UCSP REVIEWER 4TH QUARTER

SOCIAL GROUP AND SOCIAL INTERACTION

Social Interaction- Consists of acts people perform towards one another and the response they
give in return.

There are two statues that a person can occupy:

• Ascribed Status- is the status one is born with being a Filipino, a male or a teenager are
some examples.

• Achieved Status- is obtained through effort. Being married, becoming an official, or a

president.

A GROUP is composed of two or more persons who interact and are aware of their being part of
the group. (Class Section)

An AGGREGATE- refers to the people who are at the same place but have little or no
interaction (Neighbors)

A CATEGORY-is a number of people who hold a common status, but rarely or do not interact.
(Fathers, Teenagers, Women)

GROUP LEADERSHIP- it is essential in a group because it directs the members to the path the
group wishes to go.

-leaders may be formally elected or acclaimed.

Two types of a group leader:

1. The Instrumental Leader- More concerned about accomplishing the group task.
2. The Expressive Leader- Task completion is not priority, but the welfare of the members.

KINDS OF GROUP LIFE

• Primary Groups- are small <face to face= groups in which the interaction is direct
and personal.

(example: Families, close friends)

• Secondary Groups- are those members have casual contact. These group are
characterized by goal orientation, variable relationships, and narrowly define
relationships.

(example: Classmates, workmates)

IN-GROUPS & OUT-GROUPS

• Ingroups- those like ourselves

- Characterized by sense of loyalty and identification.
• Outgroups: those that differ from ourselves

- group with which people do not identify with. It is exemplified by feelings of

competition.

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FAMILY AS INSTITUTION

Fundamental concept of Family

- A family is founded in a single household, commonly united by ties of marriage and blood.
They mingle with each other as father, mother, children, and siblings.

Origin of Family

1. Biblical Belief in the Story of Creation – God created man in his image; in the divine
image he created him; male and female he created them; God blessed them, saying= Be
Fertile and Multiply; fill the earth and subdue it= -Genesis 1;27-28
2. Sociocultural Evolution Belief- this speaks about the development of culture that affects the
societal structure, which includes the family.

The family must advance as society changes, even as it has done in the past. It is the creature of
the social system, and will reflect its culture. (Lewis Henry Morgan)

TYPES OF FAMILY

1. Nuclear Family- composed of a couple, commonly called father and mother and their
children. Can be determined as conjugal family.
2. Extended Family- it is the extension of the nuclear family established by unilineal
descent group, that could either come from paternal and maternal ancestry
(Consanguineal Family)
3. Single-Parent Family 4. Step Family 5. Cohabiting Family 6. Childless Family

ORIGIN OF FAMILY

1. Consanguine Family- group of persons descending from the single pair, and their
descendants in each generation are brothers and sisters.
2. Punaluan Family- A circle of persons from one generation usually bounded by common
ancestral mother.
3. Pairing Family- A product of marriage between unrelated couple, but was arranged by
their mothers.
4. Monogamous Family- Family brought by two contracting partners, who mutually agreed
to marry because of love and compassion.

DESCENT SYSTEM

Consanguine Family-Refers to the people who are connected with one another because of blood
relationships.

a. Lineal Relatives- That include the ascendants and descendants.

b. Collateral Relatives-Are relatives such as uncles, aunts, and cousins.

Affine- Persons related to one another because of marriage, such as parents-in-law, brother-in-
law, sister-in-law, and the like.

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• Unilineal Descent- lineage relationship is traced only with single line of ancestors;
patrilinear or matrilinear.

• Cognatic Descent- The tie relationship is traced through both the patrilineal and the
matrilineal.

Fictive Kinship- a relationship associated by attribution in a family rather than birth or marriage.

Adoption- transferring permanently all the rights and responsibilities of the biological parents to
the adopting parents.

Figurative Usage- affiliation is extended to a person who is kin, but plays a role similar to that
of a kinsperson.

Ritual Kinship- Association by co-parenting but different to the actual kinship, like the
godparent-godchild relationship.

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS

State- a community of persons, more or less numerous, occupying a definite portion of the
earth’s surface, having its own government, through which the inhabitants render habitual
obedience free from outside control.

ELEMENTS OF THE STATE

• Territory – Should be fixed and bounded portion of the earth’s surface. Within it
are natural resources which are vital for the people to live.

• Sovereignty- Refers to the supreme power of the state to rule itself without interference
from other states.

• Population/ People- composed of both female and males for purposes of reproduction.

• Government- is that body where the people, through their representatives, can express
their desire <A state cannot exist without government=

STATE VS. NATION

- A State is an independent political entity with clear geographic boundaries

-A Nation is a large population that share the same culture, language, traditions and history.

Concept of Nation- refers to the people who have common origin, beliefs, and customs.

Significance of a Government- the one in-charge in managing the affairs of the state, its
existence in indispensable for both the country and the people.

- it is the government that laws are made, and policies and programs for the state are formulated.

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THE FORMS OF GOVERNMENT

Democracy- types of democracy: direct in which the power of the government is exercised
directly by the people and indirect in which the power of the government is exercised by the
people through their representatives. Examples: Philippines, Canada, US.

Monarchy

Absolute monarch- the power of the government is in the hands of a monarch or king.

Constitutional (limited)- The power of the government is based on what is written in the
constitution. Example: United Kingdom, Thailand, Malaysia.

Aristocracy/ Oligarchy- The power of the gov’t is in the hands of the so called few
privileged classes, Where the wealthiest individuals belong. Example: Russia and Iran.

