Region IV-MIMAROPA, SCHOOLS DIVISION OF OCCIDENTAL MINDORO, Municipality of Sablayan

SABLAYAN NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS

SECOND QUARTER

REMINDERS:
• This module is for EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY. NOT FOR SALE
• Do not write anything on this module
• For the activities and quizzes, write your answers in the NOTEBOOK. The notebook will serve as your PORTFOLIO for this quarter.
• Please submit the notebook and module at the end of the quarter
• If there is something that needs to be changed in this module, kindly inform your teacher
• Thank you and God Bless

MODULE 8: KINSHIP
At the end of this module, I can:
1. Trace kinship ties and social networks.
2. Compare different types of kinship based on lineage
3. Discuss the functions of family and marriage
KINSHIP – refers to human relationship, that is, a person’s relationship by blood or marriage to another person or others.

TYPES OF KINSHIP

1. AFFINAL KINSHIP- Relationships based upon marriage or cohabitation between collaterals (people treated as the same
generation)
2. CONSANGUINEOUS KINSHIP- Connections between people that are traced by blood

A. KINSHIP BY BLOOD - Kinship patterns

basically include people related either
by descent or by marriage.
Kinship by blood - refers to relationship
by descent, that is, the relationship that
arises in one’s group of origin (descent
group) or that which refers to genetic
relatedness.
1. UNILINEAL DESCENT

This traces descent only through a single line of ancestors, male or female. Both males and females are members of a unilineal family,
but descent links are only recognized through relatives of one gender. The two basic forms of unilineal descent are referred to as
patrilineal and matrilineal.
 B. KINSHIP BY MARRIAGE MARRIAGE – a socially or
ritually recognized union or legal contract between
spouses that establishes rights and obligations
between them.FORMS OF MARRIAGE
1. Monogamy
marriage between one man and one woman.
2. Polygamy or plural marriage
has three forms:
a. Polygyny- one husband and two or more
wives
b. Polyandry- one wife and two or more
husbands
c. Group marriage- two or more husbands and
two or more wives.

NORMS OF MARRIAGE ON THE SELECTION OF POTENTIAL MARRIAGE PARTNERS

1. Endogamy-is a rule that requires a person to marry someone from within his or her own group—tribe, nationality, religion, race
community, or any other social grouping.
2. Exogamy-is a rule that requires a person to marry someone from outside his her own group.
3. Sororate-prescribes that a widower marry the sister or nearest kin of the decease wife.
4. Levirate-prescribes that widows marry the brother nearest kin of the deceased husband.

C. KINSHIP BY RITUAL

In some societies, kinship relationships extend to people an individual has religious, economic, or political relationship with or other
kinds of social ties such as friendship

COMPADRAZGO
➢ Ritual kinship in the form of godparenthood
➢ Parents selected godparents for a child at his or her baptism, confirmation, and marriage. The godparents were
then tied to the parents as coparents.
➢ Ideally co-parents should be a married couple; they were preferred because their unions were typically more
stable and they were more likely to be able to provide a home for the child should the need arise. In most
communities, however, there were not enough couples to serve as godparents for all children, so single women of
good reputation were frequently chosen. It was important that the person asked should be of proper character
and good standing in the community.
D. FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD

Family refers to a group of people living together and functioning as a single household, usually consisting of parents and their
children.
1. NUCLEAR FAMILY- or Elementary Family it is a family group consisting of a pair of adults, and their offspring, regardless of the
number, as nuclear family may have any number of children. Also called as conjugal family
2. EXTENDED FAMILY- Is that which extends beyond the immediate family, the basic example of which is a married couple and
his children that live with either the husband or the wife’s parents.
3. RECONSTITUTED FAMILY-Is that which is formed by the joining of two adults through marriage, cohabitation, or civil partnership,
in which either one or both of the adults have a child or children from a previous relationship kiving in their home.
4. TRANSNATIONAL FAMILY- are those which “adopt separate living arrangement in two or more countries but retain close links
with their homeland” and also called separated families.

