READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY (RIPH111)

AUGUST 30 & SEPTEMBER 6 LESSON: READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

History
1. God - Psalm 33:12
 Only Christian nation in Asia.
2. People
 Most knowledge of God’s word
 Rich and unique cultural heritage
3. Land
 Philippines is rich of natural resources.

The other names before “Philippines”

1. Ma-yi - land of gold
2. Maniolas - Greek mapmaker named by Claudius Ptolemy
3. Archipelago of St. Lazarus
4. Felipinas - named by Ruy Lopez de Villalobos in honor of Crown Prince Felipe.
5. Philippine Islands
6. Republic of the Philippines

Pearl of the Orient Seas - the most popular nickname for the Philippines

Location
1. Y’ami - Northernmost island
2. Saluag - Southernmost island
3. Balabac Island - Westernmost island
4. Pusan Pt - Easternmost island

Philippine Location is important because:

1. It is the only Christian nation in the non-Christian Asian world;
2. It is a melting pot of races and cultures;
3. It is the bridge that links the oriental and Occidental worlds
4. It is at the crossroads of Asia’s air and sea routes.
5. It is the bastion of democracy in Asia.

National Territory of the Philippines Shape &

 island Size
 adjacent seas
 submarine areas 300,780 sq.
 air space above miles – total
land area of
Definition of History
 History was derived from the Greek word “istoria” which means “knowledge acquired through
inquiry or investigation”.
 As a discipline it existed for around 2,400 years and is as old as mathematics and philosophy.

History – provides us significant records of events of the past, a meaningful story of mankind depicting
the details of what happened to man and why it happened.

Various Historians

 “History is the record of what one age finds worthy of note in another.” - Burckhardt
 “History, in its broadest sense, is everything that ever happened.”- Henry Johnson
 “The value & interest of history depend largely on the degree in which the present is illuminated
by the past.” - V.S. Smith
 “History is the story of man’s struggle through the ages against Nature and the elements;
against wild beasts & the jungle & some of his own kind who have tried to keep him down and
to exploit him for their own benefit.” – Jawaharal Nehru

Nature of History
1. History is a study of the present in the light of the past.
2. History is the study of man.
3. History is concerned with man in time.
4. History is concerned with man in space.
5. History provides an objective record of happenings.
6. History is multisided.
7. History is a dialogue between the events of the past & progressively emerging future ends.
8. History is not only narration but it is also an analysis.
9. Continuity and coherence are the necessary prerequisites of history.
10. History is relevant.
11. History is comprehensive.

Relevance & Functions of History

1. History helps us understand people & societies.
2. History contributes to moral understanding
3. History provides identity
4. Studying history is essential for good citizenship.
5. History is useful in the world of work.

Historical Sources - an object from the past or testimony concerning the past which historian’s use to
create their own depiction of the past.

 Written Sources: are published materials (books, journals etc.) and manuscript (handwritten
and unprinted like archival materials and memoirs)
 Non written Sources: Oral history, artifacts, fossils, etc.
Primary Sources
 Testimony of an eyewitness.
 It must have been produced by a contemporary of that is narrated.
 It is a document or physical object written or created during the time under study.
 These sources were present during an experience or time period and offer an inside view of a
particular event.

Secondary Sources
 Interpret and analyze primary sources.
 They are one or more steps removed from the event. Examples are printed textbooks

Kinds of Primary Sources Repositories

of Primary
 A historical record  Offic Sources
 Records of social ial
 Observations Rep  Nati
 Chronicles orts onal
 Human Fossils  Map Arch
 Artifacts s ives
 Royal Decrees and  Me of
 Laws moir the
s Phili
 Pers ppin
es
Examples of Secondary Sources Secondary
 Books with endnotes and footnotes Research
 Biographies Sources
 Reprints of artwork  Boo
 A journal/magazine article which interprets or reviews previous findings ks
 Conference proceedings  Peri
 Literary criticism odic
 Book reviews als/
 Most works incorporating primary sources Mag
azin
es
Both primary and secondary

 Both primary and secondary sources are useful in writing and learning history. However, they
need to scrutinize thoroughly these document to avoid deception and to come up with the
historical truth.
Historical criticism

1. External Criticism - deals with the problem of authenticity: to spot hoaxes, fakes, forgeries and
fabrications. Tests of Authenticity are:
 Determine the date if it is Anachronistic: a material, skill or culture does not exist at that
time.
 Determine the author in the uniqueness of his handwriting or signature
 Determine the provenance or custody: genuineness
 Determine the Semantics, meaning of a text or word
 Determine the Hermeneutics, the ambiguities (the branch of knowledge that deals w/
interpretation, especially of the Bible)

2. Internal Criticism - It deals with the problem of credibility. The tests of credibility are:
 Determine the Character of the Author, his reliability, and his Ability and Willingness to
tell the truth
 Determine the Corroboration, historical facts rest upon the testimony of two or more
reliable witnesses

Historical Method
 The process of critically examining and analyzing the records and survivals of the past
 The historian is many times removed from the events under investigation
 They rely on surviving records
 History is a reconstruction

SEPTEMBER 13 LESSON: TABON CAVES

WEEK 3A
CLIFF
 BETWEEN THE YEAR OF 1962-1968
 FOUND BY ANTHROPOLOGIST DR. ROBERT FOX
 ARTIFACTS RECOVERED RANGING 50,000 YEARS AGO TO THE 14TH CENTURY

TABON MAN – THE OLDEST KNOWN HUMAN SKELETAL

TABON CAVE - Large main cave where only Pleistocene human fossils in the Philippines were found.
- Scattered fossils bones of at least 3 individuals were excavated

FOSSIL HUMAN BONES - Tabon Man may be dated from 22,000 – 24,000 years ago.

The Beginnings of Philippine Archaeology

- The discovery of TABON cave in Palawan
- Site of an important Philippine Archaeology discovery: THE TABON MAN
- He led a 6-year archaeological research in Palawan;
- Caves and rock shelters of Lipuun Point.
BURIAL JAR IN TABON CAVE
- AT LEAST 200 JARS, JAR COVERS AND SMALL VESSELS SCATTERED ON THE CAVE WAS
RECOVERED

MANUNGGUL CAVE
- DISCOVERED BY VICTOR DECALAN, HANS KASTEN AND VOLUNTEER WORKERS FROM US
PEACE CORPS IN 1964

MANUNGGUL JAR
- A KIND OF BURIAL JAR WHICH IS UNRIVALED IN SOUTHEAST ASIA AND CONSIDERED AS THE
WORK OF A MASTER POTTER, SIGNIFIES THE BELIEF OF EARLY FILIPINOS IN LIFE AFTER
DEATH.
- The boatman is seated behind a figure whose hands are crossed on the chest. The position
of the hands is a traditional Filipino practice observed when arranging the corpse.

Manunggul Cave
- Composed of 4 chambers with 3 openings but only 2 were used for jar burial.
- Has a large round mouth.
Tunnel-like having a send opening on the northeast side of the cliff.

CHAMBER A
- Has three animal or bird heads surrounding an opening
- A unique tripod construction

OTHER ARTIFACTS
 Wooden coffin
 La-huynb pottery
 Kalayaan pottery

CHAMBER B
- A highly decorated funerary
- Sand Tempering
- Surface colors
- Form of burial jars
- Trunconial jar cover

Types of Pottery
 Tabon plain
 Tabon polish
 Tabon impressed
INTERNALCRITICISM ABOUT THE AUTHOR

ROBERT BRADFORD FOX (1918-1985)

- ANTHROPOLOGIST AND LEADING HISTORIAN ON THE PRE-HISPANIC PHILIPPINES
- ACTIVELY SERVED THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES IN 1948-1975
SERVING AS CONSULTANT TO THE PHILIPPINE PRESIDENT ON ANTHROPOLOGICAL MATTERS
AND AS DEAN OF BRENT SCHOOL IN BAGUIO CITY.
- Head of the Anthropology Division of the National Museum of the Philippines
- Taught at the University of the Philippines and served as Presidential Assistant for National
Minorities

WEEK 3B
The Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History By William Henry Scott

THE MARAGTAS
History of Pana
 Published by the Kadapig sang Banwa at the El Tiempo Press, Iloilo in 1907
 It is written in mixed Hiligaynon and Kin-iraya

PEDRO MONTECLARO
 Born in Miag-ao, Iloilo on October 15, 1850
 Served as Teniente Mayor in 1891 and Gobernadorcillo in 1892-1894
 Also known as poet in both the vernacular and Spanish

CHAPTER 1: Anthropological treatise on the former customs, clothes, dialect, heredity, organization of
the Aetas (Negritos) of Panay.

