1.

HISTORIOGRAPHY, REVISIONISM AND DISTORTION

HISTORY
- is the discipline that studies the chronological record of events, usually
attempting on the basis of a critical examination of source materials to explain
events.

Zeus Salazar
- father of Philippine History " Ang History a salaysay na may saysay"

Aristotle
- "History is an account of unchanging past"

Collingwood
- "History is a discipline in which we relieve the past in one's mind"

Gottschalk
- "History is the study of the beliefs, desires, practices & institutions of
human being"

Historiography
● is a progressive and innovative discipline composed of various dynamic
research programs precisely because it is capable or revising itself,
● constantly improving itself, expanding knowledge and becoming relevant in
new historical contexts (Tucker, 2008)

3 Types of Historiographic revision

1. Evidence-driven revision -discovery of new evidence production of new

knowledge about the past

2. Significance-driven revision-what historians consider significant in history; to

better understand the present

3. Value-driven revision-revision in the system of values that historians employ to

evaluate historical events, actions and actors
 Revisionism

● Historical Revisionism - involves reinterpretation of historical event or

presentation of new narratives based on a newly unearthed facts,
● done in a scientific manner

POSITIVE HISTORICAL REVISIONISM “HISTORIOGRAPHY, OUR

BELIEFS ABOUT THE PAST, HISTORY IS IN CONSTANT FLUX; OUR
BELIEFS ARE CONSTANTLY BEING REVISED. IN THAT SENSE, ALL
HISTORIANS WHO CONDUCT RESEARCH ARE REVISIONIST.

Example of this are:

> The killing of Magellan
> Apolinario Mabini Removal From Aguinaldo's Cabinet

NEGATIVE HISTORIAL REVIONISM " ALTERING HISTORY BY SIMPLY

IGNORING THE FACTS"

Examples of this are:

> Marcos Burial at the libingan ng mga bayani
> Marco's supposed guerrilla unit, Ang Mga Maharlika was also" never
officially recognized and neither was his leadership of it, " said the NG+HCP.

● HISTORICAL DISTORTION
- Distorting historical facts

2. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SOURCES

● Primary Source
- it is the testimony written or unwritten of the eyewitness or participant of
an event being studied or investigated. In contemporary usage, it can mean
the eye witness or participant himself ( the source) who executes the
testimony regarding the occurrence of an event.
 - For the eye witness or the participant to be considered a primary source
he must have a direct involvement to the event or at least close to it both in
time and space

Advantages:
1. A PS provides raw data that have not yet been subjected to the vantage points
and interpretations of historians.
2. It leads the historian or researcher directly to the perception of the eye witness or
participant on the event being studied
3. It directly brings the historian or researcher to the milieu or realm of the eye
witness or the participant to the event being studied
4. It is assumed to be more credible than a secondary source
5. It is presumed to be the original source of historical data
6. The use of a primary source makes the historian or researcher professional and
adept in his field.

Disadvantages:
1. A PS is usually inaccessible because most of them are kept in archives where as
in the case of the Philippines only graduate students are accommodated
2. In an attempt to thoroughly study Philippine history, the use of PS is deemed
necessary. However, great bulks of them are in libraries and archives of countries
abroad e.g., Spain, USA, Unites Kingdom, etc.
3. Since a PS is susceptible to the ravages of time, sometimes the most interesting
piece that the historian or researcher seeks to read had been eaten by an insect,
blotted with an ink, burned by a cigarette butt or spoiled by a drop of water
4. A contemporary historian or researcher who has not been exposed to the strokes
in the 17th and 18th centuries and the rudiments of the Spanish Language might
experience a difficulty in dealing with and in understanding the primary source

● SECONDARY SOURCE

● It is the testimony written or unwritten which is generated from a primary

source. Usually it is the account which relates data that were read from PS.
● Simply it is the kind of source which was written or told by someone who had
no direct involvement or at least physical exposure to an event

Advantages:
1. It is more accessible to a historian or researcher
2. It can provide the researcher or student of history a ready-made analysis and
interpretation that might held him in understanding certain events or
phenomena.

Disadvantages
1. The data contained therein have been subjected to the bias of its researcher or
writer by means of subjecting them to his own perspective and interpretation
2. A secondary source is less credible than a PS
3. Sometimes it contains errors, more specially in the interpretation of certain
events or phenomena
4. The frequent use of secondary sources deteriotes the competence of the historian.
 REPOSITORIES OF PRIMARY SOURCES
● The National Library of the Philippines (NLP) alom TM Kalaw, Manila
● The National Historical Commission of the Philippines along TM Kalaw, Manila
● The Main Library of the Polytechnic University of the Philippines. The Library
houses the following: ü complete volume of the Blair and Robertson, ü 5-volume
set of Philippine Insurgent Records Against the United States ü 10-volume set of
Filipino Heritage ü American Occupation of the Philippines by James Blount ü
The Philippine insurrection against the United States by John Taylor And many
more…
● The CSSD Library which brags its modest collection of more or less 4 thousand
books.
● The National Museum (NM) of the Philippines and the National Archives of the
Philippines (NAP)
● NCCA and the cultural center of the Philippines
● Ayala Museum
3. EXTERNAL & INTERNAL CRITICISMS

Method of History versus Historiography

• The METHOD [of History]

● pertains to the process of thoroughly examining and critically analyzing the records and
survivals of the past.
● It also means the accumulation of data about the past to be thoroughly examined and
critically analyzed by a set of scientific rules to determine whether a certain past that is
attempted to reconstruct actually happened or not.

Historiography
- The process of reconstructing historical data that have already been tested by the
method.
-
Some Problems in Writing History

o Sources—whether written or not—are not available or accessible in the Philippines.

They are sometimes difficult to find and, if written in Spanish, difficult understand.
o Most of the people—if not all—who are considered participants or eyewitnesses are
dead.
o The surviving sources (history as record and as materials), the surviving part of the
recorded and recovered part of the remembered and created part of the whole history
(history-as-actuality), are difficult to reconstruct.
 Why do we have to determine fabricated sources and hoax stories from the real?
o They bolster a false claim or title.
o They justify falsely the occurrence of an incident or event—i.e., abuses or wrongdoings.
o They create a basis or outlet for criticism by seriously considering practical jokes as
historical facts.
 Why does a source mislead?
o The source can deceive certain people (intentionally or unintentionally, good or bad)
and, subsequently, scholars and historians (for instance the eight rays of the Philippine
flag which are allegedly represented by the eight provinces that revolted against Spain).
* Fabricated Sources are also misleading.
o The source conceals motives and identities.
o The source is inappropriately ascribed to a person who commissioned a writer or editor
to write it on his behalf, for instance a speech.
o The source misrepresents the real date of its writing or publication, say a letter and a
newspaper.

NOTE!!
o The real author of the source must be identified and at least a surmise of his location in
time and space and of his habits, attitudes, character, learning or education, associates,
cultural, orientation, religion, etc. must be examined. • The author provides the
authenticity and credibility of the source.
o The date when the document was written must be examined in order to know whether it
conforms to the event being studied and to the veracity of the information being
examined, in case that the source was written many years after the occurrence of the
event.
o Anachronisms, handwriting style, alibi or other tests that are associated with the
author's milieu, personality and actions cannot possibly prove or disprove authenticity.
o Hand writing, signature, seal, letterhead, watermark, etc, must be identified accurately
(Paleography – isography. Can be used)
● The Provenance of sources kept in congress, government agencies, private libraries, archives,
business firms, lawyer’s papers, creates a presumption of genuineness
 NOTE!!
• In examining the credibility of a source, the historian or the skilled/trained history
researcher plays the role of a prosecutor, attorney for the defense and judge all in one. But
as a judge, he rules out no evidence whatever if it is relevant. To him, any single detail of
testimony is credible - even if it is contained in a document obtained by force or fraud, or
is otherwise impeachable, or is based on necessary evidence, or is from an interested
witness - provided it can pass the test of credibility.

The Factors Affecting the Ability of a Source in Telling the Truth

● Nearness of the eyewitness [who wrote the source] to the event

a. Nearness geographically
b. Nearness chronologically
(Nearness to the event geographically and chronologically means the absence of barrier or
obstruction to the event that should have been witnessed.)

● The Competence of the eyewitness or the source

( Competence - refers to the degree of expertness that the eyewitness manifests, including his state
of physical and mental health, age, education, narrative skill, etc.)
"The eyewitness is said to be incompetent if he merely assumes or estimates numerical
data (hard data or specific data)"

Factors that boosts the competence of an eyewitness or a source:

1. The degree of attention given by the source to the event he narrated

2. The use of hypothetical questions in interrogating or examining the source instead of
leading questions that are answerable by yes or no.
3. When an eyewitness or source narrates an event, the narration must be progressive. He
begins from a premise and ends not with the same premise—i.e., missing reasoning in a
circle
4. The source or eyewitness must not be tainted with egocentrism or high regard of
himself.
5. Although there is no such thing as objectivity in the strictest sense of the term, the
source or eyewitness must exude it to a certain extent.

● The truthfulness of the source which is affected by:

1. 1. The motive of the source or eyewitness
2. 2. The bias of the source or eyewitness which emanates from his motive
2 Types of Biases:
Stadium – bias that is in favor to the subject of the source
Odium – bias that is against the subject of the source
3. The tendency to avoid displeasing people
 4. The tendency to depart from strict veracity due to laws and conventions
5. The literary style used might mislead a historian or scholar from accuracy.
6. The expected character of the event or those who participated in it.
7. The inexact or inaccurate dating and vague description of the event, including the
individuals who were involved in it.

● The failure to report everything emerges from the biases of the eyewitness or the source.

● The failure to report everything determines the objectivity (neutrality) or subjectivity

(partiality) of the historian or researcher.

● A primary information that has been derived from a primary source by the process of
external criticism is not yet established as historical fact.
Although there is a strong presumption that it is trustworthy (reliable), the general
rule of historians [with exemption] is to accept it as historical fact only when it rests
upon the independent testimony of two or more reliable eyewitnesses or sources.

*An independent source is a kind of source that did not derive its details from another primary
source

4. PHOTOGRAPHS, CARICATURES, PAINTINGS & VIDEOS

● Historiophoty
- is the representation of history and ideas about it through visual images
and filmic discourse
- It was coined by the historian and literary critic Hayden White in an essay
that was published in 1988. The essay was a response to Robert Rosenstone's essay
titled "History in images/History in Words; Reflections"

● PHOTOGRAPH
- is an image produced through the use of a camera. It is created by light falling on
a light sensitive surface.

P- Photograph
● What is the subject of the photograph?
● Does the photograph show its subject literally or it shows another subject through a
subtext or a concealed meaning?
● When was the photograph taken?
● Does the photograph contribute to a better understanding of its period?
 H- Historical Fact
● What facts of history can be seen in the photograph?
● Can these facts be verified by other independent primary sources?
● Do the facts strengthen perception o knowledge of its period?
● Is the photograph credible as a source of historical information?

O- Observers
● Who are the supposed observers of the photograph?
● Is the photo intended of solely for an observer or a group of observers etc.?

T- Thrusts
● Who is the photographer? Where did he come from? What is his career/educational
background?
● Does the photograph emphasize or focus on a particular image? What elements
emphasize or focus the image?
● Who/Where is the source of the photograph? For how long was it kept by that source?
● What are the intentions of the photographer in capturing the photograph?
● Are there some indications of the photographer’s bias or discrimination in favor of or
against the subject in the photograph?

O- Other Elements
● Are there other elements (e.g., images, color, lines, perspective, milieu, etc.) in the
picture?
● How do these elements help its observer in further understanding the photograph?
● Do the other elements conform to the supposed milieu of the photograph?

Pictures provide the progress or development of certain individuals institutions or

places in concrete and vivid images

Note that!!
● Editing of photographs began in the 1860s or 1870s, however the technology did not
come immediately to the Philippines. So far, there is no known record yet of photo
editing during those years in the country.
The first photo to be edited was that of President Abraham Lincoln who stood behind his wife
(left), Mary Ann Todd Lincoln. The editing was thought to have happened in 1870 or
earlier. Right: Mrs. Lincoln’s photograph during the American Civil War

● Due to the lack of available technology, editing of photographs was done manually by
means of pasting images together. Moreover, early editors had to rely likewise on the
 use of available tools like ink, paint and airbrushes. Editors who tried to enlarge
photographs had to do some adjustments like brightening or darkening various parts

The editing of photographs using computer programs through the first personal computers were
made initially in the 1980s. With the release of the first version of Adobe Photoshop in
1987, editing of photographs started to become a common practice. Since then, the word
“photoshop” has become the common usage of people to mean an edited photo through
the use of the software.

The first mobile application photo editor called Fotolr Photo Editor was released in 2011
in App Store.
Subsequently released apps were made for other mobile operating systems. Editing of
photographs and sharing them through smartphones and tablets can be done in these
applications easily

Before 1886, photographs were usually black and white until

● Levi Hill- a Baptist minister in New York who produced apparently colored images
through the enhancement of pigments. Gabriel Lippman - A physicist and inventor
made the first colored photograph without the aid of any pigments or dyes in 1886.
● Lippman’s contribution to photography earned him Nobel Prize in Physics in 1908.