E. POLITICAL KINSHIP – kinship relations may extend to people an individual or a family has political affiliation with.

✓ POLITICAL KINSHIP is commonly found in tribal societies across the world where kin genealogy is applied to
✓ determine the system of communal leadership. It is the traditional pattern of bequeathing political power family members.
✓ POLITICAL KINSHIP is built based on the classic political principle: blood is thicker than water. It asserts that
✓ power should be distributed among family members.
✓ For the sake of family security, power should not be seized from those who have kinship connections and must be circulated
only among those who are tied by blood.
✓ Political dynasties have long been present in the Philippine political structure.
✓ Political dynasties started emerging after the Philippine Revolution when the First Republic of the Philippines was established.
Over the years, newer dynasties emerged as some of the initial ones became inactive. Majority of the positions in the
Philippine government are currently held by members of political dynasties. Notable Philippine political dynasties include the
Aquino and Marcos families.
 ACTIVITY NO. 1: MY FAMILY ACTIVITY NO. 2: WHAT HAVE I LEARNED SO FAR?
On a short bond paper, illustrate your ideal family through a 1. What is the difference between patrilineal descent and a
drawing or a sketch. Below it, write a brief explanation. Paste your matrilineal descent
output on your notebook. 2. How are clans created?
3. What type of kinship system do Filipinos have?

MODULE 9: POLITICAL LEADERSHIP AND STRUCTURES

At the end of this module, I can:
1. Analyze social and political structures
2. Differentiate the types of political organizations
3. Differentiate the different forms of legitimacy of authority
Can you imagine life without leaders or governments? You may wonder if that scenario is even possible. In this module, you will learn
how other societies organize their political lives that may be distinct from what you are aware of. This module is divided into two main
parts. The first part discusses the types of political organizations created by humans. The second part discusses the types of authority
and legitimacy present in human societies that allow for the rise of leaders.

POLITICAL ORGANIZATION
Uncentralized, egalitarian
Human groups have developed ways in which public decision-making, leadership, maintenance of systems:
➢ Bands
social cohesion and order, protection of group rights, and safety from external threats are handled.
➢ Tribes
Anthropologists identify these as political systems or political organizations. In studying political systems,
Centralized and formal
anthropologists have learned about the myriad ways that people acquire power, or the ability to get
systems:
others to do what one wants, and authority, or socially acceptable ways in which to wield power. While
➢ Chiefdoms
political anthropologists and political scientists share an interest in political systems, political
➢ States
anthropologists are interested in the political systems from all different types of societies while political
scientists focus on contemporary nation-states.

BAND
It is usually a very small, oftentimes nomadic group that is connected by
family ties and is politically independent. Its political organization is
concerned with meeting basic needs for survival. Decision-making and
leadership are focused on how best to meet those needs. Membership
can be fluid. Power can be situational with leadership based on the skills
and personality of an individual. Leaders do not have the power to
enforce their will on the group; all members of the group, generally adults,
contribute to the decision-making process. Because of this group decision-
making process and the fact that everyone has access to the resources
needed to survive, bands are egalitarian. Just like other members of the
band, leaders are expected to contribute to the economic resources of
the group. Authority is relegated within families, but due to the egalitarian Examples include the Mbuti and Ju’/hoansi in Africa, the
nature of bands, even within families authority may not be strong. Netsilik and Inuit in Canada, the Lapp of Scandinavia,
Bands in the modern world are relegated to marginal environments such the Tiwi in Australia, and the Ainu in Japan.
as the arctic, deserts, and dense forests.

TRIBE
Like bands, tribes’ political organization is focused on meeting basic needs of the group; however, the structure and organization are
more formalized because most are reliant on pastoralism or horticulture. This leads to concepts of communal ownership of animals or
land. Membership in tribes is usually restricted to descent groups.
Tribes generally have more permanent settlements than bands.
While still relatively egalitarian, political leaders have more power
than the leaders of bands. However, leaders who try to exercise too
much power can be deposed through socially structured methods.
This helps to prevent over-centralization of power and wealth.
➢ Small communities: hundreds or more
➢ Alliances between villages-many purposes
➢ Economy : crop cultivation, or herding
➢ Leadership: may have “Big Man”
CHIEFDOM
Chiefdom constitutes a political organization characterized by social
hierarchies and consolidation of political power into fulltime specialists
who control production and distribution of resources. Sometimes the
prestige of the leader and their family is higher, but not always. The
leader, or chief, was a bit like a big man on steroids; they were reliant
on their persuasive skills, but had more control over resources. Chiefs
were often spiritual leaders, which helped to demonstrate their right to
lead. They were responsible for settling disputes among their
constituents, but could not always enforce their decisions. Successive
leadership usually fell within a family line, something that contributed
to the development of a hierarchical society; however, leadership
was not guaranteed. Chiefs had to continually demonstrate their
ability to lead. Competition for leadership could be fierce. Warfare
was frequent, the nature of which changed; economic gain was a
primary motive.
➢ Many people, many Social Ranking System
villages
➢ Chief inherits position – for
life Chief’s unites people
➢ Unstable system-lesser
chiefs can take power by
coercion or even by killing

