic.
PHILIPPINE ART - They are willing to work long hours to
Pre-Colonial Period provide for their families. This trait is
- Before colonizers came, Filipinos already reflected in the country's growing economy,
have their own art which is driven by a large and skilled
1. Visual Arts workforce
➢ Paintings 4. Family
➢ Sculptures - Filipinos are known to have strong family ties
- At the center of the Filipino community
Spanish Colonization (1521 – 1898) 5. Human Fellowship
1. Architecture - Filipinos have a great sense of humor and
➢ Churches are known for their positive outlook on life.
➢ Plazas ➢ They find joy in simple things and are
2. Sculptures able to laugh at themselves.
➢ Saint figures - Reflected in the country's entertainment
➢ Wall details for churches industry, which is known for its comedies
3. Music and Dance and light-hearted drama
4. Theater Arts 6. Respect for the Elderly
5. Visual Arts - Filipinos have a high regard for elder
➢ Rebellion against Spain members of the family and anyone in a
American Occupation position of power.
- Architectures were modernized and cities - They show respect to the elderly by
had a major development addressing them with "po" and "opo"
- A painting by Fernando Amorsolo was 7. Generosity
emerged because it reflects the Filipino - Filipinos are naturally helpful and generous
culture people.
- They give as much as they can and extend
Post-War help to family members — and even
- Abstract, public painting, modern, and strangers — when needed. This trait is
conservative arts were introduced malls, real reflected in the country's numerous charity
estates, and many more advanced drives and foundations, especially during
architecture were built times of calamities
LESSON 9: Customs
CULTURE
- Characteristic of a society that can be
acquired and consists of traits (beliefs,
habits, values, art, music, language, rituals,
and knowledge)
- Cultural traits are shared by the community
CUSTOM
- Widely accepted, traditional way of behaving
that is unique to a specific society, location,
or time
- Important aspect of culture
- Can be a form of cultural representation
TRADITION
- Religious or social custom passed down
through generations
- Observed by the majority of people in a
society or culture
- All traditions may qualify as customs, not all
customs are traditions
ANIMISM
Pag-anito
- Ritualistic offerings and prayers to divide
beings or anito for protection and blessings
Pagdiwata
- Indigenous ritual performed to honor and
communicate with ancestral spirits and
deities to seek blessings for the community
Babaylans
- Pre-colonial female mystical healers whose
spiritual connectedness was a source of
political and social power
BAYANIHAN
- Communal cooperation where members of
the community come together to help move
or build houses in a certain location or work
on agricultural tasks
BARANGAY
- Small, self-governing communities led by a
datu who acted as the chief and ruled with a
guidance of council of elders
CATHOLICISM
Simbang Gabi
- Misa de Gallo
- A 9-day series of dawn Masses celebrated
in the Philippines, anticipating the birth of
Jesus Christ, and leading up to Christmas
Eve.
Holy Week
- Religious observance commemorating the
events leading up to the crucifixion and
resurrection of Jesus Christ.
Fiestas
- Festivities celebrated to commemorate a
patron saints’ feast days, infused with
traditional festival practices like processions
and novenas
AMERICAN COLONIAL ERA
Education
- English became the medium of instruction
- American-style education
- Establishment of public schools and a
standardized curriculum
Democracy
- Democratic values and active citizen
involvement among Filipinos
- Popular sovereignty, individual rights, and a
government formed by the people
The Jeepney
- During World War II, the Philippines was
occupied by the US military who relied on the
Willy’s Jeep as their primary mode of
transportation
PRESENT CUSTOMS
Pagmamano
- Filipino custom of kissing or touching the
hand of elders as a sign of respect,
particularly during special occasions or
family gatherings
Po and Opo
- Terms that are added to a sentence to
convey respect and politeness
Kamayan
- A traditional way of eating with bare hands,
where food is served on banana leaves and
shared among family and friends
Karaoke
- Singing competitions, such as “kantahan”
and “videoke challenges,” are common
social activities
Contemporary Celebrations
- Festivities rooted from the past are
celebrated with colorful parades, lively
music, and delicious food
Rise of Technology
- Filipinos are highly active on social media
platforms, using them as avenues for
communication, socializing, and staying
connected with peers and loved ones.
