UNDERSTANDING CULTURE,

SOCIETY AND POLITICS

Socialization and
enculturation
DEVELOPMENT OF ONE`S SELF AND OTHERS AS A PRODUCT OF
SOCIALIZATION
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1. What is the picture all about?
2. Can you relate to this image or picture?
3. Does this picture had on impact to you? If
yes, what is its relevance to you as a member
of the community?
 WHAT IS SOCIALIZATION & ENCULTURATION ?
Socialization- is a process
that introduces people to Enculturation- is the process
social norms and customs. by which people learn the
dynamics of their surrounding
Socialization focuses on the
following. culture and acquire values
 Acquisition of Knowledge and norms appropriate or
 Language necessary in that culture and
 Values
 Habits worldviews.
 Skill in the Society
Types of Socialization
1. Primary socialization- the stage that occurs from birth through adolescence. It is
guided by family and primary caregivers, teachers, coaches and religious figures, and
one's peer group
2.Secondary socialization - occurs throughout our lives, as we encounter groups and
situations that were not a part of our primary socialization experience.
3. Developmental socialization - At this stage, a person develops their social skills. The
individual is focused on reaching maximum heights in their social development.
4.Anticipatory socialization - now the individual has figured out the skills they have
learned and began to apply them in society. People actively use the skills that they
have developed and most of which has become a habit.
5.Resocialization -this stage is considered to be the final in the sociological process,
people reject the habits that they have developed over the years and building a new
model of behavior on which they will rely
Process of Socialization:
SOCIALIZATION  culture, language, the social
structures of a society.
Context  history, and the people and social
institutions .

 what is actually said and done by those doing the

socializing-that constitutes the work of socialization
Content & Process  defined by the duration of the process, who is involved
in it, the methods they use, and whether it is a total or
partial experience.

Results
 the outcome of the socialization process and refer
to the way a person thinks and behaves after
experiencing it.
Purpose of Socialization:
 Socialization ensures that we have a process through which the norms
and customs of society are transmitted.

 Socialization teaches people what is expected of them in a particular

group or situation; itis a form of social control.

 Socialization has numerous goals for youth and adults alike.

 The socialization process also helps individuals develop a conscience

aligned with social norms and prepares them to perform various roles.
 Santarita and Madrid (2016) describes that socialization takes place when prospective culture
bearers learn the body of knowledge and skills through education, training, exposure, and
experience; while enculturation, occurs when cultural knowledge is passed on to the next bearer
who will perpetuate and ensure the continuation of culture.
Both socialization and enculturation result to identity formation, developing norms and values,
and statuses and roles.
A. Identity Formation - An individual’s identity is formed
through his interactions with others.
Two Types of
Identity
1. Social identity- is the portion of an individual's self-concept derived from
perceived membership in a relevant social group.
2. Self-identity - Self-concept or self-identity is the sum of a being's knowledge and
understanding of their self.

These types of identity can be broken down into the following:

Cultural identity, Professional identity, Ethnic and National identity, religious identity, & gender identity
Cultural identity - the (feeling of) identity of a group or culture, or of an individual as
far as they are influenced by their belonging to a group or culture
Professional identity - the identification with a profession, exhibited by an aligning
of roles, responsibilities, values, and ethical standards as accepted by the
profession.
Ethnic and National identity - the identification with a certain ethnicity, usually on
the basis of a presumed common genealogy or ancestry.
Religious identity - is the set of beliefs and practices generally held by an individual,
involving adherence to codified beliefs and rituals and study of ancestral or cultural
traditions, writings, history, and mythology, as well as faith and mystic experience.
Gender identity - describes the gender with which a person identifies (i.e., whether
one perceives oneself to be a man, a woman, outside of the gender binary, etc.),
but can also be used to refer to the gender that other people attribute to the
individual on the basis of what they know from gender role
NORMS & VALUES
Norms are those culturally determined rules that guide people regarding what
What are norms? is “right”, “wrong”, “proper”, “improper”.
Norms, Normal & Normative:
 “Normal” refers to that which conforms to norms, so while norms are the rules that
guide our behavior, normal is the act abiding by them
 “Normative” refers to what we perceive as normal, or what we think should be normal,
regardless of whether it actually is.
1. Folkways – sometimes known as “conventions” or “customs,
Types of Norms: “are standards of behavior that are socially approved but not
Folkways Right vs. Rude morally significant. Norms for routine or casual interaction.
(e.g.“saying po and opo,” and “pagmamano.”)
Mores Right vs. 2. Mores – are norms of morality, they distinguish the difference
Wrong between right and wrong, widely observed, and considered to
Taboo Right vs. have greater moral significance than others.
Forbidden
Laws Right vs. 3. Taboo – meaning a culture absolutely forbids them, like incest,
Illegal cannibalism and child molestation.
4. Laws – are a formal body of rules enacted by the state and
backed by the power of the state.
What are Values ?
• Schaefer (2012) defines cultural values as collective conceptions of what is
considered good, desirable, and proper or bad, undesirable and improper, what
they find important and morally right or wrong.
• Cultural standards that people use to decide what’s good or bad, what’s right or
wrong. They serve as the ideals and guidelines that we live by.
Examples:
Western Counties like the United States tend to value Individualism and
stress the importance of each person’s own needs.
Whereas Eastern countries like the Philippines tend to value. Collectivism
and stress the importance of groups over individuals.
Filipino values:
 Hospitality
 Respect
 Strong Family Ties
 Religious
 Generosity and Helpfulness
 Loving and Caring
Statuses and Roles
What is Role?
 A role is a set of expectations for people who occupy a given social
positions or status (Schaefer, 2011)
 These expectations define the behavior people view as appropriate and
inappropriate for the occupant of the status (Hughes and Kroehler, 2009)
Types of Role:
a. Achieved role - a position that a person assumes voluntarily which reflects
personal skills, abilities, and effort.
b. Ascribed role - a position assigned to individuals or groups without regard for
merit but because of certain traits beyond their control, (Stark 2007), and is
usually forced
Factors influencing role development
1.Societal influence: The structure of society often forms individuals into certain roles based
on the social situations they choose to experience. Parents enrolling their children in
certain programs at a young age increases the chance that the child will follow that role.

