Reviewer in RPH

What is History?

- derive from the Greek word historia, which means "enquiry"

- referred usually for accounts of phenomena, especially human affairs in chronological order - study of past
events
- Chronological records of events.
- studying history is learning by examination, learning by questioning. - This concept of history is actually wester.

The PHILIPPINE OF HISTORY

- Early Filipino had their own system of writing like baybayin but they did not record that much about past event or
record data because it was not part in our system even though we have our own writing system.

WRITTEN PH HISTORY:
a.) Written by the educated and rich Filipino
b.) written by colonizers

IMPORTANCE IN STUDYING HISTORY

- In order to understand our present because who we are now can be trace back to what happen in the past.

KASAYSAYAN NG PILIPINAS (Ayon kay Zeus salagar)

- Root word: saysay
➢ Salaysay or kwento
➢ kahulugan, katuturan, kabuluhan, kahalagahan Ang
kasaysayan ay salaysay na may saysay.
- Ang kasaysayan ay hindi lang salaysay tungkol sa mga nangyari sa nakaraan. Ibig sabihin hindi lahat nang
nangyari noong nakaraan ay dapat na isalaysay, kundi yoon lang mga may saysay.

Q1. May saysay Para kanino?

- Para sa tao, sa sinalaysayang grupo
“Kasaysayan ay salaysay na may saysay para sa sinalaysayang grupo ng tao. Kasaysayan
– not limited to records made by the privileged and powerful.

HISTORICAL METHOD
- the process of critically examining and analyzing the records and survivals of the past.

Positivism – Western historical method

- A system that relics on collected data system that confines itself to the data of experience.
- A philosophical school or system not just in history but it also general philosophical system.

HISTORIOGRAPHY – the practice of historical writing; the imaginative reconstruction of the past from the data derived by
that process.

TWO TYPES OP HISTORIOGRAPHY

a. Traditional method: focus on gathering of documents from different libraries and achieves to form a pool of
evidence needed in making a descriptive or analytical narrative.
b. Modern historical Writing: does not only include examination of documents but also use of research methods
from related areas. of study such as archeology and geography.

HISTORICAL ANALYSIS – an important element of a historical method.

1. Select the subject to investigate

2. Collect probable sources of information on the subject
3. Examine the source's genuineness, in part or in whole.
4. Extract credible particulars from the sources (or parts of source).

THEORIES IN HISTORY
THEORIES constructed by historians in Investigating history:

a. Factual History - presents the readers the plain and basic information (4 W’s).
b. Speculative theory - it tries to speculate on the cause and effect of an event (Cantal, Cardinal, Espino and Galindo
2014); goes beyond facts, concerned about Why and How.

Why study history?

 1. to learn about the past.
2. to understand the present.
3. to appreciate your heritage.
4. to broaden your perspectives.
5. to acquire background for critical thinking and analysis.

LIMITATION OF HISTORICAL KNOWLEDGE – Incompleteness of records limited man's knowledge of history

Total past

History-as-record

Verisimilitude – historian's aim; the truth, authenticity, plausibility about a past.

History is always dynamic.

SOURCE – materials from which historians construct meaning.

TWO DIFFERENT TYPES OF SOURCES

1. Relics – objects surviving from an earlier time.
2. Testimonies of witnesses – describe an event.
➢ Oral
➢ Written

Aim of historical work:

✓ Descriptive – what, when, where, who
✓ Interpretive – why, how
WRITTEN SOURCES OF HISTORY
1. Narrative or Literary – chronicles or tracts presented in narrative form.
e. g., scientific tract, newspaper article, personal narrative, novel
2. Diplomatic Source – those which document or record an existing legal situation or create a new one. e.g.,
Charter, will, mortgage agreement.
3. Social Documents - records kept by bureaucracies.
e. g., Government reports, research findings, civil registry records

NON-WRITTEN SOURCES OF HISTORY

1. Material evidence – also known as archaeological evidence.
e.g., pottery, dwellings, graves, churches, roads, etc.
➢ Artifacts – an object made by human being, typically an item of cultural or historical significance. (Oxford
Dictionary)
2. Oral Evidence – e.g., tales or sagas, folksongs, popular rituals, interviews.