LESSON 10: Marriage & Family
MARRIAGE
- Legally and socially sanctioned union,
usually between a man and a woman, that is
regulated by laws, rules, customs, beliefs,
and attitudes that prescribe the rights and
duties of the partners and accords status to
their offspring
- Defined as the celebration of two families 3. American Colonization
coming together WEDDING ATTIRE
Provides structure for:
1. Sexual gratification and regulation
2. Economic production and consumption
3. Procreation and regulation of lines of
descent
4. Division of labor between the sexes
5. Satisfaction of personal needs for affection,
status, and companionship
PRE-COLONIAL WEDDINGS
- Lasted for 3 days: COMMON ELEMENTS OF A WEDDING
1. First day 1. Religious Ceremony
➢ Bride and groom are brought to the - Often done inside a church
house of a babaylan 2. Veil
➢ Joined their hands over a plate of raw - Represents the purity of the bride
rice and blessed the couple 3. Rings
2. Third day - Represents a timeless symbol of love and
➢ Babaylan pricks the chest of both bride promise of commitment
and groom, drawing blood 4. Cord or yugal
➢ Fed them cooked rice from the same - Represents everlasting fidelity
singalong and drink of some water mixed 5. Coins or arrhae
with their blood - A sign of the groom’s dedication to the
➢ Then, binding their hands and necks with welfare of his wife and future children
a cord, declaring they are married 6. Unity Candle
- Represents the joining of families
Talingbuhol 7. Bouquet
- Exchange of jewels - Bring happiness and satisfaction in marriage
- Signals the completion of the wedding
➢ Bouquet Toss – represents the passing
ceremony
of good luck and fortune from the bride to
NATIVE TRADITION an unwed woman
Pamamanhikan
MODERN MARRIAGE
- Groom and his family visits the bride’s home
➢ Weddings no longer need to be
to meet her parents and formally ask for her
predominantly paid by the groom
hand in marriage
➢ It is more than common for couples to save
- Groom was expected to bring a dowry
up or gain support from their family and
➢ Dowry
friends
- Property or money brought by a bride
or groom to their partner or marriage FAMILY
➢ Groom’s side of the family is expected - Group of persons united by the ties of
to pay the expenses for the wedding marriage, blood, or adoption, constituting a
➢ Groom proving his ability to provide single household and interacting with each
for his bride other in their respective social positions,
usually those of spouses, parents, children,
INFLUENCES IN A MODERN MARRIAGE and siblings.
1. Pre-Colonial Tradition - At most basic, a family consists of an adult
2. Spanish Colonization
and his or her offspring.
Types of Family
1. Nuclear Family
- Aka Traditional Families
- Consist of two parents and their child/ren
2. Single Parent Family
- Consist of one parent and their child/ren
3. Extended Family
- Consists of two or more adults who are
Filipino
related through blood or marriage’ along with
- Recognized as the national language of the
children
Philippines
- Includes grandparents, aunts, uncles,
cousins, or other relatives Tagalog
4. Childless Family - Basis of the Filipino national language
- Two partners with no children
Cebuano
Nuclear Family - Second most widely spoken language in the
- Core family unit in the Philippines Philippines and is particularly dominant in
Cebu and other Visayan islands
Extended Family
- Filipinos still have strong bonds with Ilocano
members of this family - Known for its distinct pronunciation and
vocabulary
PRE-COLONIAL FAMILY
- Honor (dangal) and shame (hiya) are Hiligaynon
intertwined with the fortunes of immediate - Also known as Ilonggo
kin
Bicolano
➢ Parents are expected to bring forth as
- Spoken in the Bicol region in Southeastern
much economic, social, and moral
Luzon
support to their children
➢ Children are bound to their parents Waray-Waray
through “utang na loob” that can never be - Known for its distinct intonation and is
repaid referred to as Waray
➢ Disregard – walang hiya
Kapampangan
Family Relations - Has its own distinct vocabulary and
- Relations between men and women was pronunciation
more egalitarian (equal in status)
Pangasinense
Matrilineal Society - Spoken in the province of Pangasinan in
- A kinship system in which descent is traced Northern Luzon
through the female line
Tausug
Polygamy - Spoken by the Tausug ethnic group in the
- Viewed with openness during the pre- Sulu Archipelago in Mindanao
colonial period
Maguindanaoan
SPANISH COLONIZATION - Spoken by the Maguindanao people in the
- The Roman Catholic Church institutionalized province of Maguindanao and other parts of
and idealized monogamous marriage the Autonomous Region in Muslim
Mindanao (ARMM)
MODERN FILIPINO FAMILY
- Made up of Nuclear and Extended Family CONCLUSION
members • Growing recognition of the importance of
➢ “Residentially nuclear but preserving and revitalizing indigenous
functionally extended.” languages
• Influenced by centuries of Spanish
LESSON 11: Languages colonization and American occupation.