BASIC ASSUMPTIONS!!
– Black and white photographs are usually credible because of the presumption that these
photographs were taken at older times.
– As long as no tampering was made, photographs whether black and white or colored
have strong credibility because they show motionless episodes or registries of the
occurrence of supposed events.
– Before the invention of editing, photographs were usually credible as primary sources of
historical information.
– Due to the prevalence of editing applications at present, careful scrutiny on the veracity
of photographs must be made. The need for the help of experts might be necessary.
● CARICATURE
- is an illustration, imitation or description of a person, object, situation or event in which
certain striking characteristics are exaggerated in order to create a comic or grotesque
effect

BASIC ASSUMPTIONS!!

● Caricatures or cartoons cannot be used as primary sources of information, UNLESS

THEY ARE USED AS THE THEME OF THE STUDY in a content analysis, for instance.
● They show the funny and ridiculous (grotesque) side of their subjects.
● Caricatures should always be seen as EXAGGERATED ILLUSTRATIONS,
DESCRIPTIONS OR IMITATIONS of people, objects, situations or events in a specific
period.
● Though it may not always be the case, a caricature represents the general opinion of a
public or publics at a given time.

● PAINTINGS
- the expression of ideas and emotions, with the creation of a certain aesthetic qualities
in a two dimensional visual language.

P- Painting and Its Elements

1. Color
 -It is arguably the most important element because it sets the tone for how viewers
feel about the work. It can, for instance, be warm and inviting or cold and stark.
2. Tone
- It is, essentially, how light or dark a paint is when you strip away the color.
Understanding how to use it can greatly affect the way your art is perceived.
3. Line
-e is defined as a narrow mark made by a brush, or a line created where two objects
or elements meet. It defines the subject of paintings and helps us imply things such
as movement.
4. Shape
-In essence, a shape is an enclosed area that is made when lines meet. When that
shape takes on a third dimension (as in sculpture or some mixed media), we then
also have form
5. Space
-It is the area in a surface which is occupied by the subject (positive space) and the
areas around it (negative space).
6. Texture
-This can be interpreted as a pattern within the painting or the brushstrokes
themselves. It means the roughness or smoothness of the surface after the
application of paint
7. Composition
-is the arrangement of the painting. Where you place the subject, how the
background elements support it, and every little piece that you add to the canvas
becomes part of the composition. It is critical to how the work is perceived.
8. Direction
-This may pertain to format, perspective or the course of the light in a painting. To
some painters, a vertical canvas can work better than a horizontal one for certain
subjects and vice versa. It may also mean how the images are placed or how they are
used in relation or proportion to others. As regards to the course of the light, all the
lights falling on the images must come from the same direction or the audience
would be confused.
9. Size
-This refers to the scale of the painting itself as well as the scale of proportions
within the painting's elements.
10. Time and Movement
-Time can be viewed as the amount of time a viewer spends looking at a piece. This
refers to how you direct the viewer's eye within the painting.

A - Aims, Presuppositions and Values of the Painter

I- Interpretation/ Representations
N- Notes about History
T- Target Audience
● VIDEO OR DOCUMENTARY PRESENTATION
- Is a visual record of the past which shows the event or series of events through moving
pictures.

V- Video
I- Intentions
D- Disagreements
E- Epistemological Support to Information
O- Other Sources

NOTE!!!!
– Though videos appear as more credible sources due to the combination of moving
images and audio element, they are some of the easiest materials to be tampered
nowadays.
– Color was first applied in motion pictures in the early years of the 20th century with
Cupid Angling (1918) as the generally accepted first colored film.*
– Subsequent films were made such as Gone With The Wind by Technicolor in 1939.
– In the Philippines, color was successfully applied in Ibong Adarna (1959), the generally
accepted first Filipino colored film.
– Massive use of visual effects, editing applications, etc. became prevalent in the 1990s and
the 2000s in the Philippines.

BASIC ASSUMPTIONS!!
– Black and white videos are usually credible because of the presumption that these
videos were taken at earlier times.
– As long as no tampering was made, videos—whether black and white or colored—have
strong credibility because they show scenes or events as they actually happened at a
definite period in the past.
 – Before the invention of visual effects, editing applications, etc., videos were usually
credible as primary sources of historical information.
– Due to the prevalence of visual effects, editing applications, etc. at present, careful
scrutiny on the veracity of videos must be made. The need for the help of experts might be
necessary

5. THE SITE OF FIRST EASTER Sunday MASS IN THE PHILIPPINES

March 31, 1521

- The Philippines held its first documented Catholic Mass called Easter Sunday Mass
- celebrated by Magellan’s order, marked the beginning of Roman Catholicism in the
Philippines.
- It was officiated by a priest ordered by Magellan, his name was Father Pedro de
Valderrama on the shore of Mazaua in Pigafetta's Journal, which people believe is the
town of Limasawa in Southern Leyte.

