Kirill Nikitin

АНГ-185

Collectivism – Individualism

Collectivism – a society in which Individualism – a society in which ties

individuals from birth onwards are parts between individuals are loose.
of a strong in-group (e.g. sometimes Everyone is expected to look after her
family or extended family, etc.) or himself and the immediate family.

Properties:
Properties:
1. people determine themselves as “I”
1. people determine themselves as “we”
2. people are classified as individuals by
2. classify others as members of group or
their own characteristics
exclusionists
3. there is competition between
3. there is competition between groups
individuals
4. when carrying out a task together, the
4. when carrying out a task together, the
relationships comes first and the task
task comes first and the relationships
comes second
may come second
5. key word – harmony
5. key word – confrontations
6. poor countries tend to be more
6. wealthier countries tend to be more
collectivist
individualist
7. have lower press freedom
7. more press freedom
8. pace of life is slower that in
8. pace of life is faster that in collectivist
individualist society
society

Masculinity – Femininity

Masculinity is a society in which emotional gender (the emotional role that you
should feel being born as a boy or as a girl) roles are distinct.

Masculine Society Feminine Society

1. work prevails over the family
2. father should deal with facts and
mother should deal with feelings
3. girls can cry, but boys should not cry
boys can fight and girls shouldn’t fight
4. religion is focused on God
5. poverty is blamed on laziness
1. people try to balance family and work
2. both father and mother should deal
with facts and feelings
3. both can cry but neither should fight
4. religion is focused on human being
5. poverty tends to be blamed on bad luck
 Indulgence – Restraint

Indulgence societies allow relatively Restraint societies a suppressed

free gratification of basic and natural gratification of needs and regulated by
human desires leading to enjoying life. strict social norms.

Properties:
1. people tend to feel healthier and
happier
2. have a more optimist positive attitude
3. have more extroverted personalities
4. having friends is very important
5. have less moral discipline
6. freedom of speech is very important
7. educated population has higher birth
rate
8. there is higher approval of foreign
music and films
Properties:
1. people don’t tend to feel healthier and
happier
2. have a more pessimist cynical attitude
3. have more introverted personalities
4. having friends is not important
5. have strict moral discipline
6. freedom of speech is not provided
7. educated population has lower birth
rate
8. there is lower approval of foreign
music and films

Power Distance

Power Distance is the extent to which the less powerful members of organizations
and institutions (like the family) accept and expect that power is distributed unequally.
Power distance lies with the people at the bottom and not at the people at the top.

Large Power Distance Societies 9. innovations come only when the

1. inequality in society is normal
2. superiors are a different kind of people
3. the feeling is that power comes first
and good and evil comes afterwards
4. in education respect is one of the most
important things that a child can learn
5. people love centralization
6. the relationship between the
subordinates and their boss: the
subordinates expect that they will be
told what to do
7. there is a big chance of violence
8. business executives tend to be older as
those who are in power stay in power
until death
hierarchy supports them.
Small Power Distance Societies
1. inequality in society isn’t normal
2. there are hierarchies and they need to
create order and superior is also
superior but sometimes you can change
roles
3. the feeling is that power should be
used legitimately and everybody on the
top or on the bottom is actually under
the same rules of law
4. independence is the significant thing in
education
5. people love centralization
6. the relationship between the
subordinates and their boss: the
 subordinates expect to be consulted
with 8. Business executives tends to be
7. Most conflicts are resolved peacefully younger
9. Innovations are spontaneous

Uncertainty Avoidance

Uncertainty avoidance is the extent to which the members of a culture feel threatened
by ambiguous and unknown situations. Uncertainty avoidance has nothing to do with
risk avoidance, nor with following rules. It has to do with anxiety and distrust in the
face of the unknown, and conversely, with a wish to have fixed habits and rituals, and
to know the truth.
Uncertainty Avoiding Societies
1. less stress and anxiety
1. more stress and anxiety
2. aggression and emotions made
2. aggression at emotions should be
controlled
sometimes be advantage
3. what is different is dangerous 3. what is different is curious
4. there is a need for rules 4. don't like rules
5. innovations are adopted slower than in 5. innovations are adopted faster than in
the uncertainty accepting societies
the uncertainty avoiding societies.
6. people tend to stay in the same job as
long as they can 6. the changing of jobs is much more
7. clean and pure products tend to be easily done
quite popular 7. consumers are more attracted by easy,
8. less tolerant towards people who are convenient, ready-made products.
different 8. more tolerant towards people who are
different
Uncertainty Accepting Societies

Long-Term Orientation – Short-Term Orientation

Long-term orientation stands for the
foster in a society of pragmatic virtues
oriented to future rewards - persistence,
thrift saving, and adapting to changing
circumstances.
Short-term orientation sense for the
fostering society of virtues related to
the past and the present - national pride,
respect for tradition, preservation of
face and fulfilling social obligations.

Properties: 1. good and evil are a relative; they can

change over time
 2. what norm to apply depends on the 1. good and evil are absolute and always
situation the same
Properties: 2. fixed norms; always are applied
whatever the circumstances
3. a superior person is somebody who can
adapt to the circumstances 3. a superior person is someone who is
4. people should be humble about always the same
ourselves 4. people seek positive information about
5. people want to learn from other ourselves
countries 5. people are proud of their own country
6. traditions can be changed 6. predictions are sacrosanct
7. common sense and choosing the 7. more fundamentalism which is
middle way is important in solving a choosing the extreme
problem