MEANING AND RELEVANCE OF HISTORY
It introduces history as a discipline and as a
narrative. It discusses the relevance of
history, limitation of historical knowledge,
history as the subjective process of re-
creation, and historical method and
historiography.
History is derived from the Greek word
Historia which means learning by inquiry.
Aristotle - history is the systematic
accounting of set of natural phenomena,
that is, taking consideration the
chronological arrangement of the account.
There are theories constructed by historians
in investigating History.
A. Factual History - This presents the
readers plain and basic information. It
answers the questions what, when, where,
and who.
B. Speculative History – It goes beyond
facts because it is concerned about the
reasons on why the events happened. This
theory answers the question why and
how.
History- deals with the study of past
events.
Historians- are the individuals who write
about history. They seek to understand the
present by examining what went before.
Historiography-The practice of historical of
historical writing. It is a traditional method
of doing historical research that focuses on
gathering of documents from different
libraries and archives to form a pool of
evidence that is needed in making a
descriptive or analytical narrative. The
modern historical writing or historiography
does not only include examinations of
documents but also the use of research
methods from related areas of study such
as Archeology and Geography.
Does History has its limitation? Yes or no?
(NO)
The incompleteness of records has limited
man’s knowledge of history.
Most human affairs happen without leaving
any evidence or records. If there
are, there is no further evidence of the
human setting in which to place
surviving artifacts. With this the past has
perished forever with only an
occasional trace.
The answer is No, our History doesn’t have
a limitation rather our
Historical Knowledge. Why? As mentioned
earlier, the incompleteness of
records limited our knowledge of history.
Which means that there are events
that happened that we aren’t sure if it
really happened because it has no
surviving records.
And because of that historians called that
events as History as Actuality.
History as Actuality- refers to the whole
history that happened in the past.
History as Record- is the events
happened with a surviving artifact and any
other proofs from the past.
Fossils are the remains of living things
(plants, animals, people), not of things that
were made.
Artifacts are the remains of things that
were made, not the remains of living things.
an object made by a human being, typically
an item of cultural or historical interest. .
Historians tell history from what they
understood as a credible part of the
record, however, their claims may remain
variable as there can be historical
records that could be discovered. That
explains the Incompleteness of the
Object the historian’s study.
History as the Subjective Process of re-
creation
Historians aim for Verisimilitude: Truth,
Authenticity, and Plausibility.
Historical records therefore should contain
verisimilitude.
Historical Method-is the process of
Critically examining and analyzing the
records and survivals of the past.
Historiography-is the imaginative
reconstruction of the past from the data
derived. By this, historians’ endeavor to
reconstruct as much of the past of
mankind.
Historical Analysis- the most important
element of Historical Method
4 steps of Historical analysis:
A. Select the subject to investigate
B. Collect probable sources
C. Examine the Sources genuinely
D. Extract credible particulars.
SOURCES AND CRITICISMS OF HISTORICAL
DATA
It presents the sources of Historical Data,
the written and non-written sources of
information or data. It discusses historical
criticisms, namely external and internal
criticisms. The important aspects in
ascertaining the authenticity and reliability
of primary sources upon which narratives
are crafted.
Historical data- is the data collected about
past events and circumstances that pertains
to a particular subject. These are sourced
from artifacts that have been left by the
past. These artifacts can either be relics or
remains, or the testimonies of witnesses of
the past. This are also the materials from
which the historians construct meaning.
2 types of Sources in History
A. Written Sources – Are sources that
usually in written form.
3 Categories:
a. Narrative or Literature – These sources
are chronicles or tracts presented in a
narrative form, it tells a story or narrates
the story of the events. E.g Diary,
newspaper etc.
b. Diplomatic Sources – are understood to
be those documents/records of an existing
legal situation or create a new one. This
source is also called as legal documents. Eg.
Laws, Memorandums, Executive orders, etc
c. Social Documents – this are information
pertaining to economic, social, political or
judicial significance. E.g Research findings,
Records of census, civil registry, etc.
B. Non-Written Sources – Sources that are
not in written form.
a. Material Evidence – this is also known as
archeological evidence. These artifacts can
tell a great deal about the ways of life
people in the past, and their culture. E.g
swords, relics,bones, etc.
b. Oral Evidence – sources that are
transmitted orally. Eg. Tales, folk songs,
interviews. Etc.
