Information and

Communication
Technology
Digital Native is a person born
or brought up during the age of
digital technology and therefore
familiar with computers and
the Internet from an early age.
What is Information and
Communication Technology or
ICT?
-It deals with the use of different
communication technologies such
as mobile phones, Internet and
etc. to locate, save, send, and edit
information.
World Wide Web
is an interconnected system
of public webpages
accessible through the
Internet
Features of
Web 2.0
1. Folksonomy
- It allows users to
categorize and
classify/arrange
information using freely
chosen keywords
Rich User Experience -
Content is dynamic and is
responsive to user’s input.
Sociology is the scientific study of
society, patterns of social
relationships, social interaction, and
culture. It is the systematic
interpretation of codes and conducts
in the form of language, symbols, face
expressions, dress, food, music etc.
used by people in society.
Social change refers to an
alteration of mechanism within
the social structure,
characterized by changes in
cultural symbols, rules of
behavior, social organizations,
or value systems.
Cultural Change is the
modification of a society
through innovation,
invention, discovery, or
contact with other
societies.
“Culture is viewed as a complex
whole which includes
knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals,
law, customs, and any other
capabilities and habits acquired
by human as a member of
society”
 There are four
aspects that make
culture and society a
complex whole,
namely:
1. Beliefs are conceptions that people
accept as true about how the world
operates and where individuals fit in it.
2. Values are general and shared
perception of what is good, right
appropriate and worthwhile,
There are three elements that constitute
the Filipino value system:
a. Halaga is the evaluative aspect as to
what Filipinos find most virtuous which
constitute three dimensions: (1) Pagkatao
or selfworth (2) pakikipagkapwa-tao or
dignified relationship with others (3)
Pagkamaka-tao or compassion
b. Asal is the expression of the
evaluative aspect of Filipino
value system which constitute
three standards (1) Kapwa or
relational (2) Damdamin or
emotional (3) Dangal or honor.
c. Diwa refers to the
kalooban or inner which
in essence is intertwined
reason and emotion.
3. Norms All societies have
guidelines that govern moral
standards and even the most
routine aspects of life.
a. Folkways are norms that apply to
routine matters like eating, sleeping,
appearance, posture, use of appliances
and relations to various people,
animals and the environment. b.
Mores are norms that people define as
pivotal to the well-being of the group.
4. Symbol is any kind of physical
phenomenon. It is a word, an
object, a color, a sound, a feeling,
an odor, a movement, a taste to
which people assign a meaning or
values.
1. Young individual cannot learn
culture primarily by trial and error.
2. Culture is not transmitted to new
generations genetically or by
biological reproduction.
3. Children socially learn the culture
of those not around them.
 4. People borrow ideas, materials,
products, and other inventions from other
societies.
5. Cultural differences and biological
differences are largely dependent on each
other.
6. The knowledge and behavior acquired
by one generation are unavailable to
future generations.
7. The immigrants enrich their host
countries with their cuisines, festivals,
music and other cultural practices.
8. People act differently because of the
distinctions their cultures make
between males and females, old and
young, rich and poor, and so forth.
9. Members of new generations
socially learn such knowledge
through enculturation.
10. Knowledge of roles and
expectations that people share are
partly responsible for patterns of
behavior
Innovation The
process of
introducing a new
idea or object to a
culture
A discovery involves
making known or
sharing the existence of
some aspect of reality.
Invention results when
existing cultural items
are combined into a
form that did not exist
before.
Material culture refers to
the physical objects or
spaces owned by individuals
or groups, like home, car,
computers, and other goods
and products.
Non-material culture refers the
attitudes, ideas, beliefs, and
values. These are elements of
culture that shaped the
thoughts, feelings, and behavior
of the individuals or groups in a
society.
1. Symbols are the non-
verbal, verbal, written, and
unwritten that conveys
meaning.
2. Rituals are the
established ceremonies and
methods of doing something.
3. Beliefs are the ideas that
individuals or groups believe to
be true. It can be religious, like
the idea of one God, or non-
religious, like education as the
key to success.
4. Norms are what is considered
normal in a society, the rules
that guide the behavior of the
members of the society.
5. Values guide people to what
is right or wrong, fair, or just,
and good or evil.
Globalization may be defined as
the world-wide integration of
government policies, cultures,
social movements, and financial
markets through trade and the
exchange of ideas.
Diffusion to refer the
process by which a
cultural item spreads
from group to group or
society.
Acculturation is a process
of learning and adopting
the culture of others while
retaining one’s distinct
culture.
Transculturation is the
process where an
individual learns and
accepts the culture of
others completely as its
own.
Ethnocentrism is the belief
that one’s culture is
superior, and all others are
inferior.
Cultural relativism is a
principle that promotes
understanding of different
cultural beliefs and practices
that are different and
unfamiliar.
Technology as “cultural
information about how to
use the material resources
of the environment to
satisfy human needs and
desires”
1. Which of the following terms is defined
as the world-wide integration of
government policies, cultures, social
movements and financial markets
through trade and the exchange of ideas?
a. Innovation
b. Invention
c. globalization
d. transformation
2. What is called the process of
introducing a new idea or object
to a culture?
a. acculturation
b. Innovation
c. information
d. transculturation
3. What is called the belief that
one’s culture is superior, and all
others are inferior.
a. acculturation
b. culture
c. Ethnocentrism
d. cultural heritage
4. It is the process where an
individual learns and accepts the
culture of others completely as its
own.
a. Transculturation
b. culture
c. Ethnocentrism
d. cultural heritage
5. Is a principle that promotes
understanding of different cultural
beliefs and practices that are
different and unfamiliar.
a. Transculturation
b. Cultural relativism
c. Ethnocentrism
d. cultural heritage
6. Are the ideas that individuals or
groups believe to be true.
a. Norms
b. Values
c. Rituals
d. Beliefs
The word “Family” is
defined as the social group
characterized by common
residence, economic
cooperation, and
reproduction
Family is the basic unit of
the society that fosters
the beginning of values,
norms, and belief
systems.
Kinship – is web of social
relationships that creates an
important level of the lives of the
people in the society. It affects
and influences the sociocultural
and political processes and
development.
Descent - is the Origin
or background of a
person in terms of
family or nationality
1. Unilineal Society - The
origin of a person is
either from the mother’s
or father’s line of
descent.
2. Matrilineal Descent –
an individual’s origin
from his/her mother’s
descent group.
3. Patrilineal Descent -
a person’s origin from
his/her father’s descent
group
Marriage - The essential
institutional symbol of the
family. It consists of the love,
economic and social security,
the parent’s desires,
companionship, protection, and
common interests
Contact - applies to
man and woman
only
Status - created
between parties.
Forms of Marriage 1.
Monogamy - allows a
man to marry only one
spouse at a time
2. Polygamy – It is a form of more than one
marriage and can be described in two ways:
• Polygyny - Marriage of one man into two or
more women at the same time. It is
commonly practiced by Muslims and known
as a status symbol for the man.
• Polyandry - Marriage of a woman to two or
more men at the same time.
3. Selection of Marriage
Partners

