Structure and Functions of Group
Groups
A Set of individuals who share the same motives, goals,
norms, and values that guide the conduct of its
members.
Aggregate- occupy the same location but do not know
Temporarily w each other.
Ex: People lining up in MRT
Category- People share the same characteristics but do
not have a sense of belongingness with other people.
Ex: Filipino Community abroad
Primary Groups
Consists of people with “intimate, fate-to-face
interactions” marked by shared values, culture, and
concern for one another.
Ex: Family members
Secondary Groups
Groups consist of a greater number of members who
have impersonal ties and are presumably held together
by common goals.
Ex: Students enroll in the same class/Classmates
Iron law of oligarchy as Applied to Groups
The concept in which a small elite group of people will
stand out and take control of the information and
decision-making of the certain group.
In-groups-Refer to groups we strongly identify with.
out-groups- Refer to groups we feel antagonistic about.
Reference Group- Groups you set as benchmarks or
standards to your behavior. We measure ourselves
against members in this group. “Role Model”.
Social Network- It made possible with the help of
technological advancement and vast connection with
people.
POLITICAL ORGANIZATION
Defined as groups responsible for political and social
cohesiveness, economic growth, and safety from
internal and external threats.
THE ROLLE OF POWER, AUTHORITY, AND LEGITIMACY
IN POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS
Power-Is defined as the exercise of will or force in order
to achieve the desired outcome.
Authority-It enhances critical thinking and empowers
individuals to understand their rights and obligations.
Types of Authority
• Traditional- Blood Line
Ex: British Monarchy
• Charismatic- Appeal and Good Looks/Persuasive
power
• Legal-Rational- Authority emanates from the
position they hold.
KINDS OF POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS
BANDS- Is a small group of mostly nomadic people in
pursuit of a particular goal to ensure their survival and
subsistence through foraging and at times hunting.
Band Leader- Does not hold formal power over the
band but mostly coordinates the movement such as the
hunting and foraging activities of the group.
TRIBES
A political group composed of several bands, occupying
a particular territory with each having a common
language and way of living.
CHIEFDOMS
Which is composed of allied tribes and villages under
one chief which can reach up to thousands of members.
STATES- A political organization which, through the
government, exercises sovereign rule over a population
within a defined territory.
RELEVANCE OF POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS
Elman Rogers Service
Posited in 1962 that societies undergo various stages of
social evolution. These stages are composed of specific
political organizations which fit the structural and
economic needs of the people.
Kinship and Marriage
• It is imperative to learn the basic principles of
kinship to make sense of it. Social scientist
explore kin relations that can be through
consanguineal or affinal.
• Kinship is one of the most complex systems of
culture. All human groups have a kinship
terminology to refer to kin.
Functions of Kinship
This inheritance perspective of kinship is the vertical
function. Another function is horizontal, which refers to
the ties of people across a single generation through
marriage.
Descent
Descent groups are permanent social unit whose
members claim common ancestry. Membership is
lifelong and determined at birth. It also refers to the
rules of culture uses to establish affiliations with one’s
parents.
There are two types of rules of descent
• Unilineal-tracing to only one parent
• Non unilineal
Matrilineal descent- An ego that belongs to the
matrilineal descent refers to his or her ancestry through
the female line. (Refer to the image). Ego’s female
ancestors are related to him or her.
Patrilineal descent-refers to tracing descent through the
male line. In societies that use patrilineal descent,
children — both males and females, belong to their
father’s kin Only males can pass on their family identity
to their children.
Marriage- Is a characteristic of human relations and
social groupings that exist in all cultures. It is socially
recognized relation that involves emotional and physical
intimacy, sexual reproduction, companionship, legal
rights, and inheritance.
Monogamy-is a marriage between a man and a woman
that is a widely accepted norm worldwide.
Polygny- Is a type of marriage that permits a man to
marry more than one woman.
Ex: Muslim Countries
Polyandry-Tibet cultures practice this system. It is an
uncommon practice of marriage, which is opposite of
polygyny.
Endogamy-Is marriage within a group. It is a practice
where an individual chooses who to marry within a
specific social group, ethnic group, or in a caste system.

Exogamy-Is a social norm of marrying outside of social
group. The two are culturally bounded. That means
details of marriage depend on how culture develops its
processes.
Type of Residence
Patrilocal- pattern of living with or near the husband’s
family
Matrilocal- pattern of living with or near the bride’s
house.
Bilocal(Ambilocal)- Pattern where the groom and bride
pick which family to live near or with.
Neolocal- Pattern where couples establish independent
residences neither from the side of the bride or groom
Avunculocal- Pattern supports living in or near the
house of the groom’s mother’s brother.
Economic institution
Economy-Refers to the system which facilities the
movement of goods and services from the production
stage to distribution, and finally, to consumption.
Goods- “Tangible” Refer to all commodities such as food
and clothing to luxury items as cars and jewelry.
Services- “Intangible” Refer to actions or activities done
for an individual or a group.
Ex: Laundry services
Why do we need to study the economy?
-Management of scarce resources.
Reciprocity
Generally refers to the value of giving an object, gift, or
service in turn for something you received. From the
perspective of attaining social gain, reciprocity is an
obligation cultivating a culture of giving, receiving, and
repaying gifts.
Generalized reciprocity
Is giving without immediately expecting the
corresponding return.
Ex: Giving of gift to your friend because you love them.
Balanced reciprocity
Is giving while expecting an immediate return in the
exchange.
Ex: Giving of gift to a friend for and expect something in
return but not immediate.
Negative reciprocity
Happens when one of the parties tries to gain more of
the exchange, thereby taking advantage of the other
party.