Dictatorial/ Authoritarian- the power of the gov’t is exercised and controlled usually by a
single person or by small group of persons. Example: Ferdinand Marcos

Legislative & Executive Powers are Exercised:

1. Presidential- The president is the head of both state and gov’t which he/she is elected
by the people.
2. Parliamentary- The prime minister as the head of the government elected by the
members of legislature.

THE BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT

Legislative- Makes the law (Congress, Senate, House of the Representatives)

Executive- Carries out the law (President, Vice President, Cabinet)

Judicial- Evaluates the law (Supreme Court, Other Courts)

ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS

Economic Systems

Traditional Economy- Based on traditions, practices and beliefs. The conventional way of
farming rice and corn is still widely used in some parts of the world.

Command Economy- Owned and controlled by the gov’t. The gov’t decides what, how
much and for whom to produce.

Market Economy- Controlled by private enterprises free trade is evident.

Mixed Economy- Combination of the three other economic systems.

Banks- Known as the financial institutions that are authorized under the law to safekeep
monetary deposits.

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TYPES OF BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS

1. Sole Proprietorship- Only one owner. Usually seen in small scale business.
2. Partnership- Organized by two or more persons. By the contract of partnership.
3. Corporation- Organized by not less than five but not more than fifteen people as
incorporators.
4. Cooperative- Formed by a group of people belonging to the same sector.

EDUCATION INSTITUTION

Education- The process of enhancing the holistic abilities of an individual toward becoming a
responsible citizen.

TYPES OF EDUCATION

1. Formal Education- The process is done in schools, colleges, and universities. - It

follows a hierarchical structure from primary to secondary to tertiary education, leading
to completion of certificates, diplomas, and or degrees.
2. Non- Formal Education- Process of learning derived from an organized and Systematic

education activity, working either separately or as

Special feature of a formal education institution. The curriculum is

flexible.

3. Informal Education- Does not require a specific educational institution nor set of

Curriculum. Comes naturally from the daily experiences.

HEALTH INSTITUTION

Concept of Health in the Philippines

• For ancient Filipinos, illness was caused by the temper of the environmental spirits and
the souls of dead relatives.

• Their healing methods came from superstitious, rituals, hydro-therapy, massage therapy,
and medical herbs. They also used coconut oil to treat their patients.
Folk Doctors Diagnosis Prevention/ Healing
Sickness was cause by -Bulong
Albularyo supernatural beings. -Rituals

Manghihilot Sprain/ Fractures -Massage

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Mangtatawas Determine the cause of illness - Rituals -Bulong

through the use of potassium
alum, candles, plain paper,
mirror etc.

Mangbabarang Illness caused by sorcery or - Rituals

evil spirits. -Bulong

• The Spanish Influence is evident as some religious practices were incorporated like
using holy water and blessed palm leaf.

• Hospitals and Pharmacies started to be institutionalized during Spanish occupation.

Chinese medicine prospered in the country, including the practice of acupuncture.

RELIGION INSTITUTION

The early Filipinos practiced animism- They believed that the spirits and supernatural entities
dwelt everywhere in the world, including plants, animals, rivers, mountains, forest, etc.

Filipinos are considered relationship with other countries- Other religions came in.

In early 4th century, Islam reached the Philippine Island through the Arab trader, Karim UI
Makhdum.

- Buddhism, Hinduism and Judaism were brought by the migration of Chinese, Indians and Jews.

Judaism- It traces its beginning to the time of Abraham the first Hebrew, who received
revelations from God or Yahweh. The foundation text of the Hebrew is called the Torah or the
Pentateuch it is also called as the Five books of Moses

Christianity- People who professed their belief in Jesus Christ are called Christians. According
to the Christian Doctrine, God is <Trinity= or <Three equal Persons in one deity= – The
Father, Son, And the Holy Spirit.

Islam- Is derived from the Arabic word Aslama.

Hinduism- Is considered the world’s oldest religion living religion, Hindus believe in different
Gods: Brahma (Creator), Vishnu (Preserver) and Shiva (Destroyer).

Buddhism- Also believed to be the first international missionary religion that was established in
the 6th Century BCE by Siddhartha Gautam or Buddha.

Separation of Church and State in the Philippines

The 1987 Philippine constitution guarantees the separation of the church and state in the
Philippines in Article 2 Section 6, the law clearly states that the state shall ensure the inviolable
<Separation of Church and State=

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John 14:6

ECONOMIC LADDER & SOCIAL MOBILITY

Human groups are classified according to social class- the upper class, middle class and lower
class.

The division of classes resulted in class struggle, mostly because social treatment and
opportunities lie on class social standing.

Social Mobility

Every human person is distinguished by the position he/she occupies and the role he/she plays.
Movement from one class to another can be classified, depending on the shift that happened.

Types of Social Mobility

Vertical Mobility- Change in status that leads to the change in position.

Ex. A city councilor becomes the city mayor.

Intergenerational Mobility- One generation changes its social status from previous generation.

Example. A doctor that comes from a family of lawyers.

Intragenerational Mobility- Mobilization that takes place in life span of one generation.

Example. An efficient finance analyst becomes a manager after her promotion.

Absolute Mobility- Living Standards in a society have changed.

Example. A municipality turns into a city.

Relative Mobility- Movement from one social class in comparison to another class.

Example. Philippine Economic development brings better economic to Filipinos.

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-K6XX

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