Understanding Culture,

Society and Politics

2nd Quarter

Kinship, marriage and the household

Kinship

-the bond of blood or marriage which binds

people together in a group.
-according to the dictionary of anthropology,
kinship system includes socially organized
relationships based om supposed as well as
actual genealogical ties. These relationships are
the result of social interaction and recognized
by society.
Types of Kinship

-Affinal Kinship
Relationships based upon marriage or cohabitation between
collaterals (people treated as the same generation.)

-Consanguineous Kinship
Connection between people that are traced by blood.
Unilineal Descent

-this traces descent only through a single lime

of ancestors, male or female. Both males and
females are members of a unilineal family, but
descent links are only recognized through
relatives of one gender. The two basic forms of
unilineal descent are referred to as patrilineal
and matrilineal.

Patrilineal Descent

-both males and and females belong to their father's

kin's group but not their mother's. However, only males
pass on their family identity to their children. A
woman's children are members of her husband's
patrilineal line.

Matrilineal Descent

-the form of unlineal descent that follows a

female line.
Bilneal Descent

-when both patrilineal and matrilineal descent

principles are combined.

Kinship by Marriage

-Marriage is an institution that admits men and

women to family life. Edward Westermarck
defined marriage as the more or less durable
connection between male and female lasting
beyond the mere action of propagatiom till after
birth of offspring.

Monogamy

- is the practice of having only one spouse at

one time. Monogamy is the only legal one that is
legal in the united states and in most industrial
nations.

Social monogamy

- two persons/creatures that live together, have

sex with one another and cooperate in acquiring
basic resources.

Sexual Monogamy

-two persons that remain sexually exclusive with

one another and have no outside sex partners.
Genetic Monogamy

-two partners that only have offsprimg with one

another.

Martial monogamy

-marriages of only two people

Serial Monogamy

-a series of relationships. One person has only one

partner at a time and then moves to another partner
after severing the relationship with the first.

Polygamy

-Is a greek word meaning "the practice of multiple

marriage."

-polygony is the practice of one man having more

than one wife or sexual partner at a time.
-polyandry involves one woman having multiple
husbands.

Residence Pattern

Four major residence patterns

- Neolocal residence is most common with north

americana couples, this is where couple finds
their own house, independent from all family
members.
 - Patrilocal residence is most commonly used with the
hearding and farming societies. Where married couples
lives with the husband's father's family.

- Matrilocal residence is where the couple moves to live

where wife grew up.

- Avuculocal residence where in this case the couple

moves to live with the husband's mother's brother.

Ritual kinship

Family and the Household

Nuclear family - married man and woman with their

biological children.

Extended family - where grandparents or aunts play

major roles in the children's upbringing.

Conditionally seperated families - a family member is

seperated from the rest of the family.

Transitional family - these families live in more than

one country.
Politics of kinship

Kinship politics is commonly found in tribal societies.

Kinship politics is based on the classic political priniciple.

Blood is thicker than water.

Political and leadership structures

Political organization involves issues like allocation of political roles,

levels of political integration, concentrations of power and authority,
mechanisms of social control and resolving conflicts.
Band - it is usually a very small, oftentimes nomadic group that is
conncted by family ties and is politically independent.
Tribe - it is a combination of smaller kin or non-kin groups, linked
by a common cultue , that usually act as one.

Executive - having the power to put plans, actions, or laws into effect.
Legislative - having the power to make laws
judicial - court or judge

Politics - academic study of government, associated with the

government.
Power - ability of politicians or leaders and other to influence policy
in a government
Authority - is the legitimate use of power by rulers over individuals
they rule.

Education as A social
Institution

Transmission of knowledge
Good Interpersonal Relationships
A place for the contemplation of reality
Purposes of Education

INTELLECTUAL PURPOSE
to teach basic cognitive skills
To transmit specific knowledge
To help students acquire HOTS

POLITICAL PURPOSE
To include allegiance to the existing political order
To prepare students who will participate in the political order
To help assimilate diverse cultural groups into a common political
order
To teach children the basic laws of society

SOCIAL PURPOSES
To socialize children into various roles, behaviors and values of the
society
To help solve social problems
To ensure social cohesion

ECONOMIC PURPOSES
To prepare students for their late occupational roles
To select, train, and allocate individuals into the division of labor

Funtions of Schools

Technical/Economic Function - the contributions of schools to

technical or economic development and needs of the individual, the
institutiom, the local community, the society and the international
community

Human/Social Functions - the contributions of schools to human

development and social relationships at different levels of society

Political Funtions - the contribution of schools to the political

development at different levels of society

Cultural Functions - the contribution of schools to the cultural

transmission and development at different levels of society

Education Functions - the comtribution of schools to the development

and maintenance of education at the different levels of society
Manifest Functions - are defined as the open and intended
goals or comsequences of activities within an organization or
institution

6 major manifest functions of Education in Society

-Social Control
Schools are responsible for teaching values such as discpline,
respect, obedience, punctuality, and perseverance
-Socialization
Schools teach the students the student role, specific academic
subjects, and political socialization
-Social Placement
Schools are responsible for identifying the most qualified people
to fill available positions in society
-Transmitting culture
As a social institution, education performs a conservative
function-transmitting the dominant culture
-Promoting social and political integration
Transforming its population composed of diverse ethnic and
religous groups into a society whose members share a common
identity
-Agent of change
Promotes social change by serving as meeting groun where each
society's distinctive beliefs and traditions can be shared

Latent Functions

The hidden, instewd, and sometimes

unintended consequences of activities
within an organization or institution

3 types of latent functions

-Restricting some activities
-Matchmaking and production of social
networks
-Creation of generation gap
Functions of Schools by Calderon

Conservation Function - the school conserves and

preserves through its libraries and other devices recorded
accumulated experiences of the past genarations

Instructional Function - to pass on the accumulated

experiences of the past generations to incoming
generations

Research Function - the school conducts research to

imporve the old ways of doing things or to discover
unknown facts or systems to improve the quality of human
life

Social Service Function - to render some kind of social

service in the place where it is located.