However, a dispute over the location of the First Easter Sunday Mass in the Philippines began in
the late 1800s and early 1900s, some groups proposed that the First Easter Sunday Mass was
conducted in Butuan.
Other sources claim that the first mass occurred in a different possible location. As a result, the
National Historical Institute (NHI) has investigated the controversy alongside panels with
differing claims about the location of the first Easter Sunday mass, whether it is in Limasawa or
Butuan
1. THE LOGBOOK OF FRANCISCO ALBO

Francisco Albo
- He is the pilot of Magellan flagship, the " Trinidad"
- One of the 18 survivors who returned the ship " Victoria" with Sebastian Elcano.
- He kept a journal of the events that occurred as their group traveled around the
Philippines.

▪ On March 16, 1521, they sailed westward from Ladrones, saw land to the northwest, but
did not approach due to too many shallow spots. They later discovered that its name was
Yunagan.

▪ Instead, they went south on the same day to another small island called Suluan, where
they anchored. They saw some canoes there, but they fled when the Spaniard approached.
This island was located at 9 degrees and two-thirds north latitude.

▪ They sailed westward from those two islands to the uninhabited island of "Gada," -
where they took in a supply of wood and water. The sea around that island was free of
shallows. (Albo does not specify the latitude of this island, but based on Pigafetta's
testimony, it appears to be the "Acquada" or Homonhon, which is located at 10 degrees
North latitude.)

▪ They sailed west from that island towards a large island called Seilani or Ceylon -which
was inhabited and known to have gold which is the island of Leyte

▪ Sailing south along the coast of Seilani, they turned southwest to a small island called
"Mazava," which is also at a latitude of 9 and two-thirds degrees North.

▪ The people on the island of Mazava were wonderful. The Spaniards planted a cross on a
mountain-top and were shown three islands to the west and southwest, where they were
told there was a lot of gold. "They showed us how the gold, which came in small pieces
like peas and lentils, was gathered”.

▪ They sailed northwards again from Mazava, this time towards Seilani. They followed the
coast of Seilani in a northwestern direction, ascending to 10 degrees latitude and seeing
three small islands.

▪ They sailed westward for ten leagues until they came to three islets, where they
anchored for the night. In the morning, they sailed southwest for 12 leagues, down to a
latitude of 10 and one-third degree. They entered a channel between two islands, one
called "Matan" and the other "Subu.“
 ▪ They sailed down that channel, then turned west and anchored at Subu's town (la villa),
where they stayed for several days, obtained provisions, and signed treaties with the local
king.

▪ The town of Subu was located east-west of the islands of Suluan and Mazava. However,
there were so many shallows between Mazava and Subu that the boats couldn't go
westward directly and had to go (as they did) in a roundabout way. This must be noted
that the location of Mazava in Albo's account corresponds to the location of Limasawa,
which is located at the southern tip of Leyte, 9 degrees 54'N. However, he did not mention
the first mass, but only the planting of the cross on a mountain-top from which three
islands to the west and southwest could be seen, which also fits the southern end of
Limasawa.

2. THE PIGAFETTA EVIDENCE

Antonio Pigafetta
- was a famous Italian traveler who studied navigation.
- Member of magellan's expedition and eyewitness to the events, especially the first
mass.
- one of the 18 survivor out of 240 who returned to spain in 1522

Similarly to Francisco Albo, he kept a journal of events as their group traveled

around the Philippines. The only difference is that Pigafetta's account is more
detailed and supported by evidence, including the date and location of the event.

a. Testimony of Pigafetta on the route of Magellan’s expedition

▪ Saturday, March 16, 1521 – Magellan’s expedition sighted "Zamal," a "high land"
approximately 300 leagues west of Ladrones (now Marianas) Island.

▪ Sunday, March 17 – landed on "another uninhabited island." They set up two tents
for the crew's sick members and had a sow slaughtered for them. The island's name
was "Humunu" (Homonhon). The locations are 10 degrees North Latitude.

