CHAPTER 5: Prepared by:

HOW SOCIETY IS ORGANIZED Mr. John Agustin T. Tabugos

INTRODUCTION
Social relationships and patterns of interactions become
‘institution’, ‘group’, or ‘organization’ the moment they start being
governed by formal or informal agreements (e.g., written laws,
contracts) or by strong traditional norms.

SOCIOLOGY

political
social groups organization

SOCIAL

cultural POLITICAL
ANTHROPOLOGY SCIENCE
institutions
LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION
1. Social Groups
2. Cultural, Social and Political Institutions: Kinship, Marriage, and the Household
3. Political and Leadership Structures
4. Economic Institution
5. Nonstate Institutions and Organization
6. Education
7. Religion and Belief Systems
8. Health Systems
9. Social and Political Stratification
 1

SOCIAL
GROUP
GROUPS: THE HEART OF INTERACTION
SOCIAL AGGREGATES – a simple collection of people
social
who happened to be together in a particular place but
aggregates do not significantly interact or identify with one another.
SOCIAL CATEGORIES - a simple collection of people
who share common characteristics (such as gender or
occupation) but do not necessarily interact or identify
with one another.
SOCIAL GROUPS – a collection of individuals who have
regular contact and frequent interactions, mutual
influence, common feeling of belongingness, and work
together to achieve a common set of goals.
 SOCIAL GROUPS: CATEGORIES ON SOME STANDARDS
Group Basic Features Examples
(in terms of level of intimacy, duration of interaction, and
reason for interaction)
Primary Small; characterized by long-lasting intimate relationship Family, childhood
Group which bonds the members together more than the goal friends
Secondary Can be large or small; common interest bind the member Project Group
Group together more than their relationship
In-Group: social groups to which an individual feels he/she Fraternity
Reference belongs. One feels loyalty and respect for these groups.
Group Out-Group: social groups that an individual does not identity Sports team
with. One feels antagonism and contempt for the groups. opponent
 2

CULTURAL, SOCIAL AND

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS:
KINSHIP, MARRIAGE, AND
THE HOUSEHOLD
KINSHIP, MARRIAGE AND THE HOUSEHOLD
KINSHIP – is a social institution that refers to relations formed
between members of society.

Types of Kinship
1. Kinship by Blood
2. Kinship by Marriage
3. Kinship by Rituals
KINSHIP BY BLOOD
CONSANGUINEAL KINSHIP – a kinship based on
blood and considered the most basic and general
form of relations.
DESCENT - refers to a biological relationship.
LINEAGE – refers to the line where one’s descent is
traced.
KINSHIP BY BLOOD
UNILINEAL DESCENT – refers by most societies to
traced a single line of ancestors form either the
male and female line. It has two (2) forms:
PATRILINEAL DESCENT – MATRILINEAL DESCENT –
both males and females both males and females
belong to the kin group belong to the kin group
of their father but they of their mother but they
do not belong to their do not belong to their
mother’s king group. father’s king group.
KINSHIP BY BLOOD

BILATERAL (NONUNILINEAL) DESCENT – refers to

the study of both parents’ ancestors, both ancestral
lines of the mother and father side.
KINSHIP BY MARRIAGE
AFFINAL KINSHIP – a kinship based on marriage
that developed when a marriage occurs.

- When marriage takes place, new forms of social

relations are developed.
MARRIAGE (ARTICLE 1, TITLE 1, FAMILY CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES)
– is a special contract of permanent union between a man
and a woman entered into in accordance with law for the
establishment of conjugal and family life. It is the
foundation of the family and an inviolable social institution
whose nature, consequences and incidents are governed
by law and not subject to stipulation, except that marriage
settlements may fix property relations during marriage
within the limits provided by this Code.
KINSHIP BY MARRIAGE: TYPES OF MARRIAGE
ENDOGAMY (compulsory marriage) – a marriage
within their own village, community, ethnic, social or
religious group.
EXOGAMY (out-marriage) – a marriage outside
their own village, community, ethnic, social or
religious group. This prevents incest or marriage
within one’s own family or clan.
KINSHIP BY MARRIAGE: TYPES OF MARRIAGE
REFERRED MARRIAGE – this refers to the marriage
made out by referring a friend who’s looking for a
partner who’s partner is also interested in finding
life partner.
ARRANGED MARRIAGE (fixed marriage)–
arranged marriage by their parents according to
the dictates and rules set by the family or
community.
KINSHIP BY MARRIAGE: TYPES OF MARRIAGE
TYPES OF ARRANGED MARRIAGE
1. CHILD MARRIAGE – happens when parents
arrange the marriage of their child lone before
the marriage takes place.
2. EXCHANGE MARRIAGE – there is a reciprocal
exchange of spouses between two countries,
tribes, or groups.
KINSHIP BY MARRIAGE: TYPES OF MARRIAGE
MONOGAMY – from the Greek term monos and
gamos which literally mean “one union”, refers to
the marriage or sexual partnering custom or
practice where an individual has only one partner.
POLYGAMY – refers to the practice of having more
than one partner or sexual mate.
KINSHIP BY MARRIAGE: TYPES OF MARRIAGE
POLYGYNY – a man has multiple female partners
or mates.