Language • The linguistic diversity of the Philippines is a
- Principal method of human communication testament to the country's multicultural
- 187 languages in the Philippines heritage
LESSON 12: Trade & Economy 18TH CENTURY (Spanish Colonial Era)
- Witnessed plans and proposals to change
Economy
the monopolistic framework of the galleon
- Structure or conditions of economic life in a
trade
country, area, or period
• 1762 – 1764
Trade ➢ British occupation
- The business of buying and selling or ➢ War frigates sailed between Cadiz in
bartering commodities Spain and Manila carrying European
Century Overview merchandise
th
15 Century Chinese and Muslim • 1766
Merchants ➢ Port of San Blas
18th Century Witnessed plans and o Located in the Pacific Coast
proposals to change the o Established in 1766
monopolistic frameworks of o Trades with the Philippines
the galleon trade
th • 1781
19 Century Crucial in the economic
history of the world ➢ Tobacco monopoly
th
20 Century Policy of free trade was put o Established by Governor Jose
into effect more generally Basco y Vargas
st
21 Century Continued to pursue o Implemented in 1783
economic reforms and actively o Main source of fiscal revenue for
participate in regional and Spain in the Philippines
global trade • 1785
➢ Royal Philippine Company founded in
15TH CENTURY (Pre-Colonial Era)
Madrid
- Chinese and Muslim (Persian and Arab)
o Encouraged to try Asian ventures
merchants frequented the archipelago’s
coastal areas 19TH CENTURY (Spanish Colonial Era)
- Engaged already in trade with neighboring - In the mid-19th century, the Philippines
Southeast Asian countries developed a landowning elite class based on
➢ China, India, and Japan the export of agricultural products such as
• Slaves, beeswax, and gold were exchanged abaca (Manila hemp) and sugar.
for porcelain, iron, lead, tin, silks, etc. • 1950s and 1960s
• The presence of Spaniard dramatically ➢ The Philippines adopted import
changed the position of the Philippines substitution industrialization (ISI)
➢ Placed the islands as one of the crucial policies.
points in the global economy created by ➢ Manufacturing grew rapidly in the early
the galleon trade 1950s, but experienced a decline the
• 1560 to 1815 – Ships came and went from second half of the decade.
Manila to Acapulco • 1970s
➢ Longest shipping line in history ➢ The Philippine economy experienced
• Commodities exchanged between both growth and challenges.
Mexico and Philippines ➢ The economy grew at a relatively high
➢ American silver rate in the 1970s, but it was heavily
➢ Chinese silks reliant on foreign currency borrowing.
• Bimetallic ratio of silver and gold: ➢ Crony Capitalism
➢ 13:1 – Mexico o A system that was established and
➢ 11:1 – Europe led to monopolization and corruption,
➢ 4:1 – China severely crippling the economy.
o China was long the suction pump • 1980s
that absorbed silver from the whole ➢ The Philippines faced economic
world. difficulties in the late 1980s
• The Chinese brought the wares for the ➢ The economy encountered trade deficits,
galleons but also provided supplies for budget deficits, power shortages, and a
shipbuilding, materials to the military decline in growth.
garrisons, and food stuffs to Manila’s
citizenry.
20TH CENTURY • 2020
- Foreign companies started to pull back their ➢ Marked the onset of the COVID-19
companies in the country, investment dried pandemic, leading to unprecedented
up due to global slowdowns and security challenges for the Philippine economy.
concern ➢ The country experienced a sharp
➢ Led to lower foreign direct investment decline in GDP growth.
compared to previous years • 2021
• The economy experienced moderate ➢ Changes in consumer behavior were
growth, but it was not sufficient to keep up observed in the year 2021, with an
with population growth, and inflation increased reliance on e-commerce,
remained relatively low. digital services, and remote work
• The government faced challenges in raising arrangements
revenues, resulting in a growing budget - The pandemic helps the Philippines to adapt
deficit and a high debt burden. and ride the trend of the technological
• Positive developments included: advancement such as machines, online
➢ Growth in electronic exports shopping, and digital currency that can be
➢ Emergence in business-process used already in the public
outsourcing
➢ Increasing foreign direct investment in
sectors like electronics, manufacturing,
and mining.
• The global economic crisis in 2008 and 2009
further impacted the Philippine economy,
with declining exports and a significant
depreciation of the peso.
21ST CENTURY (DIGITAL AGE ERA)
- The Philippines gross domestic product
(GDP) expanded by:
➢ 7.6 percent in 2010
➢ 3.7 percent in 2011
➢ 6.8 percent in 2012
➢ 7.2 percent in 2013
• Early 21st Century
➢ The Philippines experienced economic
challenges characterized by cronyism,
scandals, and favoritism towards
local companies.
➢ Inconsistent monetary policy, slow
economic growth, and uncertainties due
to terrorism and insurgencies added to
the economic difficulties.
➢ Insufficient focus on poverty
alleviation programs and
infrastructure development, such as
road paving, irrigation projects, and
school construction, hindered progress.
➢ Foreign companies started to pull
back their companies in the country,
investment dried up due to global
slowdowns and security concerns,
leading to lower foreign direct investment
compared to previous years.
➢ The economy experienced moderate
growth, but it was not enough to keep up
with population growth, and inflation
remained relatively low.