▪ Sunday, March 17 – Magellan named the entire archipelago the “Islands of Saint
Lazarus,” It was Sunday in the Lenten season when the Gospel assigned for the
Mass and the Liturgical Office was the eleventh chapter of St. John. which tells of the
raising of Lazarus from the dead.
▪ Monday, March 18 – In the afternoon, they noticed a boat approaching them, which
contained nine men. A gift exchange was carried out. Magellan requested food
supplies, and the men left, promising to return in "four days" with rice and other
supplies.

▪ On the island of Homonhon, there were two springs of water. They discovered
some hints that these islands were rich in gold. As a result, Magellan renamed the
island the "Watering Place of Good Omen" (Acquada la di bouni segnialli).

▪ Friday, March 22 – The natives returned at noon, in two boats, with food supplies.

▪ Magellan's expedition stayed at Homonhon for eight days, beginning on Sunday.

March 17 to the following week's Monday, March 25.

▪ Monday, March 25 – The expedition weighed anchor and left the island of
Homonhon in the afternoon. In ecclesiastical calendar, this day was the feast-day of
the Incarnation. Also called the feast of the Annunciation and therefore “Our Lady’s
Day.” An accident happened to Pigafetta: He fell into the water but was rescued. He
attributed his narrow escape from the death as grace obtained through the
intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary on her feast-day.

▪ The expedition's route after leaving Homonhon was "toward the west southwest,
between four Islands (Cenalo, Hiunanghan, Ibusson, and Albarien." "Cenalo" is an
Italian manuscript misspelling for what Pigafetta in his map calls "Ceilon" and Albo
calls "Seilani" (island of Leyte). Pigafetta mistook "hiunanghan" (a misspelling of
Hinunangan) for a separate island, but it is actually on the mainland of Leyte.
Hibuson (Pigafetta's Ibusson) is an island located east of the southern tip of
Leyte.They left Homonhon, sailing westward towards Leyte, then southward,
passing between the island of Hibuson on their port side and Hiunangan Bay on
their southboard, continuing southward, then turning westward to "Mazaua.“

▪ Thursday, March 28 – In the morning of Holy Thursday, March 28, they anchored
off an Island where the previous night they had seen a light or a bonfire. That island
"lies in a latitude of nine and two-thirds degrees north of the Arctic Pole and a
longitude of one hundred and sixty-two degrees south of the demarcation line." It is
twenty-five leagues from Acquada and is known as “Mazaua”.

▪ They stayed on Mazaua Island for days.

▪ Thursday, April 4 – they left Mazaua , bound for Cebu. Guided by the king of
Mazaua who sailed there in his own boat. They traveled through five islands
(Ceylon, Bohol, Canighan, Baibai, and Gatigan).
▪ They sailed westward from Gatigan to the three islands of the Camotes Group
(Poro, Pasihan, and Ponson), where the Spanish ships stopped to allow the king of
Mazaua to catch up with them. The Spanish ships were much faster than the native
balanghai, which piqued the king of Mazaua's interest.

▪ They sailed south from the Camotes Islands towards "Zubu.“

▪ Sunday, April 7 – at noon they entered the harbor of “Zubu” (Cebu). It had taken
them three days to travel from Mazaua to the Camotes Islands and then south to
Cebu

b. Pigafetta’s map showing where they stayed in Mazaua

c. The Two Native Kings

The presence of two native kings confirmed evidence at Mazaua during Magellan's
visit. The first was Mazaua's king, and the second was Butuan's king or Rajah

d. Pigafetta's account of his seven days in Mazaua.

▪ Thursday, March 28 – In the morning they anchored near an Island where they
had seen a light the night before a small boat (boloto) came with eight natives, to
whom Magellan threw some trinkets as presents. The natives paddled away, but two
hours later two larger boats (balanghai) arrived, one of which housed the native king
under a mat awning. Some of the natives went up the Spanish ship at Magellan's
invitation, but the native king remained seated in his boat. In the afternoon, the
Spanish ships weighed anchor and drew closer to shore, anchoring near the native
king's village on Holy Thursday.
▪ Friday, March 29 – Magellan sent his slave interpreter ashore in a small boat to ask
the king if he could provide the expedition with food supplies and to assure the king
that they had come as friends, not enemies. In response, the king himself arrived in a
boat with six or eight men, climbed Magellan's ship, and the two men embraced.
Another gift exchange took place. The native king and his companions returned
ashore, bringing two members of Magellan's expedition as overnight guests.
Pigafetta was one of the two.

▪ Saturday, March 30 – Pigafetta and his companion had spent the evening before
feasting and drinking with the native king and his son. Pigafetta lamented the fact
that, despite the fact that it was Good Friday, they had to eat meat. At Saturday,
Pigafetta and his companion took leave of their hosts and returned to the ships.