COUNTRY, STATE, AND NATION

While the terms country, state, and nation are often used interchangeably, there is a difference.
A State (note the capital "S") is a self-governing political entity. The term State can be used interchangeably with country.
A nation, however, is a tightly-knit group of people which share a common culture. A nation-state is a nation which has the same
borders as a State.

STATES AND INDEPENDENT COUNTRIES

Let's start with what defines a State or an independent country. An independent State:

• Has space or territory which has internationally recognized boundaries (boundary disputes are OK).
• Has people who live there on an ongoing basis.
• Has economic activity and an organized economy. A country regulates foreign and domestic trade and issues money.
• Has the power of social engineering, such as education.
• Has a transportation system for moving goods and people.
• Has a government which provides public services and police power.
• Has sovereignty. No other State should have power over the country's territory.
• Has external recognition. A country has been "voted into the club" by other countries.

There are currently 196 independent countries or States around the world. Territories of countries or individual parts of a country are
not countries in their own right.

Examples of entities that are not countries include: Hong Kong, Bermuda, Greenland, Puerto Rico, and most notably the constituent
parts of the United Kingdom. (Northern Ireland, Wales, Scotland, and England are not countries.)
A "state" (with a lower-case "s") is usually a division of a federal State (such as the states of the United States of America).

NATIONS AND NATION-STATES

Nations are culturally homogeneous groups of people, larger than a single tribe or community, which shares a common language,
institutions, religion, and historical experience.
When a nation of people has a State or country of their own, it is called a nation-state. Places like France, Egypt, Germany, and
Japan are excellent examples of nation-states. There are some States which have two nations, such as Canada and Belgium. Even
with its multicultural society, the United States is also referred to as a nation-state because of the shared American "culture."
There are nations without States. For example, the Kurds are stateless people.
 As states consist of actors with varying interests and assertions, social rules are implemented in the form of laws. These laws are
created to manage the interaction among individuals and between the individuals and the state. As a citizen of a country, an
individual is subjected to the legal norms in the territory. These norms may include paying taxes, rendering military service, and
contributing to the political life in the society. For example, in the event of war, citizens may be required to render military service for
their country. In South Korea, all males are required to render military service and undergo training for 21 months despite their gender
or social status. In the Philippines, some of the obligations of its citizens include (1) payment of at most 32% of one's income as income
tax to the government, (2) payment of 12% value added tax (VAT) for all commodities and services purchased, (3) completion of the
National Service Training Program (NSTP) or the Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) while in college, and (4) recognition of the
authority of government officials (e.g., police officers, lawmakers).

Being a citizen of a country also entails the enjoyment of certain privileges that are labeled as rights. There are two types of
rights that are enjoyed by individuals as members of state: natural and legal. Natural rights are those that are expected to be enjoyed
by all individuals, regardless of citizenship. These rights are derived from the basic elements of individuals being humans. Some of
these rights include the right to life, the right to liberty or freedom, and the right to property. Legal rights are those that are awarded to
an individual by the state as part of its culture, traditions, and norms. Hence a Muslim-dominated state will provide its citizens a
different set of legal rights as compared to a Christian-dominated state. Some examples of legal rights are (1) the right to vote, (2) the
right to privacy, and (3) the right to join formal organizations.

AUTHORITY AND LEGITIMACY

The extent of a leader's power relies on how much his or her followers accord him or her with it. This leads to a discussion on the
reasons that leaders rise and how they maintain power over individuals. According to Max Weber, a 20th century sociologist, every
leader has some form of justification as to why he or she should be accorded with such power. He organized these reasons into three
categories of legitimacy of authority: legal, traditional, and charismatic.

