Culture

 Latin word cultus - care or

cultivation (Etymological meaning)
 isa complex whole which includes
knowledge, belief, art, law,
morals, customs and any other
capabilities and habits acquired
by man as a member of society.
(Most quoted definition given by Edward B. Tylor, an
English anthropologist)
Various definition of
culture.
Descriptive – with emphasis on social
heritage
Normative – with emphasis on rules or
ways
Psychological – with emphasis on
adjustment
Structural – with emphasis on the
pattern or organization of culture
Generic – with emphasis on culture as
a product or artifact.
Culture tells man what to do,
what not to do and how to
do things.
Culture represents the
design or recipe for living.
Man’s culture is unique to
man; but culture in various
societies differ.
Culture is closely associated
with civilization.
CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE

1. Culture is
learned
Culture is derived from the
family and other social groups
and institutions through the
means of:
a. conditioning
b. Imitation
c. suggestions
d. informal and formal
instruction
e. mass communication
2. Culture is
transmitted
-Training
3. Culture is social.
It is a group
product developed
by many persons.
4.Culture is
ideational.
Within the culture are
group habits
considered as ideal
pattern of behavior
which members are
expected to follow.
5. Culture is
gratifying
-Recognition
6. Culture is
adaptive
MAJOR COMPONENTS OF CULTURE
Folkways
Mores

Social Norms Laws

Fashion/Fad/Craze
Beliefs
CULTURE Ideas
Values

Material Things
MAJOR COMPONENTS OF
CULTURE

A.Social Norms
These are group expectation or
guidelines that people are supposed to
follow in their relationship.
Itis usually in
the form of
rules,
standards or
prescription
Sanction
 is a system of
giving rewards and
punishment to
encourage socially
acceptable
behavior.
2 forms of Sanction

1. Formal sanctions – these

are usually in written form
and enforced by person in
authority
2. Informal sanctions – these
are usually in verbal and
may come in the form of
gossip, public opinion, giving
or withdrawal of love or
friendship.
Sub-components of
Social Norms
1. Folkway
 It is customary ways of
behaving and doing things.
 It includes rules or customs
of eating, sleeping,
dressing, cooking, working,
modes of greeting and
farewell, burial, marriage,
etc.
2. Mores
These are folkways
with ethical and
moral values and are
associated with
strong feelings about
right and truth.
Violators of Mores is
regarded as
immoral, sinful,
vicious or anti-
social.
3. Laws

It is formalized social
norms enacted or made
by the proper authorities
so that people would act
accordingly.
4.Fashion, Fad,
Craze
It is short lived social norms
which demand compliance at
the time they operate.
These include styles of
dresses, bags, shoes and hair
or styles of houses,
furniture, cars and gadgets.
Material Things
These refer to the
concrete and
tangible things that
man creates and
uses.
Importance of Culture
 Culture distinguished man from
animal.

 Culture sets a pre-conditioning

factor for the development of
man’s personality

 Culture provides knowledge which

enable man to survive physically
and socially.

 Culture is a tool for analyzing

human behavior.
PHILIPPINE VALUES

A family in the Philippines was

puzzled when the coffin of their
deceased mother arrived from the US
sent by their sister.
The tiny corpse was jammed so
tightly into the box that their mother’s
face was flattened against the glass lid.
When the family opened the coffin
they found a letter pinned to their
mother’s chest.
“Dearest brothers and sisters:

I am sending you our mother’s remains

for burial there. Sorry I could not
come along as the expenses were so
high. You will find under Mama’s body
12 cans of Libby’s corned beef, and 12
cans Spam. Just divide these among
yourselves. On Mama’s feet is a brand
new pair of Reeboks (size 8 for Junior).
There are 4 pairs of Reeboks
under Mama’s head for Meloy’s
sons. Mama is wearing six Ralph
Lauren T-shirt, one for Manong
Roy and the rest for my
nephews. Mama is wearing one
dozen Wonder bras and 2
dozens Victoria’s Secret
panties to be distributed among
my nieces and cousins.
Mama is also wearing 8 pairs of Dockers pants. Kuya,
Diko, please take one each and give the rest to
your boys. The Swiss watch Ate asked for is on
Mama’s left wrist. Auntie Sol, Mama is wearing the
earrings, ring and necklace you asked for. The 6
pairs of Chanel stockings that Mama is also wearing
are for teen age girls. I hope they like the colors.

Your loving sister,

Nene.

This was printed in the book: Sociology Focus in the Philippines by

Panopio and Raymundo which was published in Malaya, 7 May 2002 by
Dahli Aspellera.
WHAT ARE VALUES?

Culturally, Values are

define as standards by
which people assess
desirability, goodness and
beauty.