▪ Sunday, March 31 – "Early in the morning, the last of March and Easter day,"
Magellan ordered the priest and some men ashore to prepare for the Mass. Later that
morning, Magellan arrived with fifty men, and Mass was celebrated, followed by the
veneration of a cross. Magellan and the Spaniards returned to the ship for lunch, but
in the afternoon they went ashore to plant the cross on the highest hill. The kings of
Mazaua and Butuan were present at both the mass and the cross-planting.

▪ Sunday, March 31 – On that same afternoon, while on the highest hill, Magellan
asked the two kings which ports he should go to in order to obtain more abundant
supplies of food than were available on that Island. They replied that there were
three ports to choose from: Ceylon, Calagan and Zubu. Zubu was port with the most
trade. Magellan said that he wished to go to Zubu and leave the next morning. He
asked for someone to guide him there. The kings responded that the pilots were
available "at any time."

▪ Monday, April 1 – Magellan sent men ashore to assist with the harvest, but no
work was done that day because the two kings were sleeping off the night before.

▪ Tuesday, April 2 and Wednesday, April 3 – harvesting work during the "next to
days“.

▪ Thursday , April 4 – They leave the Mazaua, bound for Cebu.

e. An argument based on omission.

Confirmatory evidence from the Legazpi expedition: The 1971 expedition of naval
historian Samuel Eliot Morison and Colombian historian Mauricio Obregon, as well
as the accounts of Spanish naval engineer IgnacioFernandez Vial and merchant
marine captain Jose Luis Ugarte, retraced the Magellan-Elcano voyage and
concluded that Limasawa was the site of the country's first Catholic mass, according
to the NHCP's study.

1. The name of the place. Antonio Pigafetta's testimony is regarded as one of the
primary sources. Although he referred to the location as "Mazaua" in his accounts,
some historians believe it is the "Masao" in Butuan. In addition, Limasawa cannot be
the exact location of the first mass because it has four syllables and begins with a
different letter

2. The Route from Homonhon. According to the Pigafetta's accounts, the

expedition traveled 20 to 25 leagues west southwest from Homonhon, their first
landing point, to the site of the first mass. If they had been on Limasawa Island, the
distance is only about 14.6 leagues, or one-half that length. Furthermore, Limasawa
is separated from Homonhon by the tip of Southern Leyte

3. The latitude position. According to Francisco Albo and Antonio Pigafetta's

accounts, you can find the location at 90 North latitude, and others at 9 2/3°. The
latitude position eliminates Limasawa, because it is closer by 10° , and strengthens
the claim of Masao, Butuan, because it is exactly at 9 °.

4. The Geographical Features

A. The Bonfire
The explorers were drawn to the light present the night before they arrived at the
shore. Now, "Masao" in Butuanon means "bright," which could refer to the local
tradition of cooking rice flakes over open fires to celebrate a harvest. Limasawa, on
the other hand, has no rice fields.

B. The Balanghai
It was mentioned on the Pigafetta's account that they stayed in the first kingdom.
The King arrived at their ship in a "Balanghai," and Pigafetta and his companion
attended a party in a "Balanghai" with a local King. Today, in Butuan City, you can
visit the Balangay Site Museum, also known as the "Balanghai Shrine Museum."

C. Abundance of gold
According to Pigafetta's testimony on Magellan's route, they discovered some hints
that the islands were rich in gold, prompting Magellan to rename the island the
"Watering Place of Good Omen.“. While in Albo's logbook, golds were shown to
them. Butuan is said to have gold, whereas Limasawa is said to have none.

Despite the fact that the evidence presented by using primary sources: Albo's and
Pigafetta's accounts. Limasawa was able to retain its status as the site of the First
Easter Sunday Mass in 1521

3. Summary of Albo and Pigafetta's evidence

▪ Through the south island of Samar, Magellan’s expedition has entered the
Philippines and stayed for a week at Homohonhon. They sailed westward towards
Leyte and rounded the southern tip of Panaon Island where they anchored off the
eastern shore of Mazaua Island. Upon a week of staying, during which on Easter
Sunday, they celebrated a mass and planted a cross on highest hill’s summit.

▪ The described position of Mazaua Island and its latitude of nine and two-thirds
degrees North clearly correspond to the position and latitude of south of Leyte. ▪
Clearly from Mazaua, Magellan’s expedition sailed northwestwards through the
Canigao Channel, then norther wards parallel to this latter island, then sailed
westward to Camotes Group and southwestwards to Cebu.

