Prelim 1.

Paggalang
Morality- complex of concepts and philosophical beliefs 2. Pakikisama
by which an individual determines whether his or her 3. Utang na Loob (Debt of Gratitude)
actions are right or wrong. 4. Pagpapahalaga sa Pamilya
5. Hiya
Moral standards- are those laws or commands that 6. Damayan System
allow specifics actions to be committed or those that 7. Compassionate
disallow actions contrary to these norms. 8. Fun-loving Trait

Moral dilemma- is a conflict in which you have to Social Values of the Filipinos
choose between two or more actions and have moral 1. High regard for amor propio (self-esteem)
reasons for choosing each action. 2. Smooth interpersonal relationship
3. Personal alliance system
Freedom- is a power rooted in reason and will, to act or 4. Compadre System
not to act. 5. Utang-na-loob
Moral act- is an act that will benefit humanity. 6. Suki relationship
7. Friendship
Human acts- make use of his knowledge and free will.
Acts of human-do not make use his intellect or will Weaknesses of the Filipino Character
knowledge. 1. Fatalism - “what goes around, comes around” or
“come what may”.
Culture - derived from the Latin word “cultura” or 2. Crab mentality
“cultus” which means care or cultivation. Culture as 3. Ningas-Kugon
cultivation implies that every human being is a potential 4. Filipino Time
member of his own social group. 5. Colonial Mentality -defined as a preference for all
things foreign over our own
Cultural Relativism- is the ability to understand a 6. General Disregard for Rules- ignore laws
culture on its own terms and not to 7. Procrastination or “Mañana Habit”
make judgments using the standards of one’s own This is another habit which keeps the development of
culture. our country slow.
8. Corruption
The Filipino Customs and Traditions 9. Gossiping
1. Having close family ties 10. Passivity (lack of leadership)
2. The Bayanihan
3. Courtship Midterm
4. Religion Value -quality that weans people, things, events, or
5. Superstition situations.
6. Marriage and Wedding Customs Universal- related to what belongs or which relates to
7. Death the universe.
8. Society Universal values- are formed by implied behavioral
9. Christmas in the Philippines standards that are necessary to live in a harmonious
10. Fiestas and peaceful society.
11. Living with Parents
Shalom H. Schwartz Concept of Universal Values
Characteristics of Filipino Culture 1. Power. control or dominance over people and
1. The Filipino people are very resilient- Smiling no resources.
matter what 2. Achievement. Personal success
1. Filipinos take pride in their families 3. Hedonism. Pleasure or sensuous gratification
2. Filipinos are very religious 4. Stimulation. Excitement, novelty
3. Filipinos are very respectful 5. Self-Direction. Independent thought
4. Filipinos help one another 6. Universalism. Understanding, appreciation,
5. Filipinos value traditions and culture tolerance, and protection for the welfare
6. Filipinos have the longest Christmas Celebration 7. Benevolence. Preservation and enhancement of the
7. Filipinos love art and architecture welfare of people
8. The Filipinos are hospitable 8. Tradition. Respect, commitment, and acceptance of
the customs
Traditional values:
9. Conformity. Restraint of actions, inclinations, and
impulses likely to upset or harm others and
violate expectations or norms.
10. Security. Safety, harmony, and stability of society, of
relationships and of self.
Basic Universal Human Values
1. Happiness –
2. Peace – basic condition for freedom and happiness,
for without peace there cannot be real freedom.
3. Love – Love in a general sense can be best defined as
feelings.
4. Freedom – Freedom means the experience of
unrestricted, and to be as much as possible
independent of the social pressure of others
5. Safety – Safety means free of threat, fear and
survival-stress. W
6. Intelligence – Intelligence has been defined in many
different ways to include the capacity for
logic, understanding, self-awareness, learning,
emotional knowledge, reasoning, planning,
creativity, and problem solving.
7. Human respect – The most basic principle of any
social community is feelings of connectedness
which come out of our perception, empathy an
awareness that the other human is basically as we
are ourselves.
8. Equality – Equality originates from the word aequalis,
aequus, and aequalitas. These are all old
French or Latin words. These French or Latin words
mean even, level and equal. Thus the meaning
of the word ‘equality’ used in political science
corresponds to the meaning from which it originates.
9. Justice – It is the proper administration of the law,
the fair and equitable treatment of all
individuals under the law.
10. Nature – Understanding our physical dependence of
nature and our awareness of being part of it
are needed to see the basic value of nature.
11. Health – World Health Organization (WHO) defined
health as being “a state of complete physical, mental,
and social well-being and not merely the absence of
disease or infirmity”.
HUMAN DIGNITY- dignitas, which means “worthiness”.