Legal authority is achieved by a leader through the process of following established codes and procedures governing the allocation
and distribution of power and resources within a society. Leaders who are ruling under the clout of this authority have been either
elected or appointed to office following the existing laws of the land. The extent as to which this type of leaders can wield power is
limited to what the codified laws of the society accords him or her.

Traditional authority is a form of leadership legitimacy that highlights the right of a leader to rule based on inheritance of the title.
People under the leadership of a ruler with traditional authority accept the latter's exercise of power as it has been the status quo in
the society since their forefathers. The rule of monarchs and their allies in both patrimonial and feudal regimes are examples of this.

Charismatic authority creates a type of leadership that is based on the personal attachment of the subordinates to the ruler whose
characteristics, experiences, or even skills are believed to be extraordinary, or maybe even supernatural. Due to this, most of the ruler's
followers are devoted to him or her without regard as to whether the authority of the ruler is accepted within the legal framework of
the society or that he or she has not been part of a royal lineage.

These types of authority and legitimacy are not mutually exclusive, as some can be combined to produce other forms of leadership
justification. For example, institutional charisma is a combination of charismatic and legal authority. This kind of authority is usually
observed among religious institutions wherein the leader's authority is accepted based on his or her charisma, but his or her exercise of
power is limited by the legal structures of the church. Another combination is called familial charisma, which is a combination of
traditional and · charismatic authority. This is often observed in kingship rules as individuals recognize the. right of the king to rule
based on his inheritance of the position and his innate extraordinary сарacities.

ACTIVITY NO. 3 ACTIVITY NO. 4: WHAT HAVE I LEARNED SO FAR?

If you are given a chance to talk to the President of the 1. How can a leader achieve charismatic authority? What
Philippines, what will you say to him? (Write at least 3 sentences) constrains the exercise of power of a leader with legal
authority?
2. Based on your experience, what kind of authority do Filipinos
usually accord their leaders?
 MODULE 10: NON-STATE INSTITUTIONS
At the end of this module, I can:
1. Differentiate the functions of non-state institutions in society
2. Evaluate the impact of interventions of non-state institutions in the process of governance of the state

WHAT IS NON-STATE INSTITUTION?

• Non-state institution or also called non-state actor is broadly defined as international actor who is largely or completely
autonomous from the state, emanating from civil society, market economy or political opportunities.
• Non-state actors (NSA) are entities that participate or act in international relations. They are organizations with sufficient
power to influence and cause a change even though they do not belong to any established institution of a state.
• The admission of non-state actors into international relations theory conflicts with the assumptions of realism and other black
box theories of international relations, which argue that interactions between states are the main relationships of interest in
studying international events.

Because of globalization, the following non-state institutions currently play important roles in international relations
• Banks and Corporations • International Organizations
• Cooperatives and Trade Unions • International Nongovernmental Organizations
• Transnational Advocacy Groups • Intergovernmental Organizations
• Development Agencies

BANKS
A bank is a financial institution that accepts deposits
from the public and creates credit.
CORPORATIONS
A corporation is a legal entity that is separate and
distinct from its owners. Corporations enjoy most of the
rights and responsibilities that an individual possesses;
that is a corporation has the right to enter into contracts,
loan and borrow money, hire employees, own assets and
pay taxes.

KINDS OF FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS AND THEIR DESCRIPTIONS

1. COMMERCIAL BANKS 4. BROKERAGES
Concerned with managing withdrawals and deposits as well as • Intermediaries in the transaction between buyers and sellers
supplying short-term loans to individuals and small businesses for the purpose of security
• Commission-based earnings

2. INVESTMENT BANKS- Focus on providing services such as 5. INVESTMENT COMPANIES OR CORPORATIONS

underwriting and corporate reorganization to institutional clients • Help individuals invest funds or money with the other
investors to manage portfolios of security
• Purchase securities indirectly through a package product
such as a mutual fund
3. INSURANCE COMPANIES
Offers insurance policies to the public, either by selling directly to
an individual or through another source such as an employee's
benefit plan. An insurance company is usually comprised of
multiple insurance agents. An insurance company can specialize
in one type of insurance, such as life insurance, health insurance,
or auto insurance, or offer multiple types of insurance.

COOPERATIVE
• Cooperative is owned by its members, and democratically operated.
• Refers to an autonomous association whose membership is voluntary toward the attainment of common economic, social
and cultural needs or aspiration.
• Each member contributes equity capital, and shares in the control of the firm on the basis of one-member, one-vote principle
(and not in proportion to his or her equity contribution).
Ex: KAPANTAY MPC. Sablayan

TRADE UNIONS
Also called as labor unions. These organization of workers who have come together to achieve common goals such as protecting the
integrity of its trade, improving safety standards, achieving higher pay and benefits such as health care and retirement, increasing the
number of employees, and better working conditions.

Role of Trade unions

• Wages/ Salaries
• Working Conditions
• Discipline
• Personnel Policies
• Welfare
• Employee-Employer relation
Ex:
TRADE UNION CONGRESS OF THE PHILIPPINES (TUCP)
KILUSANG MAYO UNO (KMU)

DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES AND TRANSNATIONAL ADVOCACY GROUPS

• These are local or international groups committed to pursuing specific developmental agendas of the state.
• Issues such as climate change, food, security and financial instability are becoming priorities.

Examples:
• United States Agency for International
Development (USAID)
• Australian Agency for International
Development (AusAID)
• Japan International Cooperation
Agency (JICA)
• Swedish International Development
Cooperation Agency (SIDA)

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
• An organization with an international membership, scope or presence
• These are groups that promote voluntary cooperation among its members.

TWO TYPES OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

1. INTERNATIONAL NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS 2. ORGANIZATIONS –OR INTERNATIONAL GOVERNMENTAL
(INGO’s) NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS (NGO’s) that ORGANIZATIONS (IGOs)
operate internationally. • UN United Nations
• Ex. International committee of the Red Cross • WOE World Trade Organization

Source: https://prezi.com/yt3n8qno-xax/ucsp/

ACTIVITY NO. 5: ESSAY

if you will be given a chance to franchise a restaurant or a food chain, what will you choose? And why? Explain your answer.
Minimum of 5 sentences.
 MODULE 11: SOCIAL AND POLITICAL STRATIFICATION
At the end of this module, I can:
1. Analyze social and political structures
2. Differentiate the types of political organizations
3. Differentiate the different forms of legitimacy of authority

Social stratification is
the arrangement of
individuals or groups
into a hierarchy. Here
is an insight about
the types,
characteristics, and
examples of social
stratification.

SOCIAL EXCLUSION

Process by which individuals are cut off from full involvement in the wider circles of society. May be due to poor housing, lack of
employment, inferior schools, or limited transportations. Leads to lack of opportunities for self-improvement.

DEFINITION AND MEANING

Social stratification can be referred to as division of society into strata or layers that are
superimposed one above the other.
Social stratification is the arrangement of the members of a society into different categories of
class, caste or a hierarchy based on factors like income, wealth, status, occupation, or even
ethnicity. Sociology has borrowed the concept of stratification from the science of geology (of
the Earth into different layers). Unlike in geology though, where all layers of the Earth are the
same, in sociology, there is an unequal distribution of rights and privileges through the social
strata.
SYSTEMS OF STRATIFICATION
CLOSED
• Impose rigid boundaries between social groups
• Limit interactions between members who belong to different social groups or occupy different
Strata in rock illustrate social stratification. People
levels in social hierarchy. are sorted, or layered, into social categories.
• Resistant to change in social roles Many factors determine a person’s social
standing, such as income, education,
OPEN occupation, as well as age, race, gender, and
• Mainly based on achievement, allowing more flexibility in social roles, increased social mobility, even physical abilities. (Photo courtesy of Just a
and better interaction Prairie Boy/flickr)
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/sociology/cha
pter/what-is-social-stratification/
TYPES OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION

Social stratification defines the hierarchical structures of class and status in a society. It forms the larger power structure that influences
all the social activities within that particular community.

1. SLAVERY: The relation of a master and slave was the peak of inequality in human history. A slave was defined by L.T. Hobhouse as a
man whom law and custom regard as the property of another. Slaves faced inhuman violence, relentless working conditions, with no
identity as a human, far from rights of any kind. The lives of slaves naturally were at extreme contrast with the lives of their masters or
the land owners.