Brief Economic History
1. Hunting and Gathering
2. Agricultural economy
3. Industrial Revolution
4. Information Age/Post-Industrial Society
5. Fourth Industrial Revolution
Economic Sector
• Primary Sector- Raw Materials
• Secondary Sector- Process of manufacturing the
raw materials.
• Tertiary Sector- Product itself and the place of
selling
• Quaternary- Research and Development and
proposal of sustainable options
Economic system
Is defined as the mechanism set by the state in
allocating resources and in producing and distributing
goods and services to the population.
Capitalism
The main trust of the capitalist system lies on the
private ownership of the means of production (raw
materials, tools, and machinery) which are considered
as sources of wealth.
Socialism
Is the opposite of the capitalist system wherein the
means of production are instead collectively owned by
the state.
Mixed Economy
Are those classified in between the capitalist and
socialist economic systems. Most states are classified as
mixed economies but there are two particular models
implemented in Europe, Latin America, Asia: Welfare
state and state capitalism.
Welfare State
In Europe such as Germany, France, Belgium,
Netherlands, and the Nordic countries generally
implement a market-based economy with several state-
initiated, socialized programs such as healthcare and
education.
Non-State Institutions
• Banks
• Corporation- Shareholders
• Cooperatives
• Trade or Labor Unions
• Transnational Advocacy Group- Greenpeace
Movement
• International Organization- United Nations
• Development Agencies-
Educational Institution
Education- is considered as a social institution
which serves various objectives primarily about
teaching and learning a society’s way of life.
Education’s functions can be generally classified into
two categories: manifest functions and latent
functions.
Two Functions of Education
-Manifest Education- Primary and intended
functions of institutions
• Socialization
• Cultural Innovation and transmission
• Social Integration and Control
• Social placement
-Latent Function- Unintended result in the function
of education
• Restricting Youth Activities- Due to the long
hours of students in school.
• Forming Networks
• Creation of generation gap
Perspectives in Education Denomination
is a large and mainstream religious organization. It is a
• Functionalist Perspective religious group that slightly differs its beliefs from other
• Conflict Perspective groups but share the same religion.
• Symbolic Interactionist Perspective Ecclesia
Education in the Philippine Context On the other hand, originally refers to assembled
citizens politically. The term stems from the Greek word
- The right to education is stipulated in the 1987 for the church, which refers to a gathering. Sociology
Constitution Article 14 uses the term to refer to a religious group that almost
all members of a society belong to.
DEPED- Basic Education and SHS
CHED- College Cultural Perceptions of health
Disease- It is a biological problem that involves
K-12 Curriculum = Additional of 2 yrs. for reskilling and irregularity in the human body structure, chemistry, and
upskilling of students. function (Hann & Indorn,2009).
Issues in Philippine Education Illness-Refers to an individual’s perception and
experience of what is wrong with his or her well-being.
❖ Quality of Education It is a problem that may be a result of a cultural belief.
❖ Education Infrastructure Sickness- The emphasis is on the socially induced illness
❖ Accessibility experience, which is constructed by social responses.
❖ Issues on the Salary and Career Medical Pluralism- Enchance the well-being and extend
Development of Teachers the life expectancy.
Ethnomedicine- It involves treatments that make use of
Religion and Belief System
the resources around the environment.
It is a spiritual community where people experience Stratification in Society
togetherness and belongingness and encapsulates the Social Stratification- system dividing people based on
idea of solidarity and equality. their status
Major System of stratification
Aspects of Religious Belief Caste System- India
-Composed of sacred stories/Text Brahma- Priests and Scholars
-Has Leader Kshatriya- Nobility and Warriors
-Forms of practices and deity Vaishya- Merchants and Artisans
Shudra- Workers and Peasants
Shamans- are usually part-time spiritual practitioners, Dalit- Untouchables
more often male than females, who attempt to heal the
sick, bring good fortune, guard against evil and ill Estate System- United Kingdom
fortune and predict the future by seeking to control First estate – Clergy
supernatural forces. Second estate- Nobility
Sorcerers or witches Third Estate- Commoners
are those generally thought to bring harm to people in
their society. Lastly, mediums are part-time spiritual
practitioners who seek supernatural intervention in Ifugao and Agricultural based society
healing or prophecy while in a trance state. Kadangyan- Aristocrat, owner of vast rice fields
Animism- Belief in the inanimate objects. Natumok- Middle Class
Ex: Practice in Japan Nawatwat- Works as a tenant for kadangyan
Polytheism- Belief in Many Gods
Ex: Hinduism
Hindu have 3 forms of god
Brahma- Creator
Vishnu- Preserver/Protector How the ruling class maintains the social hierarchy
Shiva- Destroyer -Controlling ideas
Monotheism- Single God -Controlling information
-Technology and Social Networks
Types of Monotheistic Organization
Cult-is a new religious group that is small, extreme, and Social Mobility-Movement from one social status to
at great odds with the norms and values of the larger another
society. They often exist on the margins of society and ❖ Intragenerational Mobility
exploit their members. ❖ Intergenerational Mobility
❖ Horizontal Mobility
Sect-is relatively small and a new religious group that is ❖ Vertical Mobility
a subset of a religion or denomination. Sects are not Global Stratification
cults -Industrialized States- High per capita rates and
standard of living
Industrializing states- Lower income, standard
infrastructure
Developing states- High poverty rate and low standard
of living
Theories of Global Stratification
-Modernization Theory
-World System Theory
-Core States
-Semi-periphery
-periphery
-Dependence theory
Maintaining of Global Tier
-Eco colonialism
Corporation
Technological Innovation