POLYANDRY – a woman has multiple partners and

made.
KINSHIP BY MARRIAGE: POSTMARITAL
RESIDENCY RULE
- rules of residence or location of couple’s permanent
residence after marriage.
PATRILOCAL RULE – couples stay in the husband’s
relative or near the husband’s kin
MATRILOCAL RULE – couples stay in the wife’s relative
or near the wife’s kin
BIOLOCAL RULE – couples stay with the husband’s
relative and wife’s kin, alternately
NEOLOCAL RULE – couples stay neither the husband’s
relative nor wife’s kin. They live in new place or abroad.
KINSHIP BY RITUALS
COMPADRAZGO – godparenthood, ritualized form
of forgoing co-parenthood or family.

This can be achieved by the rituals under Catholic

rituals like baptism, marriage and confirmation.
FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD
FAMILY – considered the basic unit of social
organization. Made up of group of individuals who
are lined together by marriage, blood relations, or
adoption.

Family constitutes one HOUSEHOLD that interrelates

with each other and performs the social role of
husband, wife, mother father, brother, and sister.
TYPES OF FAMILY
NUCLEAR FAMILY – made up of a group of people who
are united by social ties and is usually made up of two
adults and their socially recognized children.
EXTENDED FAMILY – whose members go beyond the
nuclear family made up of parents and their offspring.
BLENDED FAMILY – where parents have a child or
children from previous marital relationship but all
members stay to form a new family unit. It sometimes
called as step family, reconstituted, or a complex family.
 3

POLITICAL AND
LEARDERSHIP
STRUCTURES
POLITICAL ORGANIZATION
BAND AND TRIBES – band is typically formed by
several families living together based on marriage ties,
common descendants or friendship affiliations. Tribes is a
more complex than band.
CHIEFDOM – a political organization that form is
defined, with formal leadership exists and authority rests
solely on the members of the select family.
SIMPLE CHIEFDOM – characterized by a central village or
community ruled by a single family.
COMPLEX CHIEFDOM – composed of several simple
chiefdom ruled by a single paramount chief residing a single
paramount center.
POLITICAL ORGANIZATION
NATION – despite of being historically constituted
and having a common send of identification among
its members, as well as the consciousness of having
the potential to be autonomous, nevertheless do not
possess political sovereignty.
STATE – a political unit consisting of a government
that has sovereignty presiding over a group of
people and a well-defined territory and is thus the
highest form of political organization.
 4

ECONOMIC
INSTITUTIONS
INTRODUCTION
One of the challenges in any society is how to
produce, distribute and consume goods and services.
We are tasked with organizing ourselves as we
convert raw materials from nature into finished
products, and how we transform human capital and
talent into services that we provide for our conform
and convenience.
TWO (2) WAYS TO LOOK THE VALUE AND PURPOSE
OF ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS
FUNCTIONALIST PERSPECTIVE
- views as a vital component of society because it is involved
in the production, distribution and purchasing of goods and services
that are essential for survival.
CONFLICT PERSPECTIVE
- argues that economic institutions emerged in order to
benefit the ruling classes or group. Major component of this is Karl
Marx. This perspective asserts that economic institutions are
established by the ruling class in order to benefit their group at the
expense of the ordinary laborer.
NONMARKET INSTITUTION
RECIPROCITY
- exists when there is an exchange of goods and labor
between individuals in a community.
TRANSFER
- entails a redistribution of income that is not matched by
actual exchange of goods and services.
REDISTRIBUTION
- considered as a combination of reciprocity and transfer,
where the economic exchange involves the collection of goods from
members, the pooling of these goods, and then the redistribution of
these goods among the same members.
MARKET INSTITUTION
MARKET SYSTEM
- a type of economic system that allows the free flow of
goods between and among private individuals and firms with very
limited participation from the government.
INVISIBLE HAND
- integrates both idea of self-interest and competition in the
market place.
HUMAN SPECIALIZATION
- the division of labor, where it is easier to produce goods
and services more efficiently.
STATE-MARKET INSTITUTION
STATE
– plays an important role in the market. The
state, through government, comes in to regulate the
prices to protect the interest of the consuming public.
INTERNATIONAL TRADE
- It is where trading are not only confined to one specific
territory or geographic locations.

Two (2) International Organization that controls trade barriers

1. WTO (World Trade Organization)
2. GATT (General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade)

SILK ROAD – The first international trade. Happened 130BC –

1453BC.
 5

NON STATE
INSTITUTIONS AND
ORGANIZATIONS
INTRODUCTION
ORGANIZATIONS
- refers to a formally constituted entity, composed of
individuals performing a set of functