Lesson 5: SOCIETY IS ORGANIZED → Groups are the smaller units that

compose society. Social Group - a collection of individuals who have relations with
one another that makes them interdependent to some significant degree.
↘ Interdependence is a necessary condition that exists within social
groups because it is what enables its members to pursue shared goals or
promote common values and principles.)
Primary groups
Are small and characterized by close, personal, and intimate relationships that
last a long time, maybe a lifetime. → professional relationships between lawyers
and clients, and a corporation that has hundreds of employees are examples of
secondary groups.
Secondary groups
Comprise relatively impersonal and temporary relationships that are goal- or
task-oriented and are often found in employment or educational settings.
Secondary groups are functional groups created to carry out a task or achieve
a goal.
In-groups
an ingroup is a social group towards which an individual feels loyalty and respect,
usually due to membership in the group. → Similarities and shared experiences
foster unity and cooperation among group members.
Out-Groups
→ A group to which one does not belong and to which he or she may feel a sense
of competitiveness or hostility.
Self Categorization Theory
→ a relevant approach in understanding the characteristics of social groups.
III. Reference groups
→ A group to which an individual compares himself or herself.
→ It is a social group that serves as a point of reference in making evaluations and
decisions an individual compares himself or herself.
→ Members of this group provide models that shape their attitudes, beliefs and
behavior.
- Informal reference groups, which means that they are based on the
group members' shared interests and goals.
● Families, A group of local mothers, Peer groups
- Formal reference groups have a specific goal or mission.
● Labor unions
IV. Networks
→ refers to the structure of relationships between social actors or and the larger
social institutions to which they all belong to.
→ In the age of the Internet, a good example of networks are those provided by
social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram, Tiktok, Kumu,
Etc.
Lesson 6 - Cultural, Social and Political Institutions(Kinship, Marriage, and
Household)
Kinship →It is the web of social relationships that form an important part of the
lives of most humans in most societies.
→ Affinity is the human kinship relations through marriage, basic form of kinship
→ Descent is the relationships that arise in one’s group of origin.
Kinship by blood (Consanguineal): This kinship is based on blood—or birth: the
relationship between parents and children as well as siblings, says the
Sociology Group.
Rules of Descent: 1. Unilineal – affiliates an individual through the descent of one
gender only, that is either through males or through females.
Types of Unilineal: a. Matrilineal Descent - people join the mother’s group
automatically at birth and stay members throughout life.
b. Patrilineal Descent - people join the father’s group automatically at birth and stay
members throughout life.
c. Ambilineal - the children can opt to claim linkage on either their father or their
mother's family group.
2. Bilateral – both paternal and maternal ancestors are considered part of one’s
Family.
B. Kinship by Marriage
- Marriage is a socially or ritually recognized union or legal contract between
spouses that establishes rights and obligations between them and their children,
and between them in their in-laws.
Types of Marriage
1. Monogamy
- is the practice of having only one spouse at one time or for an entire life span.
Types of Monogamy:
• Social Monogamy
• Sexual Monogamy
• Genetic Monogamy
• Marital Monogamy
• Serial Monogamy
2. Polygamy - is the practice of multiple marriages. It is a marriage pattern in
which an individual is married to more than one person at a time.
Types of Polygamy - A. Polygyny, one man having more than one wife or sexual
partner at a time. B.Polyandry, one woman having multiple husbands.
Post-Marital Residency Rules: 1. Patrilocal Residence, married couple moves to
husbands fathers community. 2. Matrilocal Residence, husband to live with his wifes
blood relatives. 3. Neolocal Residence, couples have freedom and option to live
separately.

C. Kinship by Ritual (Compadrazgo) kinship in the form of godparenthood

Family, a group of people affiliated by consanguity, affinity, co-residence/ Production
of reproduction of persons, biologically or socially.
Types of family
1. Nuclear Fam, basic family form, married couple and biological and adopted
children. Fam pattern establish an independent household.
2. Extended Fam, fam that includes other members of the kinship group,
uncles, cousins.
3. Reconstituted Fam, mixed parents, one or both parents remarried, bringing
children of the former fam into new fam.
- Separated fam, Transnational Fam.
Politics of Kinship
Political Dynasty, → is the repeated election and reelection of close relatives with
the same surname to offices in the local and national governments.