Values are statement

about what ought to be.
(Macciones 1997:70)
Filipino Values/Traits

Positive Traits
1. Close Family Ties and
Religious
 Filipinos value their
family so much that
they tend to be intact.
2. Hospitable

When one visits a

friend’s house, they
greet them with a
very warm welcome,
offer the best food…
3. Respectful

Children respects
elders by saying po
or opo which means
yes when answering
the elders.
4. Generosity and Helpful
This is observed when
one has nothing and they
tend to share what they
have to them.
When a neighbor is in
trouble, they are always
ready to help them.
5. Hardworking

Filipinos are willing

to work several time
to almost whole day
just to feed their
families.
6. Loving and
Caring
Filipinos are the
sweetest and
loving people
around the world.
Negative Filipino
Traits
1. Fatalism
An attitude wherein,
“what goes around,
comes around,” or
“come what may.”
They tend to
surrender their future
on fate.
2. Crab Mentality

 They tend to push each

other down for the
benefit of themselves to
go up so they try their
best to make the person
down or ruin. This is also
selfishness.
Human Acts
Are those actions which man
performs knowingly, freely, and
voluntarily.
These actions are the result of
conscious knowledge and are
subject to the control of the will.
We refer to these actions as
deliberate, intentional, or
voluntary.
Acts of man
Are those actions
which happen in man.
They are instinctive
and are not within the
control of the will.
For an act to be considered a human act,
it must possess the following
characteristics:
1. It must be performed by a conscious
agent who is aware of what he is doing
and of its consequences.
2. It must be performed by an agent who
is acting freely, that is, by his own
volition and power.
3. It must be performed by an agent who
decides willfully to perform the act.
Human acts must, therefore, be
knowing, free, and willful.

Kinds of human acts

1. Elicited acts- are those
performed by the will and are
not bodily externalized.
Paul Glenn enumerates the following elicited
acts:
1. Wish is the tendency of the will
towards something, whether this be
realizable or not.
2. Intention is the tendency of the will
towards something attainable but without
necessarily committing oneself to attain
it.
3. Consent is the acceptance of the will
of those needed to carry out the
intention.
4. Election is the selection of the
will of those means effective
enough to carry out the intention.
5. Use is the command of the will
to make use of those means elected
to carry out the intention.
6. Fruition is the enjoyment of the
will derived from the attainment of
the thing he had desired earlier.
2. Commanded acts- are those done either by
man’s mental or bodily powers under the command
of the will. They are either internal or external
actions.
 examples of internal actions are conscious
reasoning, recalling something, encouraging
oneself, controlling aroused emotions and
others.
 examples of external actions are walking,
eating, dancing, laughing, listening, reading and
others.
 some actions are combinations of internal and
external movements such as, listening, studying,
reading, driving a car, writing a letter or playing
chess.
Moral distinction
 Human acts may either be in conformity or
not with the dictates of reason.
 “Dictates of reason” refers to the shared
consciousness of prudent people about the
propriety of a certain action or manner of
behavior. It shows what is permissible in a
given situation, the best option as a
matter of fact.
 Dictatesof reason stands for the norm of
morality which is the standard by which
actions are judged as to their merits or
demerits.
Classification of actions
1. Moral actions are those actions which are
in conformity with the norm of morality.
They are good actions and are permissible.
2. Immoral actions are those which are not
in conformity with the norm of morality.
They are bad or evil and are not
permissible.
3. Amoral actions are those actions which
stand neutral in relation to the norm of
morality.
Extrinsic and Intrinsic Evil
something is intrinsic to a thing
when it is integral to the nature of
that thing. The sweetness of a
mango fruit is, for example,
intrinsic to it.
an appeal of a mango to a
particular person is extrinsic to it,
that is, such quality is not an
integral element of it as fruit.
Voluntariness
Latin word voluntas-
referred to the Will.
It is essential to an
act. Without it, an act
is just a mere act of
man.
Distinction of voluntariness
1. Perfect voluntariness- is
present in a person who fully
knows and fully intends an act.
2. Imperfect voluntariness- is
present in a person who acts
without fully realizing what he
means to do, or without fully
intending the act.
3. Conditional voluntariness is
present in a person who is forced
by circumstances beyond his
control to perform an act which he
would do under normal conditions.
4. Simple voluntariness is present
in a person doing an act wilfully,
regardless of whether he likes to
do it or not.
Types of voluntariness
1. Direct voluntariness accompanies
an act which is primarily intended by
the doer, either as an end in itself or
as a means to achieve something else.
Ex. eating lunch.
2. Indirect voluntariness accompanies
an act or situation which is the mere
result of a directly willed act.
Ex. Getting a failing grade.