▪ In that itinerary, at no point did the Magellan expedition go to Butuan or any on

the Mindanao Cost. It was said that only after Magellan’s death did the survivors of
the expedition did go to Mindanao

4. Confirmatory evidence from the Legazpi expedition.

 There is confirmatory evidence from the documents of the Legazpi expedition,
which sailed into Philippine water in 1565, forty-four years after Magellan. Legazpi
and his pilots were anxious to visit was precisely Mazaua, and they inquired about
"Mazaua" from Camotuan and his companions, natives of the village of Canadian at
Southeastern end of the island of Leyte. Guided by these natives, the Legazpi ships
rounded the island of "Panae" (Panaon), which was separated from Leyte by a
narrow strait, and anchored off "Mazaua". But they found the inhabitants to be
hostile, apparently as a result of Portuguese depredation are that had occurred in the
fourdecade interval between the Legazpi and the Magellan expeditions. From
Mazaua they went to Camiguing which was visible from Mazaua and from there thy
intended to go to Butuan on the island of Vindanao but were driven instead by
contrary winds to Bohol. The point seems clear that as pilots of the Legazpi
expedition understood it, Mazaua was an island near Leyte and Panaon, Butuan was
on the island of Mindanao. The two were entirely different places and in no wise
identical

KAAGI : THE PHILIPPINES AND THE 1ST CIRCUMNAVIGATION

● Kaagi - means history

● Exploration : the wealth of the country is defined by their gold reserves
● Maluku - place of spices (part of indonesia)
● Treaty of Pordesillas - sanctioned by the pope in Rome
- States that they will divide the territory
- Divided: portugal (east), spain (west)
● Magellan - former portuguese sailor
- Been to india and Maluku
- Portuguese king doesn’t believe Magellan, but the king of spain believe him and gave
him a 5 ship
September 20 1519
- 5 ship left seville
 - Armada de Maluco (AKA: Magellan Elcano Expedition)
● Trinidad - flagship of magellan Elcano Expedition
- Magellan was the captain
- Name of ship:
1. The San Antonio
2. The Concepcion
3. The Santiago
4. The Victoria
- 270 crew
- Duarte Barbosa (officer)
- Francisco Albo
- Gines de Mafra
- Antonio Pigafetta - Writer/Italian Nobleman
- Fr. Pedro de Valderrama - chaplain
- Enrique de Malacca - Magellan servant, mother tongue is Malay
● Dadivas - Gifts that magellan carries
● Note: The Philippines was already rich in culture before magellan….
● 1950 - discovery of Boxer Codex
- Pigafetta confirmed about tattooed Visayas
- Na discover na ang mga Pilipino ay mayaman sa ginto at may magandang
kasuotan(china silk)
● Ilawud - downstream
● Ilaya - upstream
● Laguna Copperplate Inscription (900 AD)
- Used of copper plate
- shows that the diplomacy and connection of our ancestors
● Kawi - java script
● Butuan - various of artifacts discovered
● Guam - chamorros robbed them (magellan crew)
March 16, 1521
- Magellan crew sighted Samar
● Alcina’s Historia de la Bisaya - spanish account
● Homonhon - sacred place, God : Makapatag
March 17, 1521
- feast day of San Lazaro
- Archipelago of San Lazaro
March 18, 1521
- Humanity in homonhon
- Filipinos gave food to magellan's crew
- After 8 days the crew move to Limasawa (Mazua)

● Colambu - chief of Limasawa

● Casicasi - blood compact
- Sandugo between chiefs
March 31, 1521
 - 1st mass
- Attended by : chief of butuan & calagan
1. Rajah Colambu
2. Rajah Siaui
- They built a cross in Limasawa
April 7, 1521

● Cebu - known for traders

- Magellan shared about christianity
- Humabon accept christian baptism
- - 800 were baptised

● Lapulapu - chief of mactan

- 1,500 mactan surrounded the spaniards
- 49 crew of magellan VS 1,500 mactan
- 8 spaniards died
- 15 Filipino died
● Juan Carualho - new leader
- Inutos niya na bawasan ang barko, pinasunog ang “concepcion”
● Rajah Matanda - prince of Luzon
● Nov 1521 - spices

Spaniards mapped the Philippines, and came back. the rest is history

Spaniards teach about christianity

● 1895 - Gising na mga Tagalog

● 1896 - Philippine revolution
● June 12, 1898 - Philippine Independence