2 General Kinds of Historical Sources
A. Primary Sources – are original sources,
the first-hand information. The first-hand
account of an event or period that are
usually written or made during/close to the
event or period. Eg. Diaries, journals, maps,
speeches, etc.
B. Secondary Sources – Are materials made
by people long after the events being
described had taken place to provide
valuable interpretations of historical
events. These are interpreted information
also known as second hand information. Eg
Research papers, Articles, Editorials, etc.

Historical Criticisms
To ascertain the authenticity and
reliability of primary sources to be used in
crafting a narrative, a historian needs to
employ two levels of historical criticism,
namely external criticism and internal
criticism.
2 LEVEL OF HISTORICAL CRITICISM
a. External criticism – answers concerns
and questions pertinent to the authenticity
of a historical source by identifying who
composed the historical material, locating
when and where the historical material was
produced, and establishing the material’s
evidential value
b. Internal criticism – deals with the
credibility and reliability of the content of
a given historical source. It focuses on
understanding the substances and message
that the historical material wants to convey
by examining how the author framed the
intent and meaning of a composed
material.
FIRST VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD
Fernando de Magallanes also known as
Ferdinand Magellan was born in Portugal
on February 3, 1480. He was a member of a
noble family in Portugal. He was the son of
Rui de Magallanes and Alda de Mesquita.
At an early age, He got exposed in different
expedition because of his family. He then
became interested in finding the Spice
Island (Moluccas Island).
The early days of Expedition
Magellan approached King Manuel I of
Portugal to seek his support for a westward
voyage to the Spice Islands. The king
refused his petition repeatedly. And in
1517, the frustrated Magellan renounced
his Portuguese nationality and relocated to
Spain to seek royal support for his venture.
Firstly, there was a conflict in lands
between Portugal and Spain. It was settled
by the Treaty of Tordesillas. This treaty is
approved by Pope Alexander IV and
implemented on June 7, 1494.
Portugal -Eastern part of the World
Spain- Western part.
King Charles I -supported Magellan’s
proposed expedition and gave him 5 ships
Approved on AUG. 10, 1519
A. Victoria- Luis de Mendoza
B. Trinidad -Sebastian Elcano (the
Flagship/ Kingship of the expedition of
Magellan)
C. Concepcion - Gaspar Quesada
D. Santiago - Juan Serrano
E. San Antonio - Juan de Cartagena
Ferdinand Magellan started his Expedition
September 20, 1519. They tried to find the
Spice Island by traveling westward.
They found a shortcut in the bottom tip of
South America Continent. And later on,
called, the Strait of Magellan
three came in the Philippines (Victoria,
Trinidad, Concepcion). The Ship San
Antonio turn back to Spain after losing their
supplies. The Ship Santiago was destroyed
during the storm. But some historians
believe that this ship was said to be caught
by Portuguese.
March 13, 1521 the Expedition set foot on
Ladrones Island where later on called as the
Thief Island
March 16, 1521 Magellan set foot on
Philippine island of Zamal. Later on, called,
as Samar Island. He met Rajah Garas –
Garas. The Rajah of the Humunu Island
which was now known as Homonhon,
Samar. From Zamal island, they went to
Humunu island where then Magellan
named the archipelago as Las Islas de San
Lazaro (Archipelago of St. Lazarus). Because
they were celebrating the feast of St
Lazarus when they set foot on Zamal Island.
March 28, 1521, while having a dinner,
they’ve seen a fire upon an island. They
sent Enrique de Malacca the slave of
Ferdinand Magellan to talk to those people
with a few soldiers with him. Enrique then
saw what they call boloto.
Boloto or Bolota are small boats that are
used by the early men in fishing.  Sula then asked Magellan’s help to
The next day they went to that island, it
was called as Mazzua island. While they
were in the island of Mazzua, the king of
that island with his brother came riding in
Balanghai. Balanghai are large boats. That
were lived by the kings and/or noble
families. Riding the mentioned balanghai,
was Rajah Kolambu and his brother Rajah
Siagu. Rajah Kolumbu was the king of
Limasawa, While Rajah Siagu was the king
of Butuan. Were the first blood compact
that was recorded between Philippines and
Spain.