NOTE: All artifacts are relict but not all relics are artifacts.

PRIMARY SOURCE AND SECONDARY SOURCE

✓ Primary sources – are materials produced by people or groups directly involved in the event or topic being
studied. ➢ they are either participants or witness.

TYPES OF PRIMARY SOURCES

a. Autobiographies and memoirs
b. Diaries, personal letters and correspondence
c. Interviews, surveys and fieldwork
d. photographs and posters
e. works of arts and literature
f. Speeches and oral histories

Secondary sources – Gottschalk simply defines secondary sources as the testimony of anyone who is not an eyewitness
that is one who was not present at the event of which he tells.

➢ Secondary information is filtered through someone else’s perspective.

TYPES OF SECONDARY SOURCES

a. Biographies c. Periodicals (magazine and journal)
b. Biographical works d. Literature reviews and reviews articles
e. Bible

External And Internal Criticism

 Historical criticism – examines the origins of earliest text to appreciate the underlying circumstances upon which the
text came to be (Soulen & Soulen 2001).

2 Parts:
a. external criticism
b. Internal criticism
1. External criticism – refers to genuineness of the documents. It is looking into the authenticity of evidence by
examining the physical characteristics and historical characteristics of the documents.

The following are series of question to establish the genuine next of a document or relic according to key (1994).

a. Does the language and writing style conform to the period in question and is it typical of other work done by the
author?
b. Is there evidence that the author exhibits ignorance of things or events that man of his training and time should
have known?
c. Did he report about things, events or places that could have been known during the period?
d. Has the original manuscript been altered wither intentionally or unintentionally by copying? e. is the document
an original draft or a copy?

2. Internal criticism – refers to the meaning and truthfulness of the documents. It talks about the value and worth of
its content.

Key (1997), provides the following questions to check content source of information:

a. what was meant by the author by each word and statement?

b. How much credibility can the author's statement be given?

CONTENT AND COTEXTUAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTING PRIMARY SOURCES

Content Analysis – is a systemic evaluation of the primary source be it a text, painting, caricature, and or speech that in
the process students could develop and present an argument based on their own understanding of the evidences from
their readings.

Contextual Analysis – considers specifically the time, place, and situation when the primary source was written. The
analysis as well includes the author’s background, authority on the subject and intent perceptible, and its relevance and
meaning to people and society today (Ligo, et.al., 2018).

NOTE: Content and contextual analysis is an indispensable approach to strengthen the students critical and analytical
thinking skills and their ability to articulate their own ideas, views and perspectives on a certain primary data or source. In
order to achieve this, primary sources will be used and utilized for analysis.