2. FEUDAL SYSTEMS: It began around the 8th century in Middle Europe and lasted till the 15th century. Estates were legally defined,
along with the rights, duties, and privileges. The hierarchy that revolved around the estate ownership had three levels.

Feudal lords or nobility were owners of estates and gave military service to the Crown. They also legally owned the serfs.
Knights or vassals protected the lands as tenants.
Serfs or the peasants constituted the lowest stratum. They had to give a part of their produce to the upper strata.
3. CASTE SYSTEM: Are closed stratification systems because people are unable to change
their social standing. Caste systems promote belief in fate, destiny, and the will of higher
spiritual power rather than promotion of individual freedom. People born into caste
society are socialized to accept their standing for the rest of their lives. There are no
oppurtunities to improve one’s social position

India used to have a rigid caste system. The

people in the lowest caste suffered from
extreme poverty and were shunned by
society. Some aspects of India’s defunct caste
system remain socially relevant. In this photo,
an Indian woman of a specific Hindu caste
works in construction, and she demolishes and
builds houses. (Photo courtesy of Elessar/flickr)
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/sociology/
chapter/what-is-social-stratification/

4. CLASS SYSTEM: based on ownership of resources and the individual’s occupation or profession. A social class is composed of
people who share the same background and characteristics (income, education & occupation). People are free to move from one
social class to another and achieve higher status in life through education and employment. Openness in class systems results in
prevalence of exogamous marriages.

EXOGAMOUS MARRIAGES ENDOGAMOUS MARRIAGES

Marriages between people from different social classes Marriages between people from same social class

5. MERITOCRACY: System of stratification that is determined by personal effort and merit. Social standing advancements are
determined by how well a person performs his or her social role. However it remains an ideal and is only implemented in business or
industry.

CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION

1. UNIVERSAL: Stratification is applicable to nearly all human civilizations of the past and present. Organization of a community brings
along an ordered structure that does not come without a hierarchy. The division of society is thus, a feature typical to the nature or
behavior of humans as a combined group. It is a consequence of the structural differences that define each individual as a part of
the whole.

2. GENDER: Differentiating between men and women is a very intrinsic feature of all kinds of stratification. Women are treated
differently from men with respect to their rights and duties in patriarchal societies. The kind of exposure to the world outside home,
and the degree of independence they have depends upon the belief systems and culture of a society. Also, women belonging to
different strata within the same society follow different norms. So, gender assumes a very dynamic role in shaping the characteristics
of a given strata, irrespective of the stratification systems and the cultural differences within.

3. INEQUALITY: The benefits and opportunities that individuals get are not the same for everyone as an equal member of the society.
Different rewards and remuneration itself marks differences in who gets what and how easily. Status and prestige are two facets of
any stratified society that establish inequality among its members. The rich and wealthy enjoy many perks and privileges. The
intellectuals earn reverence due to their talent. Higher social position in the hierarchy (achieved by fair or unfair means) tends
unequal treatment to individuals.

4. POVERTY AND STRATIFICATION: Surplus wealth or resources left with individuals become the source of any further economic order or
stratification. The lower base of the pyramid is associated with poverty and maximum numbers. Despite several basis to categorize
masses, wealth or income of the community is the only criterion that has survived ever since the times of barter exchange to the
current times of paper currency. Income, however, is the best way to measure a nation’s productivity too. Thus, this forms an
objective stratification that generates statistics about the entire population.

5. MOBILITY: Whether an individual can move across different strata of a society decides the social mobility. Vertical mobility refers to
change in a person’s social position with respect to the class or status. If a common factory laborer makes his way to the top
management of the industry, his status changes, showing an upward mobility. Systems of stratification are classified into open or
closed systems depending on their allowance of such mobility. The caste system of India does not permit a person to switch between
the vertical strata or caste structure (that is an ascribed status) across the social hierarchy, thus making it a closed system. Class
system, on the contrary, is an open system which allows vertical and horizontal mobility.
Status can be either achieved or ascribed. Ascribed status is defined as the social position of a person due to his/her birth (as in the
case of caste), sex, race, inherited wealth, etc. Ascriptive process defines the social standing or even the lifestyle of the individual.
Though traditionally it is not unusual, in modern societies, social status or position is to believed to be acquired by means of
achievements and conduct.

THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON SOCIAL STRATIFICATION

FUNCTIONALISM CONFLICT THEORY

• Examines how the different aspects of society
contribute to ensuring its stability and continued
function.
• Each part or aspect of society serves an
important purpose Stratification is based on
intrinsic value of social activities or roles
• Davis-Moore Thesis - Social role that has greater
functional purpose will result in greater reward. -
Certain tasks in society are more valued than
others, and those who perform highly valued
work are rewarded with greater income, prestige
and power.
•
• Takes critical view of social stratification
• Considers society as benefitting only a small segment
• Stratification causes inequality
• Drawn from ideas of Karl Marx
• Karl Marx - social stratification is influences by economic forces and
relationships in society are defined by factors of production. - Two
groups:
• Bourgeois (capitalists) – own factors of production ( land, resources,
business and ploretariat ); UPPERCLASS
• Ploretariat – workers who provide manual labor; LOWERCLASS
• Karl Marx - inequality causes workers to experience alienation, isolation,
and great misery due to powerless status. This leads to class conflict.

SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM
• Microlevel perspective
• Attempts to explain how people’s social standing affects their everyday interactions • Leads to interaction within the
same class.
• Stratification becomes a System that GROUPS people (interests, background, way of life)
People’s appearance reflects their perceived social standing
• Theory of Conspicuous Consumption - Buying certain products to make a social statement about a status
• Ability of individuals or groups to change their positions within a social stratification system
• How individuals progress from a lower to a higher class, or how they lose their status and occupy much lower position in
society
• Major factor: Economic status (accumulation of wealth)

SOURCE: https://opinionfront.com/social-stratification-types-characteristics-examples

ACTIVITY NO. 6: WHAT HAVE I LEARNED SO FAR?

1. How is inequality perpetuated in societies?
2. Why is caste system considered a closed social hierarchy?
3. Why is class system considered an open social hierarchy?

MODULE 12: EDUCATION

At the end of this module, I can evaluate how functions of education affect the lives of people in society.

An individual learns his or her society's values and beliefs through various institutions. One of the most pervading is that of the
educational system, In sociology, education is viewed as a social institution. It gives society the potential to reach development and
success. Generally, education means the development of the intellect. It is an act of thinking critically. It can be classified into formal
and nonformal.

Formal education is the term used when a student learns inside the classroom. THE CHILDREN’S
ARK
A student follows a curriculum and is being graded on his or her performance. PREPARATORY
Your experiences in your current school are fostered by this type of education. SCHOOL
As a concept, nonformal education emerged in response to the world crisis in PHILIPPINES
education identified by Philip H. Coombs in 1967, who argued that the formal https://thechildrensar
k.wordpress.com/tag
education systems have failed to address the changing dynamics of the /the-childrens-ark-
environment and the societies. The skills that are needed to foster economic preparatory-school-
development are lacking due to untrained labor force that is not able to philippines/
access formal education.
Nonformal education enables a student
to learn skills and knowledge through
structured learning experiences. A student
learns his or her values, principles, and
beliefs and undergoes lifelong learning.
Capacity-building initiatives are
conducted through this type of education

The informal education is a lifelong process of learning by which every person acquires and accumulates knowledge, skills, attitudes
and insights from daily experiences at home, at work, at play and from life itself

Notions on education change through history. Together with other public issues in the contemporary world, education mainly
concerns much of the social, economic, political, and cultural systems. A sociological appreciation is required to fully understand this
matter.

THE FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATION THAT AFFECT SOCIETY

As British sociologist Herbert Spencer explains, functions are important to be performed: as they make the society whole. If each
function is working well, society attains progress. The functions of education are the following: (1) to produce productive citizens, and
1) to develop self-actualization.

PRODUCTIVE CITIZENRY

Educational systems enable citizens to be productive members of society, as cquipped with knowledge and skills that could
contribute to the development of their society's systems and institutions. This highlights the importance of formal and nonformal
education in they are the development of oneself and the society. Consequentially, it is crucial for educational systems to adapt to
the changing demands of the environment to efficiently capacitate individuals.

