LESSON 1: Social Group
Social group individuals who often act with each other
and share a common identity.
1. Primary Group
close, personal, and intimate association
2. Secondary Group
mostly impersonal, casual, work and school
3. Reference Group
serves as model of standards
 In-group – belongingness
 Out-group – does not identify with
 Networks – social ties or connections
LESSON 2: Kinship, Marriage, and the Household
 Kinship – relations between members
 Descent – biological relationship
Principles of Descent
1. Unilineal – both mother and father line
2. Patrilineal – relatives through father
3. Matrilenal – only daughter’s line
Types of Kinship
1. Consanguineal – achieved by birth/blood
2. Affinal – relations through marriage
Compadrazgo – spiritual parents through baptism
 Marriage – institution of two persons
Marriage across Cultures
1. Endogamy – marriage within own clan
2. Exogamy - marriage outside the own clan
3. Monogamy – only one spouse
4. Polygamy – more than one spouse
 Polygyny – multiple female partners
 Polygandry – multiple male partners
A. Referred Marriage – finds partner through
matchmakers
B. Arrange Marriage – fixed marriage
Types of Arranged Marriage
1. Child – arranged future marriage
2. Exchange – reciprocal exchange of spouses
3. Diplomatic – for political reasons (royal)
4. Modern – possible mates (blind dates)
Post Marital Residency Rules
1. Patrilocal – stays with/near husband’s kin
2. Matrilocal – stays with/near wife’s kin
3. Bio local – stays with relative alternately
4. Neolocal – stays independently
5. Avunculocal – stays with/near uncle
Family and the Household
Family basic unit of organization
a. Nuclear – couple and children
b. Extended – relatives living
Kinship of Politics
1. Political Dynasties – family involve in politics
for several generations
2. Political Alliances – political parties with same
political agenda
LESSON 3: Political Organization/Authority and
Legitimacy
Political Organizations political systems
1. Band – small formed by families, non-formal,
and egalitarian=equal
Conflicts
 Band fissioning/ band splitting
 social velocity – forming own group
2. Tribe – larger/complex, organize, still
egalitarian
3. Chiefdom – defined political org., formal
leadership, ruled by chief
Political Legitimacy and Authority
 Authority is the right to command.
Weber’s Three Types of Authority
1. Traditional – well-established, historic, ruled
by elites
2. Charismatic – charisma, dynamic, icons/actors
3. Legal-rational (bureaucratic)
 Legitimacy is a “value whereby something or
someone is recognized and accepted as right
and proper.
LESSON 4: Nonstate Institutions
 Bank where people deposit or save their money
 Corporation authorized to act as a single entity.
Usually, stock corporations.
 Cooperative attainment of needs of members
 Trade union or labor union protects the welfare
of its members.
 Transnational Advocacy Groups promotes
principled causes, ideas, values
 Development Agencies to distribute aid
 Humanitarian – emergency reliefs
 Development – economic growth
a. United States Agency for International
Development (USAID)
b. Australian Agency for International
Development (AusAID)
c. Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)
 Global Organizations – funders and donors
a. World Bank (WB)
b. International Monetary Bank (IMB)
c. Asian Development Bank (ADB)
 International Organizations - organizations with
international membership
 a. International Non-governmental Organizations Theory of Stratification
(INGO) – Red cross 1. class
b. International Governmental Organizations 2. status
(IGOs) – United Unions 3. power
CONFLICT THEORY (Karl Marx) – ruling and subject
LESSON 5: Education class
Education social institution that socializes members FUNCTIONALIST THEORY (Talcott Parsons) – stability
Types of Education and cooperation
1. Formal – classroom setting  Social Mobility – movement/changes of status
 Elementary Types of Mobility Variables
 Secondary 1. Intergeneration 1. Gender
 Tertiary 2. Downward 2. Race
3. Upward 3. Ethnicity
 Vocational
 Special Education Global Stratification – draws inequalities between
2. Nonformal – outside formal set up countries
 Alternative Learning System Categories
3. Informal – lifelong process accumulates from 1. First World and other capitalist nation
life 2. Second World made by communist
 Corresponding Learning – planned according to 3. Third World was everyone else
interests  Physical Mobility – forced relocation of people
 Mass Illiteracy – global issue that affects A. Voluntary Migration due to eco, poli, reli,
progress or society edu, and national calamities
Function of Education
1. Socialization LESSON 7: Social Inequality
2. Social Control Social Inequality – resources are not equally
3. Social Placement distributed
4. Transmitting Culture  Education
5. Social and Political Integration  Health Care
6. Agent of Change  Services
Goals of Education
1. Productive citizenry  Ethnic Minorities
2. Self-actualization  Person with disabilities (PWD)
 Discrimination and Prejudice
LESSON 6: Social and Political Stratification  Stereotyping
Social Stratification categorize people in a hierarchy.  Ethnocentrism
Social Strata levels of social statuses  Scapegoating
Four Principles of Stratification  Racism
1. characteristic of society
2. persist over generations LESSON 8: Social Change
3. universal but variable Social Change significant modification in lifestyle of
4. involves inequality and beliefs society
Social Classes Cultural Change: material and non-material change
a. Closed System – status determined by birth Political Change: modified policies
b. Open System – status by achievement Causes of Social Change
Class System 1. Technology
measured by: 2. Social Institutions
 subjective method 3. Population
 reputational method 4. Environment
 objective method 5. Modernization
a. Lower Sources of Cultural, Social, and Political Change
b. Middle 1. Innovation - changing techniques
c. Upper 2. Cultural Diffusion – spread of culture
 3. Acculturation – minority adopts and lose own
4. Assimilation – learn and adapt the majority
Social Contradictions and Tensions
1. Inter-ethnic conflict – ethnic groups meet
2. Revolution – overturning existing structures
3. Terrorism – violence against civilians
4. Gender Issue

New Challenges to Human Adaptation and Social

Change
1. Global Warming and Climate Change
2. Transnational Migration and Overseas Filipino
Workers
 Migration
 International – permanent
 Internal – within the country
 Circular – temporary
 Transnational migrants – live their lives
across borders
 Overseas Filipino Workers
3. Responding to Social, Political, and Cultural
Change
 Inclusive Citizenship – giving citizens that
they are members of the society
 Participatory governance – citizen
engagement
 New media – many forms of e-
communication
 Social networking – social media
 Social movement – attitudes by people
seeking to change
 Environmentalism - concerns
 Feminism

Social Desirables
 Ascribed statuses – fixed (sex)
 Achieved statuses – earned (honours)

Prestige and Esteem

 Prestige – evaluation of status
 Esteem - assessment of behaviour