Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Erwin C. Cangas
Teacher
Meaning of Ethics
Generally speaking, is about matters such as the good thing
that we should pursue and the bad thing that we should
avoid;
theright ways in which we could or should act and the wrong
ways of acting.
Itis about what is acceptable and unacceptable in human
behavior.
It may involve obligations that we are expected to fulfill,
prohibitions that we are required to respect,
or ideals that we are encouraged to meet.
As a subject, it is about determining the grounds for the
values with particular and special significance to human life.
Kinds of Valuation
Aesthetics
Greek word aisthesis (sense or feeling)
refers to the judgments of personal
approval or disapproval that we make
about what we see, hear, smell, or
taste.
Etiquette
Concerned with right and
wrong actions, but those
which might be considered
not quite grave enough to
belong to a discussion on
ethics.
Technical valuation
Greek word techne-
means technique in
English- used to refer to
proper way (or right
way) of doing things.
Matters that concern life and
death such as war, capital
punishment, or abortions and
matters that concern human well-
being such as poverty,
inequality, or sexual identity are
often included in the discussion of
ethics.
Lesson 2
Ethics and Morals
RENZO A. PAGSUGUIRON
Teacher
Ethics and Morals
1. Culture is
learned
Culture is derived from the
family and other social groups
and institutions through the
means of:
a. conditioning
b. Imitation
c. suggestions
d. informal and formal
instruction
e. mass communication
2. Culture is
transmitted
-Training
3. Culture is social.
It is a group
product developed
by many persons.
4.Culture is
ideational.
Within the culture are
group habits
considered as ideal
pattern of behavior
which members are
expected to follow.
5. Culture is
gratifying
-Recognition
6. Culture is
adaptive
MAJOR COMPONENTS OF CULTURE
Folkways
Mores
Fashion/Fad/Craze
Beliefs
CULTURE Ideas
Values
Material Things
MAJOR COMPONENTS OF
CULTURE
A.Social Norms
These are group expectation or
guidelines that people are supposed to
follow in their relationship.
Itis usually in
the form of
rules,
standards or
prescription
Everyday Social Norms
Everyday Social Norms
Shaking hands when greeting someone.
Saying "please" and "thank you"
Apologizing when one makes a mistake.
Standing up when someone enters the room.
Making eye contact during a conversation.
Listening when someone is speaking.
Offering help when someone is struggling.
Respecting personal space.
Sanction
is a system of
giving rewards and
punishment to
encourage socially
acceptable
behavior.
2 forms of Sanction
It is formalized social
norms enacted or made
by the proper authorities
so that people would act
accordingly.
4.Fashion, Fad,
Craze
It is short lived social norms
which demand compliance at
the time they operate.
These include styles of
dresses, bags, shoes and hair
or styles of houses,
furniture, cars and gadgets.
Addition to Social Norms
Taboos (Right vs. Forbidden)
Theseare norms prohibiting individuals
against practices that are considered to
be extremely “ immoral” or
“unacceptable” in society.
Ex.Having sex with animals, Muslims
forbid to eat pork (food taboo), incest
relationships, etc.
Conclusion!
Social norms are shared expectations about what kind
of behaviors are and are not acceptable. These are
not actual rules because you cannot get in actual legal
trouble for breaking them. Breaking social norms does
not have any legal consequences, but it can have a
major impact on a person’s social life because it can
make people very uncomfortable being around them
and can mark them as ”weird" and different. In terms
of events that ”break” social norms and how people
will react to them, each circumstance is different.
If you are somehow inclined to break the social norms, be
prepared for criticism, opposition, even ostracization. If
by breaking the time-tested norms you are causing some
damage to other members of your society, it is better to
restrain yourself.
Pakikipagkapwa - similar to
Golden Rule of Confucius: do
not do unto others if you don’t
want others to do unto you. It
starts with a kind heart, with a
good intention to be with
others, to help them and grow
together.
Filipino Values/Traits
Positive Traits
1. Close Family Ties and
Religious
Filipinos value their
family so much that
they tend to be intact.
2. Hospitable
Children respects
elders by saying po
or opo which means
yes when answering
the elders.
4. Generosity and Helpful
This is observed when
one has nothing and they
tend to share what they
have to them.
When a neighbor is in
trouble, they are always
ready to help them.
5. Hardworking
• This perspective
states that culture
differ and should be
viewed on their own
terms.
This means cultural relativism leads us to:
a. Conform to what we experience, which is
the reality of the differences in how cultures
make their ethical valuations.
b. By the taking one’s culture as the standard,
we are provided a basis for our valuations.
c. This teaches us to be tolerant of others
from different cultures, as we realize that we
are in no position to judge whether the ethical
thought or practice of another culture is
acceptable or unacceptable.
What is the
importance of
CULTURAL
RELATIVISM?
Lesson 7
Principles governing Human Acts and
Acts of Man
RENZO A. PAGSUGUIRON
Teacher
Human Acts
Are those actions which man
performs knowingly, freely, and
voluntarily.
These actions are the result of
conscious knowledge and are
subject to the control of the will.
We refer to these actions as
deliberate, intentional, or
voluntary.
Acts of man
Are those actions
which happen in man.
They are instinctive
and are not within the
control of the will.
For an act to be considered a human act,
it must possess the following
characteristics:
1. It must be performed by a conscious
agent who is aware of what he is doing
and of its consequences.
2. It must be performed by an agent who
is acting freely, that is, by his own
volition and power.
3. It must be performed by an agent who
decides willfully to perform the act.
Human acts must, therefore, be
knowing, free, and willful.