LESSON 7 - POLITICAL AND LEADERSHIP STRUCTURES

Political Organizations: →All societies have political systems that function to
manage public affairs, maintain social order, and resolve conflict.
TYPES OF POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS:
1. BAND
→ It is usually a very small, nomadic group that is connected by family ties and is
politically independent.
2. TRIBES
→ It is a combination of smaller kin or non-kin groups, linked by a common culture,
that usually act as one.
3. CHIEFDOMS
→ a political unit headed by a chief, who holds power over more than one
community group.
4. States and Nations
→ A nation consists of a distinct population of people bound together by a common
culture, history, and tradition who are typically concentrated within a specific
geographic regions. → A state is a political unit that has sovereignty – the
legitimate

Legitimacy and Types of Authority

→ Legitimacy originated from the Latin word legitimare, meaning “to declare
lawful,” and is broadly defined as rightfulness.

Three Types of Authority:

Traditional Authority – authority is based on a system that is believed to have
“always existed”.
Charismatic Authority – is based on the presumed special and
extraordinary characteristics or qualities possessed by a certain
Individual.
3. Legal-rational authority – is the most typical type of authority in
modern societies. -Power and authority in a legal-relational context are
legitimized by a clearly defined set of written rules and laws. - Among the three
types of authority, a legal-relational system has the highest degree of stability.

Reciprocity
Refers to the voluntary giving or taking of objects without the use of money in
the hopes that, in the future, they could be given back. Reciprocity could take
the form of barter, hospitality, gift-giving, and sharing.
Forms of Reciprocity
1. Generalized reciprocity is the exchange of goods and services without a
definite time frame of when the favor should be returned. In this form of
reciprocity, individuals giving out the favors do not expect to receive
anything back.
2. Balanced reciprocity, exchange occurs between groups or individuals
with the donor expecting to receive something of equal or similar value.
3. Negative reciprocity, groups try to maximize their gains while giving as
little as possible.

Elements of Market Transactions

a) Money-It consists of objects that serve as means of exchange for goods
and services.
b) Prices-It is the amount required or agreed upon by the exchanging
parties. It is the amount of money usedin exchange for a certain product.
c) Supply-It refers to the quantity of goods or services that are available to
sell at a given price and period of time.
d) Demand-It refers to the quantity of goods or services that consumers are
willing to purchase at a given price and time period.

International Organizations
A typical organization promotes, enhances and ensures its members through
advocacies and state actions.
Polytheism, Belief in more than one deity which is characterized by the worship of
many deities that illustrate the ways of life including beliefs, practices, and
traditions.
Monotheism, Belief in one god, which is accountable for all the things happening in
the world including the world’s creation and existence.
Health as a human right, The WHO constitution enshrines the highest attainable
standard of health as a fundamental right of every human being.
LESSON 8: SOCIAL AND POLITICAL STRATIFICATION
SOCIAL DESIRABLES
Refers to the unequal distribution around the world of the three Ps: property,
power, and prestige.
Property
- Capitalists are those who own the methods of production and employ others
to work for them.
- Workers are those who do not own the means of production, do not hire
others, and thus are forced to work for the capitalists.
Power, the capacity to influence people and events to obtain wealth and prestige.
Prestige, an individual's status among his or her peers and in
Society.

Social Mobility System, Refers to the movement of individuals or groups in social

positions over time. wealth and social status of individuals or families.
1) Open (Class) in an open class system, the hierarchical social status of a
a person is achieved through their effort. These types of class systems are
achievement-based economic system with social mobility and relations
between classes. Status based on family background, ethnicity, gender,
and religion, which is also known as “ascribed status,” is less important.

2) Closed (Caste) Compared with industrialized open systems, pre-

industrial societies have mostly been found to be closed class systems where there
is low social mobility. People in such societies may be confined to their ancestral
occupations, and their social status is largely prescribed by status at birth. A society
in which traditional or religious caste systems dominate, opportunity for social
mobility is unlikely.