The First Voyage Around The world by Antonio Pigafetta

BRIEF TIMELINE OF THE FIRST VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD
- Ferdinand Magellan is famous as the great explorer who led 5 Spanish ships and 251
- men in the first voyage around the World. Short Biography of Ferdinand Magellan
Date of Birth: Born in 1480
Place of Birth: Saborosa in Villa Real, Province of Traz os Montes in Portugal
Parents: Mayor Pedro Ruy de Magalhaes (Father) and Alda de Mezquita (Mother)
Background Facts, Information & Ancestry : Came from a wealthy family who had strong
connections with the Portuguese court.
1480 Born at Saborosa in Villa Real, Province of Traz os Montes in Portugal.
Well tutored at home and then spent his early years at the Portuguese court.
1505 Ferdinand Magellan joined the expedition of Francisco d'Almeida to India.
1512 Took part in the Portuguese expedition to Morocco and was badly wounded.
• Has a serious disagreement with a commanding officer and leaves the service without prior permission.
1513 Requests permission from King Manuel of Portugal to sail to the Spice Islands in the Far East but is
refused following the unfavorable reports from Morocco.
• Resumes his studies in Portugal for a couple more years but fails to gain favor with the Portuguese
court and therefore renounces his Portuguese nationality.
1518 Magellan leaves Portugal and heads for Spain.
1519 March 22: Magellan convinces King Charles I of Spain to support his voyage to the Spice Islands and the King
promises Magellan one-fifth of the profits from the voyage to the Spice Islands Spain provides five ships for
the expedition:
Magellan commands the Trinidad
Juan de Cartagena commands the San Antonio
 Gaspar de Quesada commands the Conception
Luis de Mendoza commands the Victoria
Juan Serrano commands the Santiago
Leads the five Spanish ships with 251 men in what was to become the first voyage around the World
20 September: The fleet sail across the Atlantic Ocean to South America and Rio de Janeiro and then start to
search for a passage to the Pacific Ocean.
1520 March: The fleet anchor for the winter at Puerto San Julian in Southern Argentina September: A storm
destroys the Santiago and a mutiny breaks out
October: Ferdinand Magellan and his crew resume their voyage on the remaining ships
21 November: Enters the straits which would be named the Magellan Straits becoming the first Europeans ever to
sail across the Pacific Ocean.
1521 3 February: Ferdinand Magellan reaches the Equator 1521 March 6: Magellan reached the Pacific Island of
Guam
16 March: Discovers the Philippines
April 27: Ferdinand Magellan was killed by natives on the island of Mactan
Only 110 of the original crew members remained so they abandoned one of the ships - the Conception. The
Trinidad tried to return back to Spain the same way they had come but was forced to return to the Spice Islands
where they were imprisoned by the Portuguese. The Victoria was the last remaining ship.
1522 September 6: The Victoria reached Sanlucar de Barrameda in Spain with only 18 survivors.

Antonio Pigafetta -
1491- 1534
- Born in Vicenza
- Eldest son of Giovanni Pigafetta to second wife Angela Zoga - Studied Astronomy, Geography and
cartography.
- Accompanied Ferdinand Magellan in his voyage
- Returned to Spain on September 6, 1522 aboard the Victoria with Juan Sebastian Elcano and more than a dozen
more survivors.
- Presented his work to Charles V.- Magellan’s Voyage, “A narrative Account of the first Circumnavigation “ -
Worked in ships owned by Knights of Rhodes James Alexander Robertson

- Born 1873 in Corry, Pennsylvania

- In 1902, he became involved in the compilation of massive multivolume work on the History of the Philippines,
initially called The Philippine Islands, 1493-1803
- One of the people who translated Antonio Pigafetta’s Journal Spices
- Most expensive and in demand commodity in Europe. Merchants aspired its monopoly and distribution. - Silk
Road or The Arabian Italian Trade Route
- Route that is expensive and disrupted by wars and calamities, Portugal explored the ocean as an alternative way
to Spice Islands.

Rivalry between Spain and Portugal

- Worsened by trade
- They are both interested in Spice Island
- Got the pope to Divide parts for Spain and Portugal.

• The Royal crown of Spain supported the plan of Ferdinand Magellan to go to east sailinga westward, a proposal
that was not supported by Portugal.

“The First Voyage Around the World” (book) About the book….

- It is the main source about the first encounter of the Spaniards and the Filipinos
- The original journal of Pigafetta didn’t survive in history (what was handed is just copies of the manuscript that
never came out the press during his life time.)
- James A. Richardson –made an English version of ambrosian copy and it appeared in the Philippine Island. -
Pigafettas travelogue contributed immensely to the enrichment of Philippine Historiography - It was vivid
description of: o Physical appearance, social life, Religious Belief and cultural practices (Samar, Leyte, and Cebu.

o Economic activities of local folks and the goods they offered for trade.

o He got all of this through the help of Enrique de Malacca (Magellan’s Interpreter)
- Lastly, Pigafetta gave us an eyewitness account of the battle of Mactan which resulted to the death of Magellan
ang him getting wounded.
VERSION OF THE BOOK
 - Three of them were in French and two are kept in the Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris.
- The third one was originally owned by the British Collector Sir Thomas Philipp.
- The fourth copy was written in mixed Italian, Spanish and Venetian language and could be found in Ambrosian
Library in Milan.
- In 1800, Carlo Amoretti published an Italian version of it and the following year a French version came out in
Paris. - Pinkerton of his part translated it to English and published it in 1819.
- James A. Richardson made his own English version of the Ambrosian copy and it appeared in The Philippine
Islands.
- This is the copy that is widely circulated in the Philippines.

Important persons
a. Fernao de Magalhaes (Captain General Ferdinand Magellan)- the leader of the expedition
b. Antonio Pigafetta (Italian)- official Chronicle of the expedition.
c. Raia Colambu- (raja Kulambu)- King of Mazua (Limasawa)
d. Raia Siaui (Raja Siagu)- King of butuan
e. Raia Humabon- King of Zubu(Cebu)
f. Raia Cilapulapu and Raia Zula- Chiefs of matan (Mactan).

Chronology of dates
➢ March 18, 1521- Spanish colonizers arrived at Zamal (Samar).
➢ March 17, 1521 landed at Humunu (homonhon) and which he named, Acquada da li buoni segnialli and later the
entire group of islands as Archipelago of St. Lazaro (Former name of Philippines).
➢ March 18, 1521- Exchange goods w ancestors in Zuluan
➢ March 25, 1521- Anchored near Mazaua (Limasawa) and met the king in balanghai
➢ March 31, 1521- went ashore to say mass and set up cross on summit of the mountain.
➢ April 07, 1521- baptized our ancestors from zubu and few from neighboring islands.
➢ April 14, 1521- Entered the port of Zubu.
➢ April 26, 1521- Raia Zula came to seek help to Fight the other chief of matan
➢ April 27, 1521- Wave shore in the island of matan and fighting commenced between them and men of Raia
Cilapulapu and lead to death of Magalhaes.
➢ May 1, 1521- Massacred by the Zubuanos thus forcing the remaining Spaniards to depart to zubu immediately.

Description of Seignor (King/Chief)

- Matured
- Larger than these men and the finest looking man
- Painted(tattooed) - Wore golden earing’s
- Have black hair and hung to shoulder.
- Head Covered with silk (Kerchiefs).
- Wore cotton cloth all embroidered with silk which covered him from the waist to the knees. - Some have
spots of gold on every tooth
- Some are perfumed with storax and benzoin.
- Wore armlets and other rings for the feet. - Wore necklace of great value.

Descriptions of Male
- Naked, with cloth woven from a bark of a tree about(cover) their privies.
- Dark, Fat and painted (tattooed)
- Anointed with their bodies with coconut and benessed oil as a protection against sun and wind.
- Some have dark Hair that hung to the waist.

Description of female
- Clad in tree cloth from waist down - Hair is black and reaches the ground.
- They are as white and as large as the Spaniards
- Holes on their ears which are filled with gold(earrings).
- Constant chewing a fruit which they call areca which resembles as pear, cut into four and wrapped with
betre(betel) leaves,

Culture: Physical and Social settings

Thanksgiving Friendship Marriage

 -Raised clasped hands and face
towards the sky and then turned
to others.
- Casi casi - One can have many
-A ritual wherein one has to be wives as they wish but
shed a drop of his blood from one of them is the
his right arm and the other will principal wife.
do the same and partake each
other’s blood.

Trade Festivities Entertainment

- All ships that will enter - Heavy Drinkers - - Played musical
their port should pay instruments like drums,
Meal that last 6 hours
tribute metallic discs, gongs
and bells.
- Dances.

Religion Food Dwellings

- No formal religion
- Have a God(Abba)
- Have idols (made of
woods)
- Eats umay(rice), -Built from the ground on huge
Coconut, meat and post of wood and thatched with
Fish.
fig and pal leaves.
Drinks uraca (wine
- from palm coconut).

Contribution and Relevance

Geography Economics and trade

- Provided a description, location, and
distances of places visited.
- Enhanced Cartography
- Contributed immensely to European
historiography (popularized the
achievements of the Magellan-elcano)
- An evidence of agricultural activities
based on their produce.
- Engaged in trade with neighboring
countries as China.

Culture Christianization
- Unique musical instruments - Conversion of early Filipinos
- Tattoos’= arts Christianity.

- Rituals
Burial practices
-
Worship of anitos
- Inferiority: Warfare weapons, manner
- of dressing, system of writing.