CHAPTER 2: the upcoming of the Ten Datus from Borneo, fleeing the tyranny of Datu Makatunaw, and
their purchase of the Island of Panay from Marikudko.

CHAPTER 3: the romance of Sumakwel, Kapinangan and her lover Garung-garung, a charming little tale
in its own right.

TEN BORNEAN DATUS

1. DATU PUTI (and wife Piangpangan)
2. DATU SUMAKWEL (and wife Kapinangan)
3. DATU BANGKAYA (and wife Katurong)
4. DATU PAIBORONG (and wife Pabilaan)
5. DATU PADUHINOGAN (and wife Tibongsapay)
6. DATU DUMANGSOL
7. DATU LIBAY
8. DATU DUMANGSIL
9. DATU DUMALOGDOG
 10. DATU BALENSUELA
CHAPTER 4: concludes the tale of ten Datus, telling their political arrangements and their
circumnavigation of the Island

CHAPTER 5: another anthropological sort of treatise describing language, commerce, clothes , customs,
marriages, funerals, mourning habits, cockfighting, timekeeping techniques and calendars, and personal
characteristics

CHAPTER 6: gives the list of Castillian officials between 1637 and 1808 and the epilogue contains a few
18th century dates from Miag-ao

THE CONFEDERATION OF MADIA-AS

 The settlements set up in Panay by the seven Bornean datus.
 The datus divided the islands into three areas;
o Hantik under Datu Sumakwel
o Irong-irong under Datu Paliburong
o Aklan (now under Datu Bangkay.
 The 3 areas united themselves into a confederation under the overall rule of Datu Sumakwel,
the wisest of the datus and this grouping was called the Confederation of Madya-as.

WEEK 3C
Katipunan and Revolution: Memoirs of a General

Santiago Alvarez
- A revolutionary general and honorary president of the first directorate of the Nacionalista Party.
Known as "Kidlat ng Apoy" “Hero” of the Battle of Dalahican.
- In a 36-hour battle in Dalahican, one of the bloodiest encounters during the revolution, he
scored a decisive victory and repulsed the Spanish troops.

Battle of Dalahican
- Was a simultaneous battle during the Philippine Revolution that was fought from November 9–
11, 1896. The result of the battle was the first significant Filipino victory in the country's history.
Santiago Alvarez was considered the “HERO” in this battle.

Paula Carolina Malay

- Graduated from the University of the Philippines.
- Turned to translation and writing during the martial law period.
- Translated the Katipunan and the Revolution: Memoirs of a General.

Gen. Artemio Ricarte

- A Filipino general during the Philippine Revolution
- Regarded as the Father of the Philippine Army
- First Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines.
Emilio Aguinaldo
- Filipino revolutionary, politician, and military leader.
- First and the youngest President of the Philippines
- Original member of Katipunan. He led Philippine forces first against Spain in the latter part of
the Philippine Revolution

Raymundo Mata
- Fellow Caviteños

Jacinto Lumbreras
- A Magdiwang and first presiding officer of the Tejeros convention.
- A Katipunan member

Andres Bonifacio
- A Filipino revolutionary hero founded the Katipunan.
- First leader of the Philippine Revolution
- First self-declared President of the Independent Philippines

Dr. Pio Valenzuela

- A Filipino physician and a major figure during the Philippine Revolution
- Took on the responsibility of establishing factions of the secret society in different parts of
Morong or Rizal Province and Bulacan.
- Original member of Katipunan

Gregoria de Jesus
- Founder and vice-president of the women’s chapter of the Katipunan of the Philippines.
- Wife of Andres Bonifacio.

Jose Dizon
A Filipino patriot who was among those who founded the Katipunan

March 14, 1896 - Saturday

 Gen. Santiago V. Alvarez accompanied neophytes Emilio Aguinaldo and Raymundo Mata to
Manila for their initiation into the Katipunan secret society, where they waited at the quarters of
Jacinto Lumbreras, a Katipunan member.
 Before leaving Lumbreras’ place, the two were blindfolded asthey reach the home of Andres
Bonifacio, the Katipunan Supremo
 They pledged to destroy oppression by signing their names in their own blood and were
welcomed by fellow katipuneros.
April 6, 1896 – Monday
- Aguinaldo asked Santiago to accompany him to meet the Supremo Bonifacio to learn more
about the Katipunan.
- They travelled from Cavite to Manila via Ynchausti Boats.
Aguinaldo went to the port office to attend some business, only to be upset over the
superciliousness of Ramon Padilla, an official at the port office.
- They walked until they reached Lavezares Street, Binondo. They met with the Supremo Andres
Bonifacio, his wife Gregoria De Jesus, Jose Dizon, and Dr. Valenzuela himself.

KKK – Kataas-taasan Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan

- Katipunan literally means “assembly” or “association” that comes from the root word “tipon”
which means “gather”.
- A secret organization founded by Filipino patriots specifically Andres Bonifacio led to the
outbreak of the Philippine Revolution.

 Good Friday of April 1896

 At 9:00am
 They establish a provincial council of Katipunan

Magdiwang Government
- Mariano Alvarez as President.
- One of two Katipunan branches in Cavite along with Magdalo.
- The Magdiwang Council was acknowledged "as the supreme organ responsible for the
successful campaigns against the enemy.

History of the Filipino People

November 8, 1912
TEODORO A. AGONCILLO
 Teodoro A. Agoncillo, a renowned Filipino historian and national scientist, was born in Lemery,
Batangas.
 Agoncillo started writing history from the so-called Filipino point of view, along with his
contemporary historians Renato Constantino and Gregorio F. Zaide.
 They stand as the most prominent 20th century Filipino historians.
 Agoncillo’s “History of the Filipino People” was first published in 1960. It remained a popular
standard textbook in many Filipino universities.
 Some his other well-known works include Revolts of the Masses (1956), Malolos the Crisis of
the Republic (1960), the Fateful Years (1965), and History of the Filipino People (1960) which
are all still being used as textbooks in many schools.
 For this outstanding works as a historian, he was conferred as a National Scientist in 1985.
 Accordingly, Agoncillo obtained a Bachelor’s degree in Philosophy from the University of the
Philippine in 1934 and a Master’s degree in Arts from the same university.
  He became a linguistic assistant at the Institute of National Language and as an Instructor at the
Far Eastern University and at the Manuel L. Quezon University and a faculty member of U.P.,
chairing the Department of History from 1963 to 1969, until his retirement in 1977.
 Until his death on January 14, 1985, Agoncillo served as a member of the National Historical
Institute.

WEEK 4 - The First Voyage Round the World by Magellan

Antonio Lambardo Pigafetta

 The Author
 1441 – 1531
 Venetian Scholar and explorer.
 Magellan’s assistance.
 3 yrs. later, 18/240 men Spain in 1522
 Complete 1st circumnavigation of the world.

FIRST VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD

 Captain Ferdinand Magellan
 Centers on the events in MARIANA ISLANDS and THE PHILIPPINES

MARCH 16-18 1521

COCHI- IS THE FRUIT WHICH THE PALM TREES BEAR
 Zamal isle
 Humunu isle
 Archipelago of St. Lazaruz

MARCH 25-27 (PASSION WEEK)

 Small Island between west and southwest.
 Cenalo, Huinanghar, Ibusson, Abarien islands.

MARCH 28, 1521

 Boloto Boat- small boat
 Sumatra isle
 Traprobana- slave of the captain – became an interpreter

Practices of Early Filipinos as observed by the Spaniards:

1. Making oil out of coco
2. Making vinegar out of cochi
3. Getting coco milk
4. Coconut wine
5. Killing of pigs
6. Fishing
7. Unique fashion of drinking
8. Chewing of Areca
MARCH 28, 1521
 Balanghai – 80ft. Long boat
 Anime - palms or fig trees
 Use as candles and torches.

MARCH 28, 1521

 Zuluan and Calagan islands
 King Raia Kulambu and
 King Raia Saini

BARSBASTIGLY – KIND OF BIRD WHICH ARE LARGE AS EAGLES

 Mazaba island
 Ceylon isle
 Bohol isle
 Caninghan isle
 Baibai isle
 Satinghan isle

APRIL 7 – ENTERED ZUBU PORT

 Houses built on trees
 The king, the Governor, Chief of the police and 8 principal men induce people to become
CHRISTIANS.

Physical Appearance
1. Painted Faces
2. Half-naked
3. Decorated with bracelets and gold rings
4. Head wrapped with Linen (PUTONG)
5. Long, Black-haired
6. Carry small weapons

Characteristics of the Native Filipino

 Highly hospitable yet cautious
 A good company
 Religious

April 26
 Datu Zula – chief of the island of Mactan
 Ferdinand Magellan did not wish to fight, but sent message that if they obey the king as their
sovereign and pay tribute he would be their friend.
 The captain-general sent some men to burn their houses in order to terrify them.
 Lapu-lapu shot the captain through the right leg with poisoned arrow.
 Thus, they fought for more than one hour, refusing to retire further.
 He was so much wounded, that caused the captain to fall face downward.
  The battle was fought on Saturday, April 26, 1521
 The voyage lasted for 2 years, 11 months, and 16 days.

WEEK 4A
“Custom of the Tagalogs”
Las Costumbres de los Indios Tagalos de Filipinas
Juan de Plasencia

Juan de Plasencia
 A Spanish priest
 A Franciscan missionary arrived in the port of Cavite, Philippines on the 2nd month of July 1577
 He was distinguished for his labors among the natives.
 He established numerous primary schools and was well known for his linguistic abilities.
 He was one of the first to form a grammar and vocabolary of the Tagalog language.
 He wrote the “Custom of the Tagalogs” and “Doctrina Cristina”
 He died at Lilio, Laguna in 1590.

Social Classes
1. Chieftain (Datu)
2. Nobles (Maharlika)
3. Commoners (Aliping Namamahay)
4. Slaves (Aliping Saguiguilid)

DATU - Chief, captain of wars whom governed, obeyed and reverenced.

THREE CASTE

NOBLES OR MAHARLIKA
- Free-born, they do not pay taxes or tribute to the datu.
- Must accompany datu inwar, at their own expense.

COMMONERS OR ALIPING NAMAMAHAY

- They live in their own houses and lords of their property and gold.
- They are married and serve their master.
- The children inherit and enjoy their property and lands.

SLAVES OR ALIPING SAGUIGUILID

- They serve their master in his house and his cultivated lands and can be sold.

MARRIAGE CUSTOMS
- Dowries are given by the men to the women’s parents.

RELIGIOUS BELIEFS
  BATHALA - Also believe in sacred animals and trees
 NAGANITOS - The whole barangay or family united and joined in the worship.
 TEMPLE - The house for worship.
 MAPLON - change of seasons
 BALATIC - our Greater Bear
 LICHA - images with many shapes

DIAN MASALANTA - patrons of lovers and of generation.

LACAPTI AND IDIANALE – patrons of the cultivated lands and of husbandry.
BUAYA / CROCODILE - paid reverence to water-lizards.
CATALONA - either a man or a woman.
MANGAGAUAY - witches, who deceived by pretending to heal the sick.
MANYISALAT - had the power in applying such remedies.
MANCOCOLAM - whose duty is to omit fire from himself at night, once or oftener each month.
HOCLOBAN - greater efficacy than the manggauay.
SILAGAN - if they saw anyone clothed in white, they tear out the liver and eat it.
MAGTATANGAL - to show himself at night to many persons without his head or pretended to carry his
head to different places, and in the morning returned to his body.
OSUANG - equivalent to “sorcerer”. They have seen him fly and that her murdured men and ate their
flesh.
MANGAGAYOMA - they made charms for lovers out of herbs, stones, and wood which will infuse the
heart with love.
SONAT - to help one to die. It predicted the salvation or condemnation of the soul.
PANGATAHOJAN - a soothsayer and predicted the future.
BAYOGUIN – signified a “cotoquean.” The nature inclined toward that of a woman.

MANNER IN BURRYING THE DEAD:

 The deceased is buried beside his house;
 If he were a Chief, he was placed beneath a little house or porch which they constructed for his
purpose.
 They mourned for 4 days
 Layed him on a boat or bier
 If the deceased had been a warrior, a living slave was tied beneath his body
 The grief is also accompanied by eating and drinking.

CASAMAAN - confessed more clearly to hell.

SITAN - there dwell the demons.

SEPTEMBER 20 LESSON:
Week 4B - KARTILLA NG KATIPUNAN

EMILIO JACINTO
- He was one of the highest ranking officers during the Philippine revolution.
- He joined the secret society kataastaasan,kagalang-galangang katipunan ng mga anak ng
bayan, better known as the katipunan, at the age of 19.
- He serve as the advisor on fiscal matters and secretary to Andres Bonifacio.
- He edited the revolutionary newspaper of the katipunan called KALAYAAN under the
pseudonym 'Dimasilaw‘ and used the monicker 'Pingkian‘ in the secret society. Identified as
the BRAIN OF THE KATIPUNAN, he authored the kartilya ng katipunan.
- Bonifacio found a twin soul in katipunan the younger and intelligent Emilio Jacinto
- Born in Tondo, Manila on December 12,1875
- Jacinto lived a hard life when he was young. His father died early which compelled his
mother to send him to his uncle's house for support
- He first studied at San Juan de Letran and later transferred to the University of Santo Tomas
where he studied law
- Jacinto joined at the katipunan leaving his studies
- Bonifacio warmed up to him and a deep friendship developed between the two, then
greatly influenced the katipunan.
- Bonifacio assigned him to lead the rebels in laguna
- He died in Mahayhay Laguna on April 6, 1899 at the young age of 24

WEEK 5 - APOLINARIO MABINI

Philippine Revolution

APOLINARIO MABINI - referred to as “Brain of the Philippine Revolution.”

FIRST STAGE OF THE REVOLUTION

- August 1896, head of the printing press of the Diario de Manila, LaLiga and the Cuerpo de
Compromisarios having discovered.
- Bonifacio and followers flee to the mountains

FIRST STAGE OF PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION

 The fate of the captured was cruel and horrible.
 Many died as a result; many were executed under court-martial, many others shot without
any trial at all, and others suffocated in grim dugeons.
 Rizal was shot on the 30th of December 1896 as the principal instigator of the movement.
 The rebels preferred to die fighting even through armed only with bolos.
 The movement had more success in Cavite
 The Katipunan had the provincial councils MAGDALO in Kawit led by Baldomero Aguinaldo
and the MAGDIWANG in Noveleta under Mariano Alvarez.
 A number of katipuneros in San Francisco de Malabon.
  The citizens of Noveleta, under the Command of Gen. Artemio Ricarte, threw back the
forces of Gen. Blanco on the 9th of November 1896.
 Don Candido Tirona died in the encounter.
 Binacayan which had fallen to the Spaniards a few days before.
 MAGDALO took the provincial jurisdiction, the towns of Kawit, Imus, Bacoor, Perez
Dasmarinas, Silang, Mendez, Nunez, and Amadeo.
 Don Ediberto Evangelista – a Manilan, civil engineer put his services and directed all defense
works which would give the Spanish forces so much trouble
 March 12, 1897 – military leaders gathered for the TEJEROS ASSEMBLY
 Andres Bonifacio agreed on the election of the central government.
 Don Emilio Aguinaldo was elected president and Don Mariano Trias as the vice-president
 Andres Bonifacio was elected director of Interior but affronted when some opposed his
appointment because he was not educationally qualified.
 He walked out from the session hall and announced that he would not recognized the new
government.
 Majority of the katipuneros recognized the new revolutionary government led by Emilio
Aguinaldo.
 Emilio Aguinaldo established a new government the Biak-na-bato Republic.
 Gov. Polavieja was replaced by Gov. Primo de Rivera.
 He proposed the ending of the rebellion through peaceful negotiations.
 PEDRO PATERNO – offered his services to act as a negotiator.
 August 9, 1897 Paterno arrived at BNB and presented the offers of Gov. Gen. Primo de
Rivera
 PACT OF BIAK-NA-BATO – took 4 months for Paterno to arrange the peace agreement.

DECEMBER 14 AND 15, 1897

 Pact of BNB were made of 3 documents with the following provisions:
1. That the revolutionalists would lay down their arms and be given full amnesty;
2. That Aguinaldo and his top officials would go voluntary exile to HongKong;
3. That the Spanish government would pay the revolutionalists 800,000 payable in 3 installments;
400,000 upon embarkation of Aguinaldo and parties; 200,000 when 700 firearms have been
surrendered by the revolutionalists; and the balance of 200,000 upon the declaration of general
assembly.
4. Additional 900,000 indemnity for Filipino civilians who suffered losses from the revolution.
 Pres. Aguinaldo to order all the people in arms to surrender and turn over their weapons to the
Spanish authorities.
 The Pact of Biak-na-Bato gave the leaders of the Revolution an advantageous way out.

DECEMBER 27, 1897

 Revolutionary leaders went on voluntary exile to HongKong.
 Both parties did not faithfully comply with the provisions of the peaceful agreement.
 The revolutionalists did not surrender all their firearms.
 1,700,000 indemnity, only 600,000 was actually given to them.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE REVOLUTION
  Domingo Franco was beaten up and shot while Apolinario Mabini was covered by Gov. Primo de
Rivera’s amnesty proclamation and set free by virtue for having been confined for almost 6
months.
 May 1, 1898 Aguinaldo returned to the island.
 A proposal for the creation of the government.
 Mabini proposed a dictatorial authority and make him the head of a new department.
 The Philippine government moved from Bacoor, Cavite to Malolos, Bulacan.
 The first results of this assembly’s deliberations were the ratification of the proclamation of
independence prematurely made in Kawit & the decision to draft the constitution for the
establishment of Philippine Republic.
 Mabini became the adviser of Aguinaldo
 According to Aguinaldo, it was not yet time for the drafting of a constitution since the
independence of the Philippines was not yet officially recognized.
 Treaty of Paris was concluded on 10 th December and had vested in theCongress of the US the
authority to
 Determine the civil rights and the political status of the Filipinos and Congress according to
General Otis.
 Our improvised militia could not withstand the first blow struck by the disciplined American
troops.
 The Filipino general staff had not studied or laid down any plans for offensive movements in
case of an outbreak of hostilities.
 The Philippine Government was compelled to leave Malolos for San Isidro in the province of
Nueva Ecija
 Calumpit bridge had fallen to the American forces
 Aguinaldo sent a telegram asking Luna to see him in Cabanatuan
 Luna is accompanied by Colonel Francisco Roman who died with him.
 Gen. Otis exploited by landing his infantry in San Fabian, San Jose and Umingan, San Quintin,
and Tayug cutting all of Aguinaldo lines of retreat & giving the deathrow to the Revolution
 Had Luna been alive, Otis mortal blow would have been barred or at least timely prevented and
Aguinaldo military command would not have been exposed.
 The Revolution failed:
o because it was badly led;
o Because its leader won his post by reprehensible rather than meritorious acts;
o Because instead of supporting the men most useful to the people, he made it useful out
of jealousy
o He judged the worth of men not by their ability, character and patriotism but rather by
their degree of friendship and kinship ;
o Because he neglected the people;

WEEK 5A - MGA GUNITA NG HIMAGSIKAN

JANUARY 1897
 FELICIANO JOCSON, owner of a drug store accompanied Gen. Jos Alejandrino to HongKong
to buy guns with the sum of P20, 000 that the two councils gave them. They succeeded in
buying the arms.

EMILIO AGUINALDO BLOODIEST FIGHT

NOVEMBER 1, 1896
 They planned to attack the detachment of Spanish soldiers in Bañadero, Tanauan, Batangas.
 Seasoned Generals – Candido Trias Tirona and Pio Del Pilar and Vito Belarmino.
 Tagaytay, Iruhin and Talisay finalizing for the attack
 B. Aguinaldo send a message to go home because a large number of Spanish soldiershad
landed at Polvorin, Binakayan.
 4:00AM – started for homeward & noticedthat the soldiers were almost running to reach
the destination. He said, “Refrain from running & conserve your energy.”
 MESSAGE: B. Aguinaldo carried by Lieutenant Dalupan – Kulanta, Binakayan under Gen.
Crispulo Aguinaldo was already in the hands of the enemy.
 The enemy was headed by Regiment 73 and 5 batallions of cazadores & marine infantry
under Gen. Ramon Blanco.
 I remembered that in the midst of this confusion, I spotted Candido Tria Tirona in a loud
voice admonished him to be careful. He seemed certain that no harm would befall him.
 After we had recovered that were taken from Gen. Crispulo Aguinaldo, I ordered the
soldiers to cas firing, as we were to face a bigger enemy from Polvorin.
 When the battle was all over, we realized that the whole province of Cavite had been
liberated.
 In the midst of this joyful triumph, I was greatly saddened by the news that Candido Tria
Tirona was killed in the encounter.
 November 12, 13, 14 it started bombarding again.

BONIFACIO invited to CAVITE

 After Supremo and his men met defeat at the hands of the Spaniards, he sent men to look for
him in the forests or Caloocan or Malabon and instructed to invite the Supremo to Cavite which
was already been liberated from Spanish rule for 3 months and peacefully being governed by
the Revolutionary Government.

DECEMBER 1896
 When the news of their arrival, I was fighting at Zapote, Arumahan, Las Piñas, and Pintong Bato,
Bacoor.
 The Zapote River turned red with human blood. This was almost an ordinary occurrence in our
columns.

MAGDIWANG COUNCIL REORGANIZED

PROVINCIAL COUNCILS

 The SUCCESS of the liberation movement in Cavite was the result of the leadership and efforts
of the two councils: MAGDIWANG headed by General Mariano Alvarez in Noveleta and
MAGDALO of Cavite el Viejo by Baldomero Aguinaldo.

SAN FRANCISCO DE MALABON

MAGDIWANG COUNCIL_ MONARCHISM

 King - Andres Bonifacio

 Vice-King - Mariano Alvarez
 Minister of War - Ariston Villanueva
 Minister of Interior - Jacinto Lumbreras
 Minister of Finance - Diego Mojica
 Minister of Justice - Mariano Trias
 Minister of Natural Resources - emiliano Riego de Rios
 Captain General - Santiago Alvarez

HACIENDA IN IMUS
MAGDALO COUNCIL _ REPUBLICAN

 President - Gen. Baldomero Aguinaldo

 Vice-President - Edilberto Evangelista
 Secretary of War - Gen. Candido Tria Tirona
 Secretary of Interior - Felix Cuenca
 Secretary of Natural Resources - Glicerio Topacio
 Secretary of Agriculture - Cayetano Topacio
 Lieutenant General - Gen. Emiio Aguinaldo

MAGDIWANG COUNCIL
 Magdiwang council was very lucky for it figured in only one battle from the time war was
declared.
 This was the victory of Battle of Dalahikan, Noveleta. Credit for this goes to Gen. Pascual Alvarez,
Mariano Riego de Dios, Santiago Alvarez, Aguedo Montoya, Captain Francisco Montoya and
others.

MY ELECTION TO THE PRESIDENCY

PASONG SANTOL, DASMARIÑAS

 Col. Vicente Riego de Dios – tell me that I had been elected the head of the government as the
result of the Magdiwang and Magdalo factions.
 It was an election for the President of the Revolutionary Government.
ELECTION
 For President Andres Bonifacio and Emilio Aguinaldo were both dominated. Emilio Aguinaldo
won.
 For Vice-President: Andres Bonifacio was again nominated but Gen. Mariano Trias defeated him
 Captain General Santiago Alvarez and Gen. Artemio Ricarte were nominated Gen. Ricarte won,
but objected. However, it was overruled & was proclaimed.
 For the Secretary of War, Andres Bonifacio was nominated for the 3rd time, but Gen. Emiliano
Reigo de Dios beat him.
 Secretary of Interior, Bonifacio again was nominated. This time he won & everybody
congratulaed him. But Gen. Daniel Tirona objected on the ground that he is not a lawyer and of
his educational attainment.
 According to Bonifacio, “Did we not agree from the beginning that whoever among us was
elected in this meeting will be recognized and respected byeveryone?”
 “Yes, sir,” the assembly agreed
 “Then, why is it that when I won, there was an objection?”
 “Nobody seconded the motion,” reminded the group
 The Supremo stood up and declared, “By virtue of my being head of this national meeting, I
declare this election null and void.”
 The meeting was resumed, the delegates then reiterated their respect for the elected officials
and appointed commission
 The meeting was temporarily adjourned while they waited for the appearance of Gen. Emilio
Aguinaldo.

MARCH 22
 Emilio Aguinaldo was elected, his birthday, which seems to point that it is God’s will that you
lead this struggle for our Motherland. – Gen. Crispulo Aguinaldo, eldest brother.
 7:00PM they took their oaths of office.
 After the oath-taking, “I told them of the need to come to Tanza and help Gen. Crispulo
Aguinaldoin Pasong Santol.”

MARCH 23
 Supremo and his ministers, including Gen. Ricarte met in council and passed a resolution
declaring null and void the general meeting on March 22 in Tejeros, Malabon.
 Aguinaldo’s response: Instead going after Bonifacio, I chose to ignore them. I patiently accepted
this difficult situation of brother against brother be stopped.
 But what a bitter disappointment & sorrow, we learned that our troops bound for Pasong Santol
were all intercepted by General Ricarte, upon orders of the Supremo.
 They were also instructed to kidnap me on my way to Imus. When I learned about this plot I
said, “Our Revolution is bound to fail because of the selfishness & vindictiveness of one
person.”

MARCH 25
 Like a thundervolt, the news came that Pasong Santol had been taken by the enemy and the
Spanish flag raised in victory, but Gen. Crispulo Aguinaldo died fighting as he had vowed.
To Emilio Aguinaldo’s mind……
 A disaster could have been averted had not Andres Bonifacio asked Gen. Artemio Ricarte to
intercept our reinforcement to Pasong Santol.
 This is a black spot of the history of our struggle for independence which I can never forget.

RETURNED TO IMUS
 I was plunged into deep thinking about the fate of our Revolution. I had to go over the events
with regret & remorse. Added to this depressing state of affairs was the news that Supremo had
ordered my capture on my way home to Pasong Santol.
 “It was not illogical to conclude that the plan of Bonifacio was not merely to cripple the forces of
Gen. Crispulo Aguinaldo but also to make my capture easy.

April 29, 1897

 Col. Bonson, Pava, and Topacio returned to Naic with their captives headed by Andres, Procopio
Bonifacio.
 The capture of the Supremo and the immediate surrender of his troops averted unnecessary
bloodshed and killing on both sides.

THE MILITARY COURT

 My generals wanted Andres and Procopio Bonifacio shot to death without the benefit of trial.
 I listened carefully and weighted their arguments. I noticed they were very sad about the whole
thing.

ENEMY ATTACK ON NAIC

 The Spaniards once more showed their bravery and courage in facing our soldiers who showed
equal valor & determination.
 This was the 2nd time I was rumored to be dead.

DEATH OF THE BONIFACIO BROTHERS

 After a detailed and careful trial by the military court composed of 7 members, the two
Bonifacio brothers were found guilty of disloyalty, treachery, sedition, and rebellion against the
revolutionary government.
 The court unanimously imposed the death sentence on them.
 I never thought that in this struggle against Spain, I would have an enemy and a Filipino at that.
 General, if you will allow Andres Bonifacio to leave, the cause of the revolution will be in danger.
 We cannot be divided in these critical moments.
 May 10, 1897 Major Macapagal and his men took the prisoners to Mount Tala where they were
shot.
 As I was busy leading the fight against the enemy in Maragondon, I did not learn of the
execution of the Bonifacio brothers until days later.
WEEK 5B: DECLARATION OF PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE

 Battle of Manila Bay on May 1, 1898

 Kawit Cavite before Cavite-Viejo
 June 12, 1898
 L.M. Johnson – acted as witnessed
 98 delegates
 Treaty of Paris on 10 December 1898
 Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista
 National Flag of The Philippines designed by General Aguinaldo and made in Hong kong by
Marcela Agoncillo and Delfina Herboza
 “Marcha Filipina Magdalo”
 Julian Felipe- composer
 Jose Palma poem “Filipina

A. The lower red stripe represents patriotism and valor.

B. The upper blue stripe signifies peace, truth and justice.
C. The white triangle stands for Equality
D. The three stars indicate the three Geographical areas of Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao.
E. The eight rays of the sun refer to the first eight provinces of Manila, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva
Ecija, Bataan, Laguna, Batangas and Cavite.

1. When was the Philippines discovered? March 15, 1521

2. The Battle when Magellan Died. The Battle of Mactan
3. He arrived in the Philippines on 1565. Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
4. The Philippines was named after him. King Philip II
5. Spain’s primary aim and intention in the Philippines was to spread? Roman Catholicism
6. Katipunan was created by Dr. Jose Rizal. False
7. June 12, 1898 is the Philippine Independence. True
8. Emilio Aguinaldo the first President of the Philippine Republic. True
9. Magdalo led by Andres Bonifacio False
10. The upper blue stripe signifies Patriotism and Valor. False
MIDTERM
OCTOBER 4 LESSON: Treaty of Paris of 1898 (Tratado de Paris de 1898; Kasunduan sa Paris ng 1898)

Treaty of Peace between the United States of America and the Kingdom of Spain

Type: Peace Treaty

Signed: 10th of December, 1898
Location: Paris, France
Condition: Exchange of Ratifications
Language used: English and Spanish
Countries involved: Cuba, Puerto Rico, Mariana Islands and Philippines

15th of February 1898

USS Maine, a United States Navy ship that sank in Havana Harbor in February 1898, contributing
to the outbreak of the Spanish–American War in April.

The Sinking USS Maine

US Consul E. Spencer Pratt met with Aguinaldo during his visit and promised him the independence of
the Philippines in exchange for his assistance in the war against Spain.

George Dewey
Hero of Manila
Best known for his victory at the Battle of Manila Bay on 1st of May 1898 during the Spanish-
American War, with the loss of only a single crewman on the American side.

Battle of Manila Bay

Mock Battle of Manila

On 13th of August 1898, the local Spanish and American generals, who were legally still at war,
secretly and jointly planned the battle to transfer control of the city center from the Spanish to the
Americans while keeping the Philippine Revolutionary Army out of the city center.

Treaty of Paris
 Treaty of Paris in 1898 was an agreement between United States and Spain that officially ended
the Spanish-American War.
 Conference opened on 1st of October 1898
 Signed on 10th of December 1898
 Decision of the future of Cuba, Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico, and Marianas Island.

The first Philippine Republic tried to send a Filipino delegation to participate and observe the
negotiation but it was denied.
Felipe Agoncillo
A Filipino lawyer and diplomat who denied in participation despite in his petitions, he was not
allowed to join.

The demand was ultimately accepted with great reluctance by Spain, with the stipulation that
the United States should pay Spain $20 million nominally for public buildings and public works in the
Philippines.

The treaty was vigorously opposed in the U.S. Senate as inaugurating a policy of “imperialism” in
the Philippines and was approved on Feb. 6, 1899, by only a single vote. (57-27)

Philippine-American War
Two days earlier, hostilities had begun at Manila between U.S. troops and insurgents led by
Emilio Aguinaldo. For more than three years the Filipinos carried on guerrilla warfare against U.S. rule.

THE PHILIPPINES UNDER AMERICAN TUTELAGE

 August 1898 – the Americans established military government in the country.
 Gen. Wesley Merritt – 1st military governor in the country.
 Gen. Elwell Otis – 2nd military governor in the country replacing Gen. Merritt.
- made declaration of war.

Malolos Batallion
1. Major Donato Teodoro
2. Gen. Antonio Luna

 New York Times - an American journal

First Philippine Commission

 January 20, 1899
 Schurman Commission
 Dr. Jacob Schurman

 Bates Agreement – settlement of Sulu as a protectorate of the US.

 Januario Galut – Filipino spy for the Americans.
 Gen. Frederic Funston – learned of the whereabouts of Aguinaldo.
 Gen. Vicente Lukban – gave the Americans the most humiliating defeat. “Massacre of
Balanginga”
 Gen. Miguel Malvar – last general to surrender to the Americans.
 September 11, 1902 – Philippine-American war had finally ended. (3 years and 7 mos.)

The Second Philippine Commission

 March 16, 1900
  Taft Commission
 Chaired by William Howard Taft
The Establishment of American Civil Government
 March 2, 1901
 Army Appropriation Act
 It create Civil Government in the Philippines.
 Spooner Amendment (Sen. John Spooner of Wiscousin)

 July 4, 1901 – inauguration of the Civil Government.

 June 3, 1900 – the right to exercise legislative functions in the Philippines.

Judge William Howard Taft

 1st Civil Government in the Philippines
 He was a well-loved governor.

 Sen. John Spooner – a man responsible for the ending of the Military Administration in the
Philippines.
 Cayetano Arellano – Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.
 Philippine Bill of 1902 / Philippine Organic Act of 1902 – 1st stage in the development of the
Civil Government.
 Luke E. Wright – replaced Taft as Civil Governor.
 Henry C. Ide – replaced Wright on April 2, 1906.

Manuel L. Quezon
 Majority Floor Leader
 Resident Commissioner 1909
 Outstanding Performance

 Francis Burton Harrison – a new governor in the Philippines.

Accomplishments of Harrison Administration:

1. Giving the Filipinos the majority in the Upper House (5/9).
2. Harrison replaced American employees with Filipinos in government office (89%).
3. The Jones Bill of 1912.

 Jones Law / Philippine Autonomy Law – an American Law

First Independence Mission

 Composed of 40 members
 Leader: Manuel L. Quezon
 Stable government already exist.

 Newton Baker (War Secretary) – Philippine Independence symphatizer.

  Warren G. Harding – Republican President
 In his desire to know the true state of the Philippines, he sent the Wood Forbes Mission.
 The special commission was constituted by Maj. Gen. Leonard Wood & William C. Forbes.

 Philippine Congress 1922 – 2nd Independence Mission to the U.S.

o It came out the recommendation of deferring the granting of Philippine Independence.
o Due to poor financial state, bankruptcy of the PNB and the instability of the
government.

Restoration of Filipino Cooperation

A good working relationship between the Governor-general and the Philippine Legislature was
restored.

Educational Developments
 Americans started opening schools in Manila
 Act 74 – The Philippine public school system enacted by the Taft Commission in January 1901.
 The compulsory teaching of English in school.
 Recruitment of trained teachers in the U.S.
 Abolition of compulsory religious instruction.

 Thomasites – 1st American teachers arrived in Manila on August 23, 1901.

 Act 1870 – created the University of the Philippines in 1908 enacted by Philippine Commission
and Philippine Assembly.

Private Higher Education Institutions during American Regime

1. Siliman University in 1901 (Negros Oriental)
2. Centro Escolar University founded by Librada Avelino in 1907.
3. Philippine Women’s University founded by Francisca T. Benitez in 1919.

 Pensionados – Hundreds of Filipino scholars were sent to the US on free government.

Religious Developments
1. The Introduction of Protestantism
2. The Rise of the Philippine Independent Church was the establishment of Aglipayan Church on
August 3, 1902

 1923 – 3rd Independence Mission likewise failed.

 1924-1930 - 4th–8th Independence Mission
 OX-ROS Mission 1931 – 9th Independence Mission

Hare-Hawes Cutting Act

 Representative Hare
 Senator Harry Hawes
 Senator Cutting
  10th – 11th Independence Mission

 Tyding-McDuffie Law – a new independence measure.

 May 1, 1934 – accepted the Tydings-McDuffie Law by the Philippine Legislature.

COMMONWEALTH OF THE PHILIPPINES

July 10, 1934
 Draft the constitution of the Philippines in the Constitutional Convention;
 Inaugurated at the Legislative building in Manila
 Claro M. Recto – president of the convention.

September 17, 1935 – 1st national election for the President and the members of the national assembly.

Three Parties:
1. Coalition Party (Quezon & Osmena)
2. Nacionalista Party ( Aguinaldo & Raymundo Melliza)
3. Republican Party (Bishop Gregorio Aglipay & Norberto Nabong)

November 15, 1935 – inaugurated the Commonwealth of the Philippines.

National Defense – the prime duty of the government.

Departments established on 1941

1. Finance department
2. National economic council – promotion of industries crop production, enterprises, tariffs and
taxation.
3. National Development Company – mass production of staples like rice and corn.
4. Agricultural & Industrial Bank – to help small farmers with convenient loans on easy terms.
5. National Council of Education – Rafael Palma – Chairman.
6. Court of Appeals – aid in the speedy disposition of cases.
Justice Pedro Concepcion – 1st presiding justice.
7. Institute of National Language – November 13, 1936.
8. Joint Preparatory Commission on Philippine Affairs (JPCPA) – mutual trade between the two
countries.
9. Commonwealth Plebescite – Filipino women were allowed to vote.
Filipino Grievances Against Governor Wood
(PETITION LETTER) Approved by the Commission on Independence on November 17, 1926

Gregorio Zaide
 Internationally known as Filipino historian, author and politician from Pagsanjan, Laguna
 Authored 67 books, that are used in schools both secondary and Colleges
 He compiled and annotated the petition letter for the constitutional representatives of the
Filipinos.
 He has also written beyond 500 articles about History that has been published both in national
and international.

Governor-General Leonard Wood

 Sent to the Philippines as Governor-General.
 1923, he came to the Philippines after his ministration in Cuba.
 Authorized governor of the Moro province, comprising Southern Island and Mindanao.

Filipino Grievances Against Governor Wood

 The period of American colonization of the Philippines lasted 48 years, from cession of the
Philippines to the U.S. by Spain in 1898 to U.S. recognition of Philippine independence in 1946.
 Philippines under American flag.
 Symbol of freedom and altruism, not subjugation and selfishness or greed.
 Avowed purpose is to train us in the art of self-government and granting us independence.
 Promised that our country would be conserved and developed for the benefit of people.
 The first 20 years of civil government were marked by mutual understanding and loyal
cooperation between American and Filipinos.
 The president of US sent General Wood to the Philippines to fulfill his promise.

Calvin Coolidge
 American politician and lawyer who served as the 30th president of the United States from 1923
to 1929.
 Filipino Grievances Against Governor Wood

Filipino Grievances Against Governor Wood

EXPECTATION
 Filipinos expected that spirit of cooperation would be maintained. Political emancipation would
be complete.

REALITY
 There was a train of arbitrary acts Resulted in curtailment of our autonomy & destruction of our
constitutional system Reversal of America's Philippine Policy.
ARBITARY ACTS OF GOVERNOR GENERAL WOOD
 He has refused his assent to laws which were the most wholesome & necessary heads of
department.
 He has set at naught both the legal authority and responsibility for the Philippine heads of
departments.
 He has substituted his constitutional advisers for a group of military attaches without legal
standing in the government and not responsible to the people.
 He has reversed the policy of Filipinizing the service of the government by appointing Americans
even when Filipinos of proven capacity were available.
 He has obstructed the carrying out of national economic policies duty adopted by the
Legislature, merely because they are in conflict with his personal views.
 He has unduly interfered in the administration of justice.

Filipino Grievances Against Governor Wood

EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 37

 Based on an opinion rendered by the Judge Advocate General of the United States
and the confirmatory opinion of the acting Advocate General on November 17,
1926.

1. American sovereignty was implanted in our country with the avowed purpose of training us in
the art of self government and granting us independence. TRUE
2. The first twenty years of civil government were marked by mutual understanding and loyal
cooperation between America and Philippines. TRUE
3. Approved by the commission on independence on November 17, 1926
4. He has unduly interfered in the Administration of Justice
5. He has set at naught both the legal authority and Responsibility of the Philippines heads of
departments.
6. The first 20 years of civil government were marked by mutual understanding and loyal
cooperation between america and filipino?
7. What place general leonardo wood send as governor general? Philippines
8. He refused his assets the laws which were the most wholesome and necessary for the public
good. True
9. He has unduly interfered in the administration of justice. True
10. What laws he declare to creating and defining powers of the board of control Executive Order
37
Raiders of the Sulu Sea

 Based on the documentary about the pirates of the Sulu Seas from Mindanao.
 The documentary demonstrates how these raiders were actually plying their trade before and
during the Spanish Colonization.

The Port Pilar

 Located on the Southern tip of Mindanao in Zamboanga.
 Established by Spaniards.
 Constructed with 10 high meter wall fortification all around.
 Used as base of the Spaniards to facilitate their trade.
 Requested by Jesuit Priest and Bishop Fray Pedro of Cebu upon the approval of the Spanish
Governor of the Philippines Juan Cerezo de Salamanca.

Three Different Tribes of Seafaring Filipino Muslims

 Tawi-Tawi and Sulu group of islands and the Maguindanao area is where the three tribes sails.

The three tribes were known as the;

1. Samal Balangingi
 One of the Samal Communities, that originally inhabited The Tongkil Island Group.
 They were relocated to Zamboanga Peninsula coast and Islands as a result of the 1848
military campaign.
2. Ilanuns or Iranuns
 Known as merciless
 Inhabited the Ilana bay area in southern Mindanao
 They were a fierce marine force of the Sultanate of Sulu.
3. Sultanate of Sulu or Tausug.
 People “Tau” Current “Sug”
 Constituted the people of Sultanate of Sulu or Lupah Sug.
 Speaks in Tausug Language that is related to the Butuan Dialect.

The Three Tribes are not really pirates during the times, instead they were plying their trade of
capturing people and selling them as slaves.

They land in different shores posing as fishermen and without any warning they draw their 1-
meter long swords and take many slaves as they can.

Once captured, the slaves palms are punctured and tied to each other, then they are loaded in a
25-27 meter by 6 meter boats that has 30 to 34 oarsmen and sails.
The Three Boats that the Raiders of the Sulu Sea Used
1. LANONG – the biggest boat that is used by the slave raiders.
2. GARAY – the fastest among the boats and can carry 60 – 80 men.
3. SALISIPAN – the smallest of all the boats and is used to monitor the sea shores and carry men
who pretend to be fishermen.

The History Documentary was actually focusing on how the tribes were able to organize a FLOTILLA with
of a hundred ships or more with more than 3,000 men.
This happened when the three tribes connived to Fort Pilar.

How the tribes gathered?

 The three tribes had some sort of a pact on how to go about their business and employing
Tausugs as their warriors.
 One tribe could set out to sea with a few boats then drop-by each of the several bases of the
tribes along the shores.
 They would call upon all available seafarers to join the expedition.

The Slavery Trade Ended

 When the Spaniards ordered three steamboats from England.
 Steamboats were faster, easier to navigate and has various armament to take on the tribes.
 Spaniards were now able to chase and follow the boats to their bases and conduct raids.

The Documentary of Raiders of the Sulu Sea

 The documentary addresses Moro resistance versus Spanish and American rules in Southern
Philippines.
 Moro raids on coastal areas demonstrated resistance versus Spanish Rule.
 The Documentary of Raiders of the Sulu Sea
 The much-feared Dalasi attack in December 1720 failed, although Zamboanga was under siege.
 These raids were sanctioned by the Sultan for Political and economic motives.
 Spanish policy was to stop raids, participate and monopolize trade and propagate Christianity.
 Slave raiding was part of the bigger regional trade in Islands Southeast Asia.
 Moro defiance against America imposition dramatized resistance versus American Rule.
 Colonial rule and armed conflicts in this region cause the impoverishment of Muslim Areas.

Sulu in Spanish Times

 Jolo was a “slave market” in the 18th to 19th Century.
 Panglima Taupan, from Balanguingui Tribe was a notorious Slave Raider.
 Spain wanted to control maritime trade in Sulu Sea in addition to its goal of Christianizing the
population
 “Money and Mission can go together” they believed.

Weapons used by the Raiders

1. Kalis – used by Tausug and Balanguingui Tribe. Cherished for its symbolic connection and
continuity with ancestors struggle.
 2. Barong – also used by Tausug and Balanguingui Tribe. It is valued for its steely cutting strength in
cutting into halves modern riffles.
3. Kampilan – used by Ilanuns. Described as long and sharp, used to decapitate his opponent and
cut the opponent’s head.

The Reason behind Raiders of the Sulu Sea Attacking

 The Three Tribes which are the Balanguingui Samal, Ilanun, Tausugs started to attack the Fort
Pilar to opposed the changes that Spaniards want them to follow.
 The three tribes didn’t like the idea of the Spaniards forcing them to convert into Christianity.
 They want to fight for their identity, traditions, and religion.

The Two Faces of the 1872 Cavite Mutiny

“GOMBURZA”
The Martyrdom of the three martyr priests in the person of Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose
Burgos and Jacinto Zamora (GOMBURZA)

All Filipino must know the different sides of the story since this event led to another tragic yet
meaningful part of our history.

1872 Cavite Mutiny : SPANISH PERSPECTIVE

 Jose Montero y Vidal a Spanish historian documented the event and highlighted it as an
attempt of indios to overthrow the Spanish government in the Philippines.
 Gen. Rafael Izquierdo’s official report magnified the event and made use of it to implicate the
native clergy.
 Izquierdo and Montero scored out that the main reason of the revolution are the abolition of
privileges of the worked of Cavite.
 Izquierdo reported to the King of Spain that the ‘rebels’ wanted to overthrow the Spanish
government to install a new ‘hari’ in the likes of Father Gomez, Burgos and Zamora.

January 20, 1872

 The district of Sampaloc celebrated the feast of the Virgin of Loreto.
 The participant celebrated it with the fireworks display.
 Those in Cavite mistook it as the sign for the attack.
 The 200 men contingent headed by Seargent Fernando Lamadrid launched an attack targeting
Spanish officers at sight and seized the arsenal.

February 17, 1872

 Attempt of the Spanish government and Frailocracia to instill fear among Filipinos so that they
may never commit such daring act again, the GOMBURZA were executed.
 The execution of the Gomburza is one of the moving forces that shaped Filipino Nationalism.
A Response to Injustice: The Filipino Version of the Incident

 Dr. Trinidad Hermenigildo Pardo de Tavera, a Filipino scholar and researcher, wrote the Filipino
version of the Filipino incident in Cavite.
 In his point of view, the incident was a mere mutiny by the native Filipino soldiers and laborers.
 On January 20, 1872, about 200 men comprised of soldiers, laborers of the arsenal and
residents of Cavite headed by Sergeant La madrid rose in arms and assassinated the
commanding officers and Spanish officers in sight.
 Tavera believed that the Spanish friars and Gen. Izquierdo used Cavite Mutiny as a powerful
lever by magnifying it as a full blown Conspiracy.
 Central Government of Spain welcomed an educational degree authored by Segismundo Moret
promoted the fusion of sectarian schools run by the friars into a schools called “Philippine
Institute”.
 Convicted educated men who participated in the mutiny were sentenced life imprisonment
while members of the native clergy headed by the GOMBURZA were executed by garrote.
 This leads to the awakening of Nationalism and eventually to the outbreak of Philippine
Revolution.

Unravelling the Truth

Considering the four accounts of the 1872 Mutiny, there were some basic facts that remained
unvarying:

1. There was a dissatisfaction among the workers of the arsenal; their privileges was drawn back
by Gen. Izquierdo.
2. Gen. Izquierdo introduced rigid and strict policies that made Filipinos move turn away from
Spanish Government in disgust.
3. The Central Government failed to conduct an investigation on what truly happened.
4. Filipino clergy members actively participated in the secularization movement in order to allow
Filipino priest to take hold of the parishes in the country making them prey to the to rage of the
friars.
5. Filipino was active participant and responded to what they deemed injustice.
6. The execution of GOMBURZA was a blunder on the part of Spanish government.

“Not forget those who fell during the night” -Elias (Noli Me tangere)

THE SITE OF THE FIRST MASS IN THE PHILIPPINE

A Reexamination of the Evidence By: Miguel A. Bernad

FIRST MASS
  According to Pigafetta, the first mass happened on March 31, 1521 which is Eastern Sunday on
Southern Leyte.
 Father Pedro de Valderrama held the mass and The Rajah of Mazaua and Rajah of Butuan were
present.
 After the mass party, a cross was planted on a summit of a little hill. The First Mass marked the
birth of Roman Catholicism in the Philippines.

WHY IN BUTUAN: Butuan Tradition: the 3 century tradition

THE MONUMENT ERECTED NEAR THE MOUTH OF AGUSAN RIVER WHICH HAS AN INSCRIPTION:
To the Immortal Magellan: the People of Butuan with their Parish Priest and the Spaniards
resident therein, to commemorate his arrival and the celebration of the First Mass on this site on the
8th of April 1521. Erected in 1872, under the District Governor Jose Ma. Carvallo.

 The date of the First Mass may be an error due to the use of Gregorian Calendar in the
translation of the original date
 Labor Evangelista (Father Francisco Colin)- The First Mass, Solemn planting of the cross and the
formal taking possession of the Islands in the name of the Crown of Castile happened in Butuan
on Easter Sunday of 1521.
 Historia de Mindanao y Jolo (Father Francsico Combes) Magellan landed on Butuan and planted
the cross in a solemn ceremony. Information about the First Mass is not mentioned.
 Colin and Combes both pictured that Magellan visited Butuan and Limasawa.

SUPPORTING EVIDENCES
 Name of the Place
 The expedition traveled 20 to 25 leagues from Homonhon, the first landing point
 The latitude position
 The geographical feature
o Bonfire
o Balanghai
o House
o Abundance of Gold
o Developed settlement

 POSSIBLE WITNESS:
o Gines de Mafra-
o Ambrosiana Codex

RECENT EVIDENCES
 1976-BCHFI’s 28 new gathered evidences and 10 newly discovered balanghai boats in Masao
River
 Statement of Gregorio Zaide
 Archaeologist examining the coordinates
 Yale Codex
CONCLUSION
 Mazaua is located 9 and 1/3 latitude, south of Seylani which is 10 latitude. This could mean that
it can be nearly located Butuan City or in the municipality of Agusan del Norte.

WHY IN LIMASAWA?:
 Limasawa is a small island now occupied by the province of Leyte
 Historically important because Ferdinand Magellan left after first landing and resting in
Homonhon in March 1521

IMPORTANT EVENTS TOOK IN LIMASAWA ISLAND:

 Ferdinand Magellan’s alliance with Raha Kulambu

 The First Mass
o According to Francisco Albo’s account, he didn’t mention the First Mass in the
Philippines but only the planting of the cross.

 Witness: Antonio Pigafetta wrote Mazaua as the name of the island.

SUPPORTING EVIDENCES
 The evidence of Albo’s Logbook
 The evidence of Pigafetta
 Summary of Evidence of Albo and Pigafetta
 Confirmatory evidence from Legazpi Expedition
 Monograph by Fr.Bernard in 1981
 Study of William Henry Scott in 1982
 RECENT EVIDENCES - RA 2733

CONCLUSION
 Limasawa is the original site of the First Catholic Mass in the Philippines, according to a 2 year
study of National Historical Commission in the Philippines (NHCP}. (August 24,2019. ABS CBN
News)

REPUBLIC ACT No. 2733

 An Act to Declare the Site in Magallanes, Limasawa Island in the Province of Leyte, Where the
First Mass in the Philippines
 The NHCP Board of Commissioners signed Resolution No. 2 last July 15 adopting the report
submitted by the investigating panel on the issue surrounding the 1521 Easter Sunday Mass in
the Philippines
 The national historical commission also studied the 1895 journal articles of historians Trinidad
Pardo de Tavera and Pablo Pastells, SJ, which revisited Pigafetta’s accounts and emphasized that
Limasawa, not Butuan, as the site of the first Catholic mass in the country.
DIFFERENT VERSIONS OF THE “CRY“

 Pío Valenzuela’s “Cry of Pugad Lawin”

 August 23, 1896
 “Cry of Balintawak” as the staging point of the Philippine Revolution.
 He surrendered to General Ramon Blanco on September 3, 1896 and was
imprisoned in Fort Santiago, where upon investigation, he told Francisco Olive, the
Spanish investigator that the “Cry” was staged at Balintawak on Wednesday, August
26, 1896.
 On August 22, 1896 in the house of Apolonio Samson at Kangkong.
 It was at Pugad Lawin, in the house of Juan Ramos, son of Melchora Aquino where
over 1000 of katipuneros met and carried out debate on August 23 whether or not
the revolution start on August 29, 1896.
 Only Teodoro Plata protested.
 After the meeting, the katipuneros tore their cedulas and shouted “Long Live the
Philippines!”

 Gregoria de Jesus’s Version of the First “Cry”

 August 25, 1896
 “Lakambini of the Katipunan”
 Custodian of the secret documents, seal, and weapons of the Katipunan.
 While Bonifacio and his men gathered in the hills of Balintawak for the war, the
Spanish authorities were coming to arrest her so she fled to manila and later joined
his husband.
 When the Katipunan had been discovered and some of the members were arrested,
she immediately returned to Caloocan.
 Through her friend, she learned that the Spanish were coming to arrest her so at 11
o’clock at night, secretly going through the rice fields in La Loma with intention of
returning to Manila.

 Santiago Alvarez’s The “Cry of Bahay Toro”

 August 24, 1896
 Son of Mariano Alvarez and relative of Gregoria de Jesus.
 Unlike Masangkay, Samson and Valenzuela, Alvarez was not an eyewitness of the
historic event. Hence, His version cannot be accepted as equal in weight to that
given by actual participants of the event.
 Sunday, August 23, 1896 at 10 o’clock in the morning at the barn of Kabesang
Melchora, about 500 of the katipuneros met together and were ready and eager to
join Bonifacio and his men.
 Monday, August 24, 1896, Bonifacio hold a meeting inside a big barn began at 9
o’clock in the morning were about 1000 katipuneros present.
 12 o’clock of the same day when the meeting adjourned, the loud cries of “Long Live
Sons of the Country!” (Mabuhay ang mga Anak ng Bayan!) were heard.
 Guillermo Masangkay’s The “Cry of Balintawak”
 August 26, 1896
 The historic first rally of the Philippine Revolution occurred at the rustic barrio of
Balintawak, a few kilometers north of the city of Manila..
 At about 9 o’clock in the morning of August 26, 1896, a big meeting was held in
Balintawak by Bonifacio
 Teodora Plata, Briccio Pantas and Pio Valenzuela opposed to start the uprising early.
 The people then agreed to Bonifacio and screamed “Revolt!”
 Bonifacio then asked the people to give pledge by destroying their cedulas as it is
the sign of slavery of the Filipinos by the Spaniards.
 At about 5 o’clock in the afternoon, while the gathering of Balintawak was
celebrating the decision of the Katipuneros to start the uprising, the guards outside
gave warning that the Spaniards were coming. Shot were exhanged between the
Katipuneros and Spaniards thus the start of the Revolution.