For instance, the Philippines recently adapted the K to 12 curriculum, which provides sufficient time for students to learn and develop
knowledge and skills that are demanded by the global community. The K to 12 program covers kindergarten and 12 years of basic
education, which includes primary education, junior high school, and senior high school. It is the aim of the curriculum to produce
high school graduates who are employable to the skill-based sectors. Recently, some universities in the country also underwent
changes, in which they shifted their academic year to pattern it to its Southeast Asian neighbors. This move facilitates economic
integration programs that will allow labor exchanges among participating countries.

Being a productive citizen requires critical thinking. One must have the ability to understand his or her duties and be able to respond
to them by making decisions. Through education, individuals are introduced to concepts concerning democracy, power, inequality,
and the like. This promotes greater awareness in his or her society. It encourages vigilance and participation. Educational attainment
does not only contribute to the individual's success but also to the betterment of his or her environment.

SELF-ACTUALIZATION Through education,

humans are empowered
to experience and learn
Education develops one's sense of
their true capacities that
self. As a huge part of the discovery
lead to self-actualization.
process of oneself, encourages
Humans also tend to find
having the vision to become self-
boundless enthusiasm in
actualized. Moreover, it enables
learning side the
one to see your strengths and
classroom, which is
maintain them. It enables one to
basically through
determine weaknesses and adjust
experience. With this, it
to them .This helps one reach full
becomes easier for them
potential and establish oneself as a
to socialize, to identify a
whole. According to Abraham
career path, to create
Maslow, self-actualization is the
self-identity, and the like
highest form of human need. It was
They will tend te have
defined as "to become more and
the ability to analyze,
more what one is, to become
evaluate, and decide on
everything that one is capable of
https://digital.com/how-to-become-an-entrepreneur/maslows-
becoming”. hierarchy/ their own.

PRIMARY EDUCATION AS A HUMAN RIGHT

Primary education is essential in the early stages of human life. Humans need education to enable them to adapt to the dictates of
their society. UNESCO declares that

Primary Education as a Human Right Batication is a fundamental human right and essential for the exercise of all other human rights. It
promotes individual freedom and empowerment and yields important development benefits. Yet millions of children and adults remain
deprived of educational opportunities, many as a result of poverty.

Normative instruments of the United Nations and UNESCO lay down international legal obligations for the right to education. These
instruments promote and develop the right ol every person to enjoy access to education of good quality, without discrimination or
exclusion. These instruments bear witness to the great importance that Member States and the international community attach to
normative action for realizing the right to education. It is for governments to fulfill their obligations both legal and political in regard to
providing education for all of good quality and to implement and monitor more effectively education strategies.

Education is a powerful tool by which economically and socially marginalized adults and children can lift themselves out of poverty
and participate fully as citizens.

Although the UN is such a powerful global actor that can mandate its members to follow its structure, education deprivation still
persists in most societies. This exclusion is socially constructed in unequal settings.

Formal education suggests studying in a school or university where everything is systematic. A teacher or professor explains, while a
student listens and understands. For that, the student pays the teacher. The last relates primarily to the struggles between social
classes.

The qualities of education experienced by students are noticeably

differentiated. The rift in the quality of education received by students from
private schools and those from public schools have been observed in both
developed and developing countries. Formal education, in particular, tries
to keep pace with the changes in the economy, as can be observed in
the constant tuition fee increases in institutions of higher learning.

In the Philippines, public schools lack manpower, particularly teachers. This

depreciates the capacity of the students to learn.

This issue on education taps the economical aspect of the society, as

classism stands as a barrier to the social development of humans. This also
digs on the impact of social inequality, as a systematic oppression lies
especially on the lower class. They experience discrepancies in
https://coconuts.co/manila/features/mind-gap-
philippines-language-isnt-words-class/
educational opportunities due to financial problems.

ACTIVITY NO. 7: WRITTEN WORK

DIPLOMA MILL ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:
1. What do you think is the image trying
to say about education in general?
2. Do you think it is happening in your
particular area?
3. Do you agree or disagree with it?
Why or why not?

REFERENCES:
• Alejandria-Gonzalez, Maria Carinnes P.
et. al. Understanding Culture, Society,
and Politics. Philippines: DIWA
Textbooks (2016)

Source: http://funny-pictures-blog.com/wp-content/uploads/funny-pictures/The- • DepEd TG

education-system.jpg

FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY

PREPARED BY: JANICE B. BARANDA-TAN, RN, LPT