Moral Character or character is evaluation an
individual’s stable moral qualities. as an idea in which
one is unique and can be distinguished from others.
Character Traits that Impact One’s Happiness
1. Integrity – Integrity is having strong moral principles
and core values and then conducting your life with
those as your guide.
2. Honesty – Honesty is more than telling the truth.
3. Loyalty – Loyalty is faithfulness and devotion to your
loved ones, your friends, and anyone with whom you
have a trusted relationship.
4. Respectfulness – You treat yourself and others with
courtesy, kindness, deference, dignity, and
civility.
5. Responsibility – You accept personal, relational,
career, community, and societal obligations even
when they are difficult or uncomfortable.
6. Humility – You have a confident yet modest opinion
of your own self-importance.
7. Compassion – You feel deep sympathy and pity for
the suffering and misfortune of others, and you
have a desire to do something to alleviate their
suffering.
8. Fairness – Using discernment, compassion and
integrity, you strive to make decisions and take
actions based on what you consider the ultimate best
course or outcome for all involved.
9. Forgiveness – You make conscious, intentional
decisions to let go of resentment and anger toward
someone for an offense
10.Authenticity – You are able to be your real and true
self, without pretension, posturing or insincerity.
11.Courageous – In spite of fear of danger, discomfort
or pain, you have the mental fortitude to carry on with
a commitment, plan, or decision, knowing it is the right
or best course of action.
12. Generosity – You are willing to offer your time,
energy, efforts, emotions, words or assets without
the expectation of something in return.
13.Perseverance – Perseverance is the steadfast
persistence and determination to continue
14. Politeness – You are knowledgeable of basic good
manners, common courtesies, and etiquette and are
willing to apply those to all people you encounter.
15.Kindness – Kindness is an attitude of being
considerate, helpful, and benevolent to others.
16. Lovingness – The ability to be loving toward those
you love means showing them through your words,
actions, and expressions how deeply you care them.
17.Optimism – Optimism is a sense of hopefulness and
confidence about the future.
18.Reliability – You do what you say you will do.
19.Conscientiousness – You have the desire to do things
well or to the best of your ability.
20.Self-discipline – You are able through good habits or
willpower, or to overcome your desire or feelings in
order to follow the best course of action or to rise to
your commitment or principles. You have a strong
sense of self-control in order to reach a desired goal.
Reason- is the capacity for consciously making sense of
things, establishing and verifying facts,
applying logic, and changing or justifying practices,
institutions, and beliefs based on new or existing
Information

Impartiality( evenhandedness or fair-mindedness)- is a
principle of justice holding that decisions should be
based on objective criteria, rather than on the basis of
bias, prejudice, or preferring the benefit to one person
over another for improper reason.
Ethical reasoning- is how to think about issues of right
or wrong.
Types of Moral Subjectivism:
1. Simple Subjectivism
2. Individualist subjectivism
3. Moral Relativism (Ethical Relativism)
4. Ideal Observer Theory
5. Ethical Egoism
6. Utilitarianism
7. Deontology
8. Virtue Ethics
Mental frame- a frame through which we view the
world. We attend to what is inside our frame,
oblivious sometimes to what occurs inside our frames,
which can lead to dangerous blind spots.
3 Types of friendship
1. Friendship of excellence
2. Friendship of pleasure
3. Friendship of utility
Natural virtues – virtues that pertains to the happiness
of this life that is “proportionate” to human nature.
Theological virtues – pertains to the beatitude that is
not proportionate to human nature, the
supernatural good of life with God.
Cardinal Natural Virtues - are human virtues, acquired
by education and good actions. Cardinal
comes from cardo, the Latin word for hinge, meaning
“that on which other things depend
Rights- entitlement or justified claim to a certain kind
of positive and negative treatment from others.
Kinds of Rights
1. Natural Rights
2. Moral Rights
3. Legal Rights
WEEK 13
Righteous and Equality
Justice
 Unjust (biased)
 Overriding principles
 Giving each person what he deserves
 Used with reference to one’s feelings
Fairness
 How those principles are applied to specific set of
circumstances
 Distribution of benefits(fair share) and burdens (fair
play)
 Reduce Bias
 Used to refer to the ability to judge without reference
to ones feelings
Two aspects of Fairness
1. Fair Result (Substantive Fairness)
2. Fair Process (Procedural Fairness)
Principles of Fairness
1. Treat all people equitably
2. Make all decision on appropriate criteria
3. Never blame or punish people
4. Propmptly and voluntary correct personal mistakes
5. Not take unfair advantage of people’s mistakes
6. Fully consider the right, perspectives, approach
judgement, and carefully evaluate the information
Principles of Justice(Aristotle)
1. Equals should be treated equally, and unequally
unequally
2. Individuals should be treated the same, unless they
differ in ways that are relevant to the situation in which
they are involved
Principles of Justice(Rawls)
1. Mainly concerned with distribution of rights and
liberties such as political liberty to vote and run for office,
freedom of speech and assembly, liberty of conscience,
freedom of personal property and freedom from arbitrary
arrest. (greatest equal liberty principle)
2. Social and economic inequalities are to be arrange
Different kind of Justice
1. Distributive justice- extent to wich society’s institution
ensure that benefits and burdens are distributed among
society’s members in ways that are fair and just.