March 31, 1521, the first catholic mass was
held in Mazzua in celebration of the Easter
Sunday. The first mass was officiated by the
Spanish priest. Father Pedro de Valderama.
And Magellan planted a cross facing the
shores. Symbolizing that the island was
already a Christian place. After, the mass
Magellan set sailed to the west to
propagate Christianity.
Battle in Mactan
On April 7, 1521 they arrived Zzubu island
later on called as Cebu. He met Rajah
Humabon the king/leader of Cebu and had
a blood compact between him.  This is also
the First Catholic Baptism Rites and was
attended by their leader and his wife and
other families from Cebu. Reyna Juana, was
wife of Rajah Humabon. After the baptism,
Magellan gifted Rajah Humabon’s wife a
Sto. Niño as a thanksgiving gift.
Magellan still wants to propagate
Christianity throughout the whole country.
He then went to Mactan island in Cebu.
With the help of Rajah Humabon. But
unfortunately, he met the King of Mactan
Island, Rajah Lapu-Lapu. Rajah Lapu – Lapu
doesn’t want to submit to Magellan’s wish
to be converted and become controlled by
the Spain as what he sees to Rajah
Humabon. Because of this, a conflict arose
in the Mactan Island.
defeat the Rajah of Mactan Island.
Because Magellan wants to prove
his might to these Rajahs. Magellan
accepted sula’s invitation to defeat
Lapu – Lapu. A battle enraged
between the troops of Lapu Lapu
and Magellan.
On April 27, 1521, Magellan died
with a poison arrow in his leg and
spear on his hand.
Because of the battle of mactan,
Spanish force became weak. And
majority of their soldiers died and
injured. The ship concepcion was
burned because theres no more
people to operate the ship. Trinidad
continue to find the spice island.
Victoria came back to Spain. With
the captain Sebastian Elcano, the
ship Victoria made to Spain on
September 6, 1522.
Five Expeditions after Magellan
After Magellan’s defeat in the
Philippines. The Spain sent more
expeditions with different aims.
This are the following expedition:
*Jofre Garcia Loaisa (1525) – This
aims to recover the remains of
Magellan in the Mactan Island and
conquer the Moluccas Island but
unfortunately, they didn’t arrive in
the Philippines.
*Sebastian Cabot (1526) - This
expedition aims to Conquer the
Moluccas and to return to the
Philippines. But they also didn’t
arrive in the Philippines because
they failed to find the Strait of
Magellan
*Alvaro De Saavedra (1527) - This
aim to search for the missing fleet
of the Loaisa Expedition. And bring
 it back to Spain. They also didn’t
arrived in the Philippines because
they only aims to sail in the pacific
ocean.
*Rudy “Ruy” Villalobos (1542)
Villalobos started his expedition on
November 1, 1542. He followed the route
Magellan. On February 2, 1543 Villalobos
came in Mindanao.  He establishes a colony
in Saranggani to continue to sail for the
Moluccas Island.
He was also famous for giving the name to
the Philippines. He named the Philippines,
Las Islas Felipinas. In honor to King Philip II
of Spain. Who was the king at that time.
*Miguel Lopez de Legaspi (1564)
On february 13, 1565 Legazpi’s expedition
landed on Cebu. Traveling to Leyte,
Camiguin, and Bohol. He then made a blood
compact between the chieftain. Rajah
Sikatuna Miguel Lopez De Legazpi was also
the first governor general of the
Philippines. And the start of the Spain’s
Colonization in the Philippines.
CUSTOMS OF TAGALOG
It present the life of Juan the Plasencia -
the author of the book Customs of
Tagalog. The book contains the life and
culture of the native filipinos, their social
classes, system of writing, beliefs and their
government. This module will also
appreciate the culture of the early Filipinos
and compare it analytically in our current
time.
Juan de Plasencia
Fray Joan de Puerto Carrero, del convento
de Villanueva de la Serena was his real
name. he was one of the seven children of
Pedro Puerto carrero, a captain of a Spanish
schooner. He grew up during the period
known as the Siglo de Oro (Golden Age). He
spent most of his missionary life in the
Philippines, where he founded numerous
towns in Luzon and authored several
religious and linguistic books, most notably
the Doctrina Cristiana (Christian Doctrine),
the first book ever printed in the
Philippines. He came with the first batch of
Franciscan Missionaries in the Philippines
on July 2 , 1578 at the port of Cavite.