2.Genetic predisposition: People take on roles that come naturally to them. Those with
athletic ability generally take on roles of athletes. Those with mental genius often take on
roles devoted to education and knowledge.

3.Cultural influence: Different cultures place different values on certain roles based on their
lifestyle. For instance, soccer players are regarded higher in European countries than in the
United States, where soccer is less popular.

4.Situational influence: Roles can be created or altered based on the situation a person is
put in outside their own influence.
What is Status?
•A status is any position that an individual can occupy in society.
•It is not a ranked position, but simply a label that implies certain roles that
must be performed (Newman, 2012).
•Is the relative social, professional, or other standing of someone or
something (Dictionary)
•A social position as something filled by an individual member of asocial
system. (Harry M. Johnson 1960
Social Statuses can be classified into two:
Ascribed Statuses Achieved Statuses
• assigned to the individual from birth * acquired by choice, merit, or individual
such as age and sex effort
• involve little personal choice like age and * made possible through special abilities or
sex talents, performance or opportunities

• carry with them certain expectations of * choice in occupation, marriage, joining a

behavior religious organization are examples
What is Enculturation?

 Enculturation is the process by which people learn the dynamics of

their surrounding culture and acquire values and norms appropriate or
necessary in that culture and worldviews.
 This process is the way in which we obtain and transmit culture.
 Describe how each individual comes to terms with the already set
ideals that their culture has established.
 Enculturation is the process of teaching an individual the norms and
values of a culture through unconscious repetition.
Two Phases of Enculturation
1. Unconscious stage - the "unconscious" stage of early years in human
growth, where the individual "unconsciously “internalizes his culture,
2. Conscious stage - the individual may be consciously actively attempting to
understand what people are saying, but they may also be unconsciously
absorbing new vocabulary words and slang from the conversations that
occur around them.
Two Major Aspects of Enculturation
1. Informal - which some call "child training" and in some, senses
precedes and in other senses runs concurrently with.
2. Formal - more commonly termed "education," the former is most
likely to be carried out within the context of the family and among friends.
The latter is carried out in institutions of learning, sacred or secular.
 Compare and contrast Enculturation and socialization using
Venn Diagram below: A= Differences, B=Similarities

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A B A
 True or False
1.The process of learning these skills and social roles is called enculturation.
2. Socialization is the process by which an individual learns culture and
assimilates its practices and values.
3. Statuses are those culturally determined rules that guide people regarding
what is “right”, “wrong”, “proper”, “improper”.
4. Laws regulate and control the people’s behavior and conduct.
5. Folkways involve the pattern of expected behavior in a social relationship
with one or more persons occupying other statuses
 PERFORMANCE CHECK

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Make a slogan that shows your idea or understanding on the
significance of norms and values in interacting with others in society,
and the consequences of ignoring the rules
RUBRIC FOR GRADING:
Criteria score
Relevance of the Text 10
Interpretation of the Theme 5

Design 5
Over-all Impact/ Outcome 5
TOTAL 25