2. Retributive or Corrective Justice- Punishment are Fair
and just
3. Compensatory Justice- people are fairly compensated
for their injuries by those who have injured them.
Week 14-Political Doctrines
A. Egalitarian Justice
 Position that favors
 People should be treated equally or enjoy equality of
social status
 All humans share an essence or quality that makes
them equal.
Types of Egalitarianism
1. Economic Egalitarianism(Material)- participants of a
society are of equal standing and have equal access to the
economic resources in terms of economic power
2. Moral Egalitarianism- equality is central to justice,
individuals are entitled to equal respect, and all human
are equal in fundamental worth or moral
3. Legal Egalitarianism- individuals are subject to the same
law, no individual have special priveledges, and where
testimony of individual is counted with the same weight
4. Political Egalitarianism- individual are of equal standing
in terms of political power
5. Luck Egalitarianism- view about distributive justice
6. Gender egalitarianism (zygarchy)- power is equally
share to men and women
7. Racial egalitarianism(Racial Equality)- absence of racial
segregation
8. Opportunity Egalitarinism (Asset-based)- equality is
possible by a redistribution of resources, usually in forms
of capital grant
9. Christian Egalitarianism-people are equal before God
and in Christ
B. Socialism- populist economic and political system based
on the public ownership of the means of production.
Socialism’s mantra- from each according to his ability, to
each according to his contribution
Socialist Thinkers- Robert Owen, henri de Saint-Simon.
Karl mArx, Vladimir Lenin
Advantages
1. Workers are no longer exploited(pinagsamantalahan),
since they own the means of production. All profits are
spread equally to workrs.
2. The system eliminates poverty
3. Everyone has equal access to health care and education
4. Everyone works at what one is best and what one
enjoys.
5. Natural resources are preseve for the good of the
whole.
Disadvantages
1. It relies on the cooperative nature of humans to work. It
negates to individual who are competitive.
2. It doesn’t reward people for being entrepreneurial and
competitive
3. The government set up to represent the masses may
abuse its position and claim power for itself
C. Capitalism(free market)
 private entities own the factors of productions.
Four factors: Entrepreneurship, capital goods, natural
resources, labor
 Individual owns their labor
Characteristics of Capitalism
1. Two-class system- Owners and Corporations
2. Profit Motive- Companies exist to make Profit
3. Minimal government Intervention-
4. Competion
5. Willingness to Change-Ability to adopt and change
Advantages:
1. Results to the best product for the best prices
Disadvantages:
1. doesn’t provide for those who are lack competitive
skills.
Capitalism vs socialism
Capitalism- employee and owner treated equally; walang
pakiallam ang government sa pagpapatakbo ng business;
everybody should be rewarded equally to their
productivity efoort and contibution.
Socialism- handle by group of people: fair distribution of
production in country; giving workers democratic control
over the workplace
Module 16: Origin and Nature of Globalization
Globalization- growing interdependence of the world’s
economies, cultures, and population brought about by
cross-border trade in goods and services, technology…
- changes in societies and the world economy
that are the result of dramatically increased trade and
cultural exchange
Reasons for Globalization
1. Improvement in Transportation- Goods and people can
travel quickly
2. Freedom of Trade
3. Improvements of Communication
4. Labor Availability and Skills
Historical Background
1. Martin Albrow and Elizabeth King- Process by which
people world are incorporated into a world single.
2. Anthony Giddens(The Consequence of Modernity)- The
intensification of worldwide social relations which link
distant localities in such a way that local happennings are
shaped by events occuring many miles away and vice
versa.
3. Roland Robertson- Compression of the world and the
intensification of the conciouseness of the world as a
whole
Salient Features of Globalization
1. Liberalization- freedom of the entrepreneurs to
establish any industry or trade or business venture, within
their own copuntries or abroad.
2. Free Trade- free flow of trade relations among nations.
3. Globalization of Economic Activity- stands for the
process of integrating the domestic economies with the
world economy.
4. Liberalization of Import-Export System- Liberalization of
Import-export System involving a free flow of goods and
services across borders.
5. Privatization- stands for keeping the state away from
ownership of means of productions
6. Increase collaborations- process of collaborations
amongg the entrepreneurs.
