History

History is derived from the Greek word Historia which means learning by inquiry. According to Aristotle,
history is the systematic accounting of set of natural phenomena, that is, taking consideration the
chronological arrangement of the account.

There are theories constructed by historians in investigating History.

A. Factual History - This presents the readers plain and basic information. It answers the questions what,
when, where, and who.
B. Speculative History – It goes beyond facts because it is concerned about the reasons on why the
events happened. This theory answers the question why and how.

History deals with the study of past events. While Historians are the individuals who write about history.
They seek to understand the present by examining what went before. The practice of historical of historical
writing is called Historiography. It is a traditional method of doing historical research that focuses on
gathering of documents from different libraries and archives to form a pool of evidence that is needed in
making a descriptive or analytical narrative. The modern historical writing or historiography does not only
include examinations of documents but also the use of research methods from related areas of study such
as Archeology and Geography.

Question: Does History has its limitation? Yes or no?

The incompleteness of records has limited man’s knowledge of history. Most human affairs happen
without leaving any evidence or records. If there are, there is no further evidence of the human setting in
which to place surviving artifacts. With this the past has perished forever with only an occasional trace.
Now, Let’s go back to the question does History has a limitation?

The answer is No, our History doesn’t have a limitation rather our Historical Knowledge. Why? As
mentioned earlier, the incompleteness of records limited our knowledge of history. Which means that
there are events that happened that we aren’t sure if it really happened because it has no surviving
records. And because of that historians called that events as History as Actuality. This, History as Actuality
refers to the whole history that happened in the past. On the other hand, History as Record is the events
happened with a surviving artifact and any other proofs from the past. Historians tell history from what
they understood as a credible part of the record, however, their claims may remain variable as there can be
historical records that could be discovered. That explains the Incompleteness of the Object the historian’s
study.

History as the Subjective Process of re-creation

Because of the incomplete evidence, historians strive to restore the total past of mankind. History
becomes only that part of the human past which can be meaningfully reconstructed from the available
records and from inferences regarding their setting.
Therefore, historians aim for Verisimilitude: Truth, Authenticity, and Plausibility.
Historical records therefore should contain verisimilitude.
Historical Method and Historiography
Historical Method is the process of Critically examining and analyzing the records and survivals of the
past. While, Historiography is the imaginative reconstruction of the past from the data derived. By this,
historians’ endeavor to reconstruct as much of the past of mankind.
The most important element of Historical Method is called as Historical Analysis. There are four steps of
Historical analysis:
A. Select the subject to investigate
B. Collect probable sources
C. Examine the Sources genuinely
D. Extract credible particulars.

Historical Data
Historical data is the data collected about past events and circumstances that pertains to a particular subject.
These are sourced from artifacts that have been left by the past. These artifacts can either be relics or remains, or the
testimonies of witnesses of the past. This are also the materials from which the historians construct meaning. There are
two types of Sources in History.
A. Written Sources – Are sources that usually in written form. It has three categories
a. Narrative or Literature – These sources are chronicles or tracts presented in a narrative form, it tells a story or
narrates the story of the events. E.g. Diary, newspaper etc.

a. Diplomatic Sources – are understood to be those documents/records of an existing legal situation or create a
new one. This source is also called as legal documents. E.g. Laws, Memorandums, Executive orders, etc.

a. Social Documents – this are information pertaining to economic, social, political or judicial significance. E.g.
Research findings, Records of census, civil registry, etc.

A. Non-Written Sources – Sources that are not in written form.

a. Material Evidence – this is also known as archeological evidence. These artifacts can tell a great deal about
the ways of life people in the past, and their culture. E.g. swords, relics, bones, etc.
b. Oral Evidence – sources that are transmitted orally. E.g. Tales, folk songs, interviews. Etc.
There are two general kinds of Historical sources.
A. Primary Sources – are original sources, the first-hand information. The first-hand account of an event or period
that are usually written or made during/close to the event or period. E.g. Diaries, journals, maps, speeches, etc.

B. Secondary Sources – Are materials made by people long after the events being described had taken place to
provide valuable interpretations of historical events. These are interpreted information also known as second hand
information. Eg Research papers, Articles, Editorials, etc.
Historical Criticisms
Many documents have primary and secondary segments. For instance, examining a newspaper as a historical
source entails a discerning mind to identify its primary and secondary components. A news item written by a witness of
an event is considered as a primary source, while a feature article is usually considered as a secondary material.
Similarly, a book published a long time ago does not necessarily render it as a primary source. It requires reading of the
document to know its origin.
To ascertain the authenticity and reliability of primary sources to be used in crafting a narrative, a historian needs to
employ two levels of historical criticism, namely external criticism and internal criticism.

External criticism – answers concerns and questions pertinent to the authenticity of a historical source by identifying
who composed the historical material, locating when and where the historical material was produced, and establishing
the material’s evidential value

Internal criticism – deals with the credibility and reliability of the content of a given historical source. It focuses on
understanding the substances and message that the historical material wants to convey by examining how the author
framed the intent and meaning of a composed material.

Title: First Voyage Around the World

Module No. 2

Fernando de Magallanes also known as Ferdinand Magellan was born in Portugal

on February 3, 1480. He was a member of a noble family in Portugal. He was the
son of Rui de Magallanes and Alda de Mesquita. At an early age, He got exposed
in different expedition because of his family. He then became interested in finding
the Spice Island (Moluccas Island).
The early days of Expedition
Magellan approached King Manuel I of Portugal to seek his support for a
westward voyage to the Spice Islands. The king refused his petition repeatedly.
And in 1517, the frustrated Magellan renounced his Portuguese nationality and
relocated to Spain to seek royal support for his venture.
Questions:
a. Why king Manuel denied Magellan petition?
b. Why Magellan relocated in Spain?
c. If Magellan is a member of a noble family in Portugal, why can’t he support himself?
Before we answer these questions, let us understand the conflict between these two countries.
Firstly, there was a conflict in lands between Portugal and Spain. It was settled by the Treaty of Tordesillas. The Eastern
part of the World was controlled by Portugal and The Western part was controlled by Spain. And Magellan wants his find
the spice island by sailing thru west direction. This treaty was approved by Pope Alexander IV and implemented on June
7, 1494. With this we can now answer the three questions mentioned earlier.
See the photos below

The Start of Magellan’s Expedition

Magellan relocated to Spain and asked King Charles I to support his proposed expedition. King Charles I
approved his expedition August 10, 1519. King Charles I funded Ferdinand Magellan’s expedition and gave him
five ships. Namely with their captains:
a. Victoria – Luis de Mendoza
b. Trinidad – Sebastian Elcano (The Flagship/Kingship of the Expedition)
c. Concepcion – Gaspar Quesada
d. Santiago – Juan Serrano
e. Santiago – Juan de Cartagena
Ferdinand Magellan started his Expedition September 20, 1519. They tried to find the Spice Island by
traveling westward. They found a shortcut in the bottom tip of South America Continent. And later on, called, the
Strait of Magellan (see the route photo).
During the Expedition, five ships set sailed to find the Spice Island (Moluccas Island) but only the three came in the
Philippines (Victoria, Trinidad, Concepcion). The Ship San Antonio turn back to Spain after losing their supplies. The Ship
Santiago was destroyed during the storm. But some historians believe that this ship was said to be caught by
Portuguese.

On March 13, 1521 the Expedition set foot on Ladrones Island where later on called as the Thief Island because
Magellan was robbed by the pirates getting their small boats. And later on, they sailed westward.
March 16, 1521 Magellan set foot on Philippine island of Zamal. Later on, called, as Samar Island. He met Rajah
Garas – Garas. The Rajah of the Humunu Island which was now known as Homonhon, Samar. From Zamal island, they
went to Humunu island where then Magellan named the archipelago as Las Islas de San Lazaro (Archipelago of St.
Lazarus). Because they were celebrating the feast of St Lazarus when they set foot on Zamal Island.

On March 28, March 28, 1521, while having a dinner, they’ve seen a fire upon an island. They sent Enrique de Malacca
the slave of Ferdinand Magellan to talk to those people with a few soldiers with him. Enrique then saw what they call
boloto. Boloto or Bolota are small boats that are used by the early men in fishing.
The next day they went to that island, it was called as Mazzua island. While they were in the island of Mazzua, the king
of that island with his brother came riding in Balanghai. Balanghai are large boats. That were lived by the kings and/or
noble families. Riding the mentioned balanghai, was Rajah Kolambu and his brother Rajah Siagu. Rajah Kolumbu was
the king of Limasawa, While Rajah Siagu was the king of Butuan. Were the first blood compact that was recorded
between Philippines and Spain.

On March 31, 1521, the first catholic mass was held in Mazzua in celebration of the Easter Sunday. The first mass was
officiated by the Spanish priest. Father Pedro de Valderama. And Magellan planted a cross facing the shores.
Symbolizing that the island was already a Christian place. After, the mass Magellan set sailed to the west to propagate
Christianity.
Battle in Mactan

On April 7, 1521, 1521 they arrived Zzubu island later on called as Cebu. He met Rajah Humabon the king/leader of
Cebu and had a blood compact between him. This is also the First Catholic Baptism Rites and was attended by their
leader and his wife and other families from Cebu. Reyna Juana, was wife of Rajah Humabon. After the baptism,
Magellan gifted Rajah Humabon’s wife a Sto. Niño as a thanksgiving gift.

Magellan still wants to propagate Christianity throughout the whole country. He then went to Mactan island in Cebu.
With the help of Rajah Humabon. But unfortunately, he met the King of Mactan Island, Rajah Lapu-Lapu. Rajah Lapu –
Lapu doesn’t want to submit to Magellan’s wish to be converted and become controlled by the Spain as what he sees to
Rajah Humabon. Because of this, a conflict arose in the Mactan Island.
Sula then asked Magellan’s help to defeat the Rajah of Mactan Island. Because Magellan wants to prove his might to
these Rajahs. Magellan accepted sula’s invitation to defeat Lapu – Lapu. A battle enraged between the troops of Lapu
Lapu and Magellan. On April 27, 1521, Magellan died with a poison arrow in his leg and spear on his hand.
Because of the battle of mactan, Spanish force became weak. And majority of their soldiers died and injured. The
ship concepcion was burned because theres no more people to operate the ship. Trinidad continue to find the spice
island. Victoria came back to Spain. With the captain Sebastian Elcano, the ship Victoria made to Spain on September 6,
1522.
Five Expeditions after Magellan
After Magellan’s defeat in the Philippines. The Spain sent more expeditions with different aims. This are the
following expedition:
• Jofre Garcia Loaisa (1525) – This aims to recover the remains of Magellan in the Mactan Island and conquer the
Moluccas Island but unfortunately, they didn’t arrive in the Philippines.
• Sebastian Cabot (1526) - This expedition aims to Conquer the Moluccas and to return to the Philippines. But they
also didn’t arrive in the Philippines because they failed to find the Strait of Magellan
• Alvaro De Saavedra (1527) - This aim to search for the missing fleet of the Loaisa Expedition. And bring it back to
Spain. They also didn’t arrive in the Philippines because they only aim to sail in the Pacific Ocean.
• Rudy “Ruy” Villalobos (1542)
Villalobos started his expedition on November 1, 1542. He followed the route Magellan. On February 2, 1543
Villalobos came in Mindanao. He establishes a colony in Saranggani to continue to sail for the Moluccas Island.
He was also famous for giving the name to the Philippines. He named the Philippines, Las Islas Felipinas. In honor to
King Philip II of Spain. Who was the king at that time?
• Miguel Lopez de Legaspi (1564)
On february 13, 1565 Legazpi’s expedition landed on Cebu. Traveling to Leyte, Camiguin, and Bohol. He then made a
blood compact between the chieftain. Rajah Sikatuna Miguel Lopez De Legazpi was also the first governor general of
the Philippines. And the start of the Spain’s Colonization in the Philippines.
First Mass in The Philippines
The first Catholic mass in the Philippines was happened in the Mazzua island on March 31, 1521. This mass
was officiated by Fr. Pedro Valderama. They held a mass in celeberation of the Easter Sunday.
This site is widely believed by many to be Limasawa at the tip of Southern Leyte, though this is contested by some
who assert that the first mass was instead held at Masao, Butuan. They both claim to be the venue of the historical
religious site.
Here are some proofs:
The most complete and reliable account of the Magellan expedition into Philippine shores in 1521 is that of
Antonio Pigafetta which is deemed as the only credible primary source of reports on the celebration of the first
Christian Mass on Philippine soil….
The measurement of distances between Homonhon and Limasawa between Limasawa and Cebu, as computed
by the pro-Limasawa group, matches or approximates the delineations made by Pigafetta of the distances between
Homonhon and Mazaua and between Mazaua and Cebu…
The precise identity and location of this venue of the First Mass became the subject of writings of historians
and scholars whose differing interpretations of Pigafetta's account would eventually spawn lead to a controversy…
For three centuries, it was the prevailing belief that Pigafetta's Mazaua was a place called Masao near Butuan
City in Northern Mindanao. The Butuan belief persisted from the 17th to the 19th century…
But the controversy did not stop there. In 1995, the Masao group through Butuan Rep. Charito Plaza, initiated
the filing of a bill, to ''Declare the site of Masao, Butuan City, as the place where the first Easter Mass in the
Philippines was held.'' The bill was not acted upon…

Title: Customs of Tagalog

Module No. 3
Juan de Plasencia
Fray Joan de Puerto Carrero, del convento de Villanueva de la Serena was his real name. he was one of the
seven children of Pedro Puerto carrero, a captain of a Spanish schooner. He grew up during the period known as the
Siglo de Oro (Golden Age). He spent most of his missionary life in the Philippines, where he founded numerous
towns in Luzon and authored several religious and linguistic books, most notably the Doctrina Cristiana (Christian
Doctrine), the first book ever printed in the Philippines. He came with the first batch of Franciscan Missionaries in
the Philippines on July 2 , 1578 at the port of Cavite.

Historical Background of the Document

A. Social Classes
A. Datu or Chieftain – He was the chief, captain of wars, governed and rule the people whom the people obey
and reverence.
B. Nobles or Maharlika – They are the rich people, friends of the datu, the free born and they do not pay taxes.
C. Commoners or Aliping Namamahay - They are helpers of the Nobles, they live in their owns house, and still
can get a property.
D. Slaves or Aliping Saguguilid – they serve their masters in their master’s house, and his cultivated lands can be
sold by their masters.
B. Mode of Dressing
A. Putong - the Head Gear for the Male
B. Kanggan – the Upper gear for the Male
C. Bahag – The Lower Gear for the Male
D. Baro or Camisa – The Upper Gear for the Female
E. Saya – Lower Gear for the Female
 C. Their houses are made of bamboo, nipa palm and wood.

D. They also like different ornaments for decorations

E. The unit of government is called Barangay that come from the word Balangay which are larged boats used
by kings.
F. Mariage Customs
Men were in general, monogamous; while their wives called Asawa. Courtship begins with Paninilbihan.
Prior to Marriage the man requires to give the following:
a. Bigay – Kaya - is dowry practices in the old times; it is a transfer of property to a daughter as her
inheritance at her marriage this can be a piece of land or gold.
b. Panghihimuyat - a certain amount of money to be given to the bride-to-be's parents as payment for the
mother's efforts in rearing the girl to womanhood.
c. Himaraw - was a compensation for the mother for all the sleepless night lost while the bride was an
infant.
There are also several grounds for divorce:
a. Adultery
b. Abandonment
c. Cruelty
d. Insanity
G. Religious Beliefs

They believe in Sacred animals and Trees. They are also polytheist; they worship many gods such as:

a. Bathala – the Supreme Being

b. Idiyanale - Goddess of Labor and Good Deeds
c. Dumangan – God of Good harvest
d. Mayari - Goddess of moon
e. Tala – Goddess of stars
f. Aman Sinaya – Goddess of the Sea
g. Sitan - God of the Underworld

H. Economic Life
a. Agriculture in plane lands.
b. Hunting in highlands.
c. Fishing in river banks and sea.
d. Shipbuilding, weaving, poultry, mining and lumbering.
e. Domestic trade in different barangays by boat.
f. Foreign trades with different countries.

I. Language and System of Writing

Major Languages are originated from Malayo-Polenisian language.

System of writing: the alphabet consisted 3 vowels and 14 consonants called Baybayi. They used tap of trees as
ink and pointed stick as pencil. They wrote on large plant leaves, bark of tree or bamboo tubes
 Title: Works of Juan Luna and Fernando Amorsolo and
Political Caricature
Module No. 4

III. Topics and Key Concepts

Historical Paintings
This are visual representations of concrete happenings on the life of people in a specific period. The idea
about certain events and people is communicated or expressed aesthetically through art. Visualization of the reality.
It usually depicts a moment in a narrative story, rather than a specific and static subject, as in a portrait.
Fernando Amorsolo
Fernando Amorsolo y Cueto was born on May 30, 1892 and died on April 24, 1972. He was a portraitist and
painter of rural Philippine landscapes. He is also popularly known for his craftsmanship and mastery in the use of
light. He was also best known for his illuminated landscapes.
Antipolo Fiesta - Antipolo Fiesta
Here are some of his paintings:
canvas depicts a rural scene where
a group of people are shown
celebrating a fiesta in Antipolo. A
viewer may be quick to surmise at
a glance that this painting belongs
to that category, as the bamboo
handlers in the usual tinikling
dance often blend in the crowd
and are not easily distinguished.

Palay Maiden - An Oil on canvas Palay is Tagalog for

grain, which is symbolic of the Philippines’ most staple crop.
Maiden bears significance to Amorsolo’s preference for beauty.
It portrays a provincial Filipina beauty or dalagang bukid. The
dressed represent the color of the Philippine Flag.

Juan Luna
Juan Luna y Novicio was born on October 24, 1857 and died on December 7, 1899. Better known as Juan Luna was
a Filipino painter, sculptor and a political activist of the Philippine Revolution during the late 19th century. He became
one of the first recognized Philippine artists. And is best known for impressive rendition of classical subjects in his
academic works.
Here are some of his Paintings

Spoliarium. - It currently hangs in the main gallery at

the first floor of the National Museum of Fine Arts in
Manila. referring to the basement of the Roman
Colosseum where the fallen and dying gladiators are
dumped and devoid of their worldly possessions. At
the center of Luna's painting are fallen gladiators
being dragged by Roman soldiers.
 The Parisian Life - Also known as Interior d'un Cafi. It has a
“playful” and “relaxed mood” that does not provide “the
slightest hint of the tumultuous happenings to come” in Luna’s
personal life. This portrayed a glimpse of Luna’s own life in the
capital of France while accompanied by two close friends.

History of Political Caricature

During the Protestant Reformation in Germany in the 16th Century, visual propaganda was widely used to portray
religious and political figures. Used both woodcutting and metal engraving to create visual arts that had a message. These
cartoons became very popular, and simple broadsheet posters or illustrated pamphlets proved to be an effective way to
reach people.
Political Caricature
A political Caricature is used to present a comment, opinion, or criticism on a particular event, person, and
situation. It is an allusion. It means that it is an indirect reference to something which helps create a scene or situation.
Created images in order to question authority and draw attention to corruption, political violence and other social ills.
Nowadays, political cartoons can usually be found on the editorial page of newspapers. Cartoons have a great potential
to political communication capable of enhancing political comprehension of events.
Cartoonists use visual metaphors and caricatures to address complicated political situations and sum up current event
with a humorous or emotional picture.

Here are some examples of Political Caricatures