Customs of the Tagalog’s Juan

de Plasencia

- 1491- 1534
- Fray Joan Puerto de Carrero del Convento de Villanueva dela Serena
- Grew up in plasencia
- Belonged to Franciscan Order
- Among the First Batch of Missionaries bound in the Philippines in May 1577.
- Assigned to do mission works in Southern Tagalog converting People to Christianity.
- Also helped in the foundation and organization of numerous provinces. - Honored as “Venerable”

Historical Context of the Document

- To ensure that all gobernadorcillos remain loyal to the Crown, friars were assigned to supervise and monitor their
activities, hence Friars ended up performing administrative friars. - Friars; Most Knowledgeable and
influential Figure
 Duties
- Supervised the elections of the local executives. - Helped in the collection of taxes.
- Directly involved the youth.
- Friars submit reports on their personal Observation and Experiences (Ex. Plasencia’s Work) - His Work is a
primary Source.

Community
- Barangay- Tribal Gathering ruled by Chiefs.
- It is called a “barangay” because they associate themselves with the “Malay” who are one of the first people to
arrive in the Philippines through a boat in which they call “balangay”.
- Some consisted of around 30-100 houses
- Barangays also have some sort of diplomacy
- All barangays were equal in terms of status and political structure.

Outline of the Content Presentation and analysis

1. Community (Barangay, Datu, Three Castes)
2. Status of women
3. Property
4. Marriage Customs
5. Political Structure
6. Worship(religion)- 12 Priest of the devil
7. Superstitions
8. Burying the Dead

Datu – the chiefs of the village: they governed the people as captains even in wars, were obeyed, and revered: any
subject who committed any offense against them, or spoke to their wives and children, were severely punished.

Social Hierarchy
- There are three statuses/castes within a barangay, Maharlica, Aliping Namamahay, Aliping sa Guiguilar.
1. Maharlica are those who are born free.
2. Aliping namamahay are those who serve their masters however, they can have their own properties.
3. Aliping sa Guiguilir, are those considered to be slaves who serve their masters or can be sold off.

Maharlica (noble)
- He would keep their status for a lifetime however, this can be taken if she/he marries slave.
- In this case, the kids would be divided and they would inherit the status of their mother or father. - People
who are born free - Do not need to pay taxes
- Must accompany the datu’s in war.

Aliping Namamahay (Commoners)

- They have their own properties but has to serve their own masters - Children belonging to this caste inherit
the status of their parents.
- Cannot be treated as a slave nor can be sold off.

Aliping sa Guiguilir (slaves)

- They serve their master in their houses
- Can be sold off

Status of women
- Women in pre-colonial Philippine society had the right to inherit property, engage in trade and industry, and
succeed to the chieftain shift of the barangay in the absence of male and heir.
- They also had right to name their children
- The men walked behind them as sign of respect.

Property
- The land area was divided among the whole barangay, especially the irrigated portions.
- No one from the different barangay could cultivate land unless they inherit or buy the land.
- The land on the tingues, or mountain ridges, are not divided but owned by the barangay as a whole. - Any
individual (regardless of their barangay)

Worship and Religion

Gods according to rank
1. Bathalang maykapal- (the creator)
 2. Idinayale- (God of agriculture)
3. Sidapa- (God of death)
4. Balangaw- (rainbow god)
5. Mandarangan (war God)
6. Agni (fire God)
7. Lalahon (God of harvest)
8. Siginarugan (God of hell)
9. Diyan masalanta- (Goddess of love) The 12 priests of the devils

1. Catolonan- officiates sacrifice offered to the devil

2. Manggagauy- pretends to heal the sick for deception
3. Manyisalat- cast remedies to couples to abandon each other.
4. Mancocolam – emits fire which can’t be distinguished.
5. Hocloban – more powerful than manggagauy, can kill without the use of medicine.
6. Silagan – tear out and eat liver of those wearing white.
7. Magtatangal- would go out at nights without their heads and put it back on their bodies before the sun rise.
8. Osuang – can fly and murder a man and eat its flesh. 9. Manggagayoma – seduce their partners with charms 10.
Sonat – devil that helps people to die.
11. Pangatahojan – can predict the future.
12. Bayoguin- men who are in the nature of women.