7. Economic Reforms-Ancouraging fiscal and financial
reforms with aview to give strenght to free trade.
Positive Consequences
1. Access to a wider variety of goods and services;
2. Lower prices;
3. More and better-paying jobs;
4. Improved health;
5. Higher overall living standards; and
6. Globalization is merging historic distinct and separate
national markets into one huge
global market place.
Negative Impacts
1. Globalization operates mostly in the interests of the
richest countries, which
continue to dominate the world trade at the expense of
developing countries.
2. There are no guarantees that the wealth from
investment will benefit the local
community.
3. They may pollute the
environment, run risks, with safety or impose poor
working conditions and low
wages on local workers.
4. Globalization is viewed by many as a threat to the
world’s cultural diversity.
5. Industries may begin to thrive in LEDCs at the expense
of jobs in manufacturing
in the UK and other MEDCs, especially in textiles.
Module 17
Challenges to Globalization
Ethical Consequences
1. The gap between the rich and the poor in the world is
still very large.
2. Economic globalization marginalizes the poor, destroys
the environment and damages
cultures.
3. Globalization increases inequality and further
impoverishes the poor.
4. Poverty
5. The World Trade Organization (WTO) does ignore labor
rights and the environment. It
is most certainly not democratic.
6. International trade and technological change create a
significant decline in demand for
unskilled, semi-skilled, and traditionally skilled workers.
7. It refers to the talented or educated people in Third
World countries who leave their
countries of origin for better opportunities in First World
countries.
Millennials
 generation of people born between the early 1980s
and 1990. Some people also include
children born in the early 2000s .
 Selfie Generations
 “broke”. usually spend money for luxury goods which
leave our band shaken
 “Me, Me, Me, Generation.”
 upbeat, lazy, narcissistic, materialistic, self-
expressive, fun-loving and liberal, have a short
attention span.
Fillennials - a term for Filipino Millennials.
Generation Gap- conflict between older people and youth
Reasons why Fillennials are Broke
1. Lacks of financial literacy
2. Financially vulnerable
3. Burdened with more financial responsibilities
4. Stagnant income
 How to overcome them
5. Be thrifty but not cheap steak
6. Side hustle
7. Bargain for a raise
8. Educate yourself or better yet, find a mentor
Module 18- Ethics and Religion
Ethics- decisions about right and wrong
Ethics Vs. Religion
 Ethics are universal decision-making tools that may
be used by a person of any religious persuasion,
including atheists.
 Ethics are based on logic and reason rather than
tradition or injunction.
 Religion makes claims about cosmology, social
behavior, and the “proper” treatment of others, etc.
 The relationship between religion and ethics is about
the relationship between revelation and reason.
Religion is based in some measure on the idea that
God (or some deity) reveals insights about life and its
true meaning. These insights are collected in texts
(the Bible, the Torah, the Koran, etc.) and presented
as "revelation." Ethics, from a strictly humanistic
perspective, is. based on the tenets of reason:
'Anything that is not rationally verifiable cannot be
considered justifiable.
Ethical Behavior- Ethical behavior is what all career people
should aim to have.
Ethics
 Dictionary.com defines ethics as a system of moral
principles: the ethics of a culture.ethics is not
necessarily based in religion but can be based there.
 Black's Law Dictionary defines ethics as "a consensus
of expert opinion as to the necessity of professional
standards," Thev (Black's) also define ethics in terms
of behavior and guidelines among the members of a
profession/professional organization and their duties
towards one another, clients and the public.
 Aristotle defined ethics as "practical wisdom". Why
practical? Because 1t involves an action (behavior) –
both at the individual and societal/corporate level.
Aristotle also believed that ethics related to what
should or should not be done with regard to the
things are good or bad for an individual.
How to Teach Employees Ethical Behavior
1. Ethical behavior starts with you.
2. Regular training for all employees.
3. Enforce your rules.
4. Recognize integrity when you ssee it.
5. Open and honest communication is key to creating an
ethical business.

Barriers of Ethical Behavior

1. Ill-conceived goals. This barrier is a goal or incentive
that promotes change or a
behavior that encourages a negative one. E
2. Motivated blindness. It is understood that people most
often see what they want to
see. But they suggest that this is something further, the
companies will overlook
unethical behavior when it is their interest to do so.
3. Indirect blindness. Unfortunately, a company will often
overlook unethical behavior in
other companies. This is the classic situation where a
company with strong ethical values employs an agent or
other third-party representatives whose conduct may not
meet a company's ethical standard.
4. The slippery slope. Every law student is taught how to
argue down the slippery slope.
5. As a remedy for this barrier, vigilance is necessary.
Managers should be on the lookout for even trivial-
seeming infractions but the real key is to address them
immediately
and not let them drag out.