Types of Norms in Selecting

of Marriage Partners
• Endogamy - dictates one
should marry within one’s
group, clan or ethnic
affiliation.
• Exogamy - One can marry
outside one’s clan or ethnic
affiliation
• Levirate Norms – A widow
marries the brother or the
nearest kin of her deceased
husband.
• Surrogate Norm - Men should
marry the sister or nearest kin
of his deceased wife.
Family serves as the core of the
inter-relational dynamism in the
society. It is the bearing for the
persons development. It varies
from one culture to another – the
way of living, belief system and
values formation of its members.
Structures of
Family
a. Nuclear Family - described as the
composition of husband and his wife
and their children in union recognized
by the other members of the society.
b. Extended Family – is composed of two
or more nuclear families that
economically and socially related to
each other. The relationship may be
through parent to child relationship.
Based on Authority
a. Patriarchal Family - the authority is given to
the father or the eldest male in the family.
b. Matriarchal Family - the authority is given to
the mother or the eldest female in the family.
c. Egalitarian Family - both husband and wife
exercise an equal amount or way of authority.
 Filipino Values in the
Family
a. Utang na Loob – is an
exchange of goods and
services between
individuals in form of
good faith.
b. Palabra de Honor – is an act
of fulfilling the promised
services between individuals.
Most Filipinos prefer to do the
agreement as a sign of strong
commitment and trust.
c. Pakikisama – is an act of
being with the person in any
forms/situation.
d. Bayanihan – is an act of
unified workforce in a form of
volunteerism for greater cause.
 Challenges and Threats of Filipino
Families
a. Disintegration of the Family
b. Substance Abuse
c. Parental Absenteeism
d. Economic Difficulty
e. Deteriorating of Family Values
f. Alarming Rising incident of Teenage
Pregnancy
Components in Social and Political
Structure
a. Power - It is the ability to lead
the group with the use of skills,
knowledge and leadership with
efficiency and effectiveness.
b. Authority - It is the right
of a leader to maximize or
use power to command the
members of the group.
c. Legitimacy - It is the recognition of
someone who serves to be right and
proper. When a leader is fully
accepted and supported by the
members of the group because he
deserves it, and he is capable of his
responsibilities.
 Three Types of Authority
1. Traditional - It is the inherited
power from the previous leader out
of affinal privileged.
2. Charismatic - It is the capacity of a
person to lead the members of the
group by virtue to inspire them to
willingly follow and obey.
3. Rational - It is an exercise authority
based on a system of rules set by the
group. Members have the right to
choose leaders who can represent
them in fighting for justice, fairness,
and equality
 Economic Institutions and State
a. Economic Institutions refers to the
production and distribution of goods
and services in order to supplicate the
needs of the members of the society.
b. Reciprocity is defined as
the capacity to give out
generosity/volunteerism
without money involvement
and that in the future, it can
be reciprocated.
Forms of Reciprocity
1. Generalized Reciprocity - refers
to the exchange of goods and
services with no time-bound frame
is followed. This is a kind of
reciprocity that a person is giving
without expecting something in
return.
2. Balanced Reciprocity - means the
exchange between groups or
individuals with something to expect
to receive out of similar or equally the
same in value given.
3. Negative Reciprocity - described as
unequal process for which the groups
try to maximize their advantage while
giving as little as possible
 Elements of Market Transactions
1. Money - It consists of the objects that serve as way
of exchange for goods or services.
2. Prices – These refer the amount required or agreed
upon by both exchanging parties.
3. Supply – It is defined as the quantity of goods or
services that are available to sell at a given price in
a period of time.
4. Demand – It refers to the quantity of goods or
services that the consumer is willing to purchase or
take at a given price in a period of time.