ETHICS
MORAL STANDARDS:
- It is a branch of philosophy that
deals with the principles of
conduct of an individual. Also
known as moral philosophy
- From Greek word “ETHIKOS”
means CHARACTER.
- Ethics is related to RIGHT OR
WRONG conduct of individual
in a particular situation.
SOME ETHICAL PRINCIPLE:
 Truthfulness/honesty
 Loyalty
 Fairness
 Respect
 Integrity
MORAL
 From Latin word “Mos” means
CUSTOM which determines
authority.
 Moral deals with what are
RIGHT OR WRONG.
 Morals are general guidelines
framed and dictated by the
society.
 May vary from society to society
and culture to culture.
 LAWRENCE KOHLBERG
studied moral development.
Moral principle is
importance because it
guides us to do the right
thing.
MORAL STANDARD
 Set of norms in society accord to
moral principles.
 Moral standards are absorbed
from family, friends and various
societal institutions.
SIX CHARACTERISTICS OF
1. Moral standards involve
serious wrongs or
significant benefits.
2. Moral standards ought to be
preferred to their values.
3. Moral standards are not
established by authority
figures.
4. Moral standards have the
trait of universalizability.
5. Moral standards are based on
impartial considerations.
6. Moral standards are
associated with special
emotion and vocabulary.
NON-MORAL STANDARD
 Refers to standards by which we
judge what is good or bad and
right or wrong in a non-moral
way. It is a matter of taste or
preference.
TWO TYPES OF MORAL
PRINCIPLE
1. ABSOLUTE PRINCIPLES
- unchanging and universal.
2. RELATIVE PRINCIPLES
- change depending on the
situations.
Importance of MORALITY
- Morality helps us
distinguished between
right and wrong, and
understand how to live a
good life based on the
values we hold.
DILEMMA
 A difficult situation in which
an individual is confronted
to choose between two or
more alternative actions to
resolve the problems.
MORAL DILEMMA
 A situation in which a
person stands under two
conflicting moral
requirements or a situation
in which every available
choice is wrong.
PERSONAL DILEMMA
 These are situation in which
an individual has to make a
decision between two
options like “who will you
save? Mother/son and
daughter”
STRUCTURAL DILEMMA
 A conflict perspective of
sectors, group and
institutions that may be
affected by the decision.
a) Organizational
dilemma.
b) Medical dilemma.
c) Public sector in
dilemma.
THEORITICAL PARADIGMS
WHAT IS CULTURE?
Is an aggregate of learned
beliefs, attitudes, value, norms
and customs of a society shared
by them and transmitted to
generations by generations.
Culture changes with time.
IMPORTANCE OF CULTURE:
1. CULTURE AFFECTS
PERCEPTIONS.
2. CULTURE INFLUENCES
BEHAVIOUR.
3. CULTURE SHAPES
PERSONALITIES.
4. OUR CULTURE SHAPES OUR
VALUES AND BELIEF
SYSTEM.
TYPES OF CULTURE
1. High culture
2. Cultural diversity
3. Subculture
4. Popular culture
5. Multiculturalism
6. Global culture
MORAL BEHAVIOUR
Are what one believes to be
right things to do.
Morals are prevailing standards
of behavior that people have to
follow and act accordingly.
CULTURE OF FILIPINO
1. Filipino takes pride in their
families.
2. Filipino is very religious.
3. Filipino is very respectful.
4. Filipino helps one another.
5. Filipino value traditions and
cultures.
6. Filipino loves to party.
7. Respect for the elderly.
8. Humor and positivity
9. Generosity
CULTURAL RELATIVISM
Is the ability to understand a
culture on its own terms and
not to make judgements using
the standards of one’s own
culture.
Promote understanding of
culture practices that are not
typically part of one’s culture.
Two types of cultural relativism:
1. ABSOLUTE- complete
acceptance and tolerance for
any type of cultural practices.
2. CRITICAL-critiquing cultural
practices in terms of human
rights.
-the importance of cultural
relativism is to avoid cultural
bias.
ADVANTAGES:
1. It is a system that promotes
cooperation.
2. It creates a society where
equality is possible.
3. People can pursue a genuine
interest.
4. It preserves human culture.
5. It stops cultural conditioning.
DISADVANTAGES:
1. It would create chaos.
2. It could promote a lack of
diversity.
3. It could limit moral progress.
4. It could limit humanity’s
progress.
5. It draws people away from each
other.
STRENGTH
-promotes great diversity and
understanding the differences.
WEAKNESS
-its propensity/practice towards
quietism which may compromise
action to protect human rights.
THE FILIPINO WAY
MORAL IDENTITY
-Level of personal importance that you
are in what you deem acceptable or
unacceptable behavior.
FACTORS THAT HELP FORM
FILIPINO MORAL IDENTITY:
1. Family
2. Social environment
STRENGTHS OF FILIPINO
CHARACTER
 Pakikipagkapwa-tao
 Strong family ties
 Joy and humor
 Flexibility, adaptability,
creativity
 Hard work and industry
 Faith and religiosity
FILIPINO POSSITIVE VALUES
 Hospitability
 Respectful
 Bravery
 Faithfulness
 Helpfulness
WEAKNESS OF FILIPINO
CHARACTER
 Extreme personalism
 Extreme family centeredness
 Lack of discipline
 Colonial mentality
 Kanya-kanya syndrome
FILIPINO NEGATIVE VALUES
 Fatalism
 Crab mentality
 Filipino time
 Corruption
 Gossiping
 Passivity
 Procrastination
CULTUTE AND LANGUAGE
- Filipino culture is mix of both
eastern and western cultures.
- Filipino prefer films over locally
produce movies.
- Colonial mentality- the
perception of culture inferiority.
SCHOOL AND RELIGION
- Children learn that obedience is
rewarded, but they will be
punished once they misbehave.
- Help build resilience.
- It also teaches passivity,
conformity and fatalistic
attitude.
ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
- “matutong mamaluktot
habang maikli ang kumot”
- Filipinos high respect for
authority also led to lacking
initiative.
- Filipinos lean on leaders and
role models.