Historical Background of the Document
1.Social Classes
A.Datu or Chieftain – He was the chief,
captain of wars, governed and rule the
people whom the people obey and
reverence.
B.Nobles or Maharlika – They are the rich
people, friends of the datu, the free born
and they do not pay taxes.
C.Commoners or Aliping Namamahay -
They are helpers of the Nobles, they live in
their owns house, and still can get a
property.
D.Slaves or Aliping Saguguilid – they serve
their masters in their master’s house, and
his cultivated lands can be sold by their
masters.
2.Mode of Dressing
A, Putong -  the Head Gear for the Male
b, Kanggan – the Upper gear for the Male
C, Bahag – The Lower Gear for the Male
D, Baro or Camisa – The Upper Gear for the
Female
E, Saya – Lower Gear for the Female 
3. Their houses are made of bamboo, nipa
palm and wood.
4. They also like different ornaments for
decorations
5. The unit of government is called
Barangay that come from the word
Balangay which are larged boats used by
kings.
6. Mariage Customs
Men were in general, monogamous; while
their wives called
Asawa. Courtship begins with Paninilbihan.
Prior to Marriage
the man requires to give the following:
a. Bigay – Kaya - is dowry practices in the
old times; it is a transfer of property to a
daughter as her inheritance at her
marriage this can be a piece of land or
gold.
b. Panghihimuyat - a certain amount of
money to be given to the bride-to-be’s
parents as payment for the mother’s
efforts in rearing the girl to womanhood.
c. Himaraw - was a compensation for the
mother for all the sleepless night lost while
the bride was an infant.
There are also several grounds for divorce:
a. Adultery
b. Abandonment
c. Cruelty
d. Insanity
7. Religious Beliefs
They believe in Sacred animals and Trees.
They are also polytheist; they worship
many gods such as:
a. Bathala – the Supreme Being
b. Idiyanale - Goddess of Labor and Good
Deeds
c. Dumangan – God of Good harvest
d. Mayari - Goddess of moon
e. Tala – Goddess of stars
f. Aman Sinaya – Goddess of the Sea
g. Sitan - God of the Underworld
8. Economic Life
a. Agriculture in plane lands.
b. Hunting in highlands.
c. Fishing in river banks and sea.
d. Shipbuilding, weaving, poultry, mining
and lumbering.
e. Domestic trade in different barangays by
boat.
f. Foreign trades with different countries.
9. Language and System of Writing
Major Languages are originated from
Malayo-Polenisian language.
System of writing: the alphabet consisted
3 vowels and 14 consonants called
Baybayin. They used tap of trees as ink and
pointed stick as pencil. They wrote on large
plant leaves, bark of tree or bamboo tubes
How to write baybayin?
All consonant characters in Baybayin has
/a/ sounds. We use kudlit (a dot, slash,etc)
on top of the character to make it /e/ or /i/,
while putting it below the character to
make it /o/ or /u/. To remove /a/ on the
characters, just put kruskudlit or pamudpod
to cross it out. Writing the baybayin is
downward. We should write the symbol
downwards.
Works of Juan Luna and Fernando
Amorsolo
Historical Paintings
This are visual representations of concrete
happenings on the life of people in a
specific period. The idea about certain
events and people is communicated or
expressed aesthetically through art.
Visualization of the reality. It usually depicts
a moment in a narrative story, rather than a
specific and static subject, as in a portrait.
FERNANDO AMORSOLO
Fernando Amorsolo y Cueto was born on
May 30, 1892 and died on April 24, 1972.
He was a portraitist and painter of rural
Philippine landscapes. He is also popularly
known for his craftsmanship and mastery in
the use of light. He was also best known for
his illuminated landscapes.
Some of his paintings:
Antipolo Fiesta - depicts a rural scene
where a grp. Of people are shown
celebrating a fiesta in antipolo.
Palay Maiden - An oil on canvas Palay is
tagalog for grain, shich is symbolic of the
Philippines’ most staple crop.
JUAN LUNA
Juan Luna y Novicio was born on October
24, 1857 and died on December 7, 1899.
Better known as Juan Luna was a Filipino
painter, sculptor and a political activist of
the Philippine Revolution during the late
19th century. He became one of the first
recognized Philippine artists. And is best
known for impressive rendition of classical
subjects in his academic works.
Some of his paintings:
Spoliarium - It currently hangs in
the main gallery at the first floor of
the National Museum of Fine
Arts in Manila. referring to the basement of
the Roman Colosseum where the fallen and
dying gladiators are dumped and devoid of
their worldly possessions. At the center of
Luna’s painting are fallen gladiators being
dragged by Roman soldiers.
The Parisian Life - also known as
as Interior d’un Cafi. It has a “playful”
and “relaxed mood” that does not
provide “the slightest hint of the
tumultuous happenings to come” in
Luna’s personal life. This portrayed a
glimpse of Luna’s own life in the
capital of France while accompanied
by two close friends.
POLITICAL CARICATURES AND SPEECH OF
CORY AQUINO
History of Political Caricature
During the Protestant Reformation in
Germany in the 16th Century, visual
propaganda was widely used to portray
religious and political figures. Used both
woodcutting and metal engraving to create
visual arts that had a message. These
cartoons became very popular,and simple
broadsheet posters or illustrated pamphlets
proved to be an effective way to reach
people.
Political Caricature
A political Caricature is used to present a
comment, opinion, or criticism on a
particular event, person, and situation. It is
an allusion. It means that it is an indirect
reference to something which helps create
a scene or situation. Created images in
order to question authority and draw
attention to corruption, political violence
and other social ills.
Cartoons have a great potential to political
communication capable of enhancing
political comprehension of events.
Cartoonists use visual metaphors and
caricatures to address complicated political
situations and sum up current event w/ a
humorous or emotional picture.
The Speech of Corazon Aquino
The speech was delivered by the late
Corazon C. Aquino in US Congress,
Washington DC, on September 18,1986, six
(6) months after she became the president
of the Philippines. The purpose of the
speech was: To proclaim the freedom of
the Filipinos from the Marcos
regime or the martial law; To state a new
beginning for the Philippines
and to its government.; To appeal for a
financial aid for the recovery of
the Philippines’ economy.
Who is Corazon Aquino?
Her full name is Maria Corazon Cojuangco
Aquino. Born on January 25, 1933 in Tarlac
province and died on August 1, 2009 in
Makati. She was the 11th president of the
Philippines and the first female president in
Asia. Served as the president of the
Philippines on1986-1992. Was accredited as
the “Mother of Asian Democracy
Listen to the Speech here: link
SITE OF THE FIRST MASS
First Mass in The Philippines
The first Catholic mass in the Philippines
was happened in the Mazzua island on
March 31, 1521. This mass was officiated by
Fr.Pedro Valderama. They held a mass in
celeberation of the Easter Sunday.
This site is widely believed by many to be
Limasawa at the tip of Southern Leyte,
though this is contested by some who
assert that the first mass was instead held
at Masao, Butuan. They both claim to be
the venue of the historical religious site.
Here are some proofs:
The most complete and reliable account of
the Magellan expedition into Philippine
shores in 1521 is that of Antonio Pigafetta
which is deemed as the only credible
primary source of reports on the
celebration of the first Christian Mass on
Philippine soil….
The measurement of distances between
Homonhon and Limasawa between
Limasawa and Cebu, as computed by the
pro-Limasawa group, matches or
approximates the delineations made by
Pigafetta of the distances between
Homonhon and Mazaua and between
Mazaua and Cebu…

The precise identity and location of this

venue of the First Mass became the subject
of writings of historians and scholars whose
differing interpretations of Pigafetta’s
account would eventually spawn lead to a
controversy…

For three centuries, it was the prevailing

belief that Pigafettas
Mazaua was a place called Masao near
Butuan City in Northern Mindanao. The
Butuan belief persisted from the 17th to
the 19th
century…
But the controversy did not stop there. In
1995, the Masao group through Butuan
Rep. Charito Plaza, initiated the filing of a
bill, to ”Declare the site of Masao, Butuan
City, as the place where the first Easter
Mass in the Philippines was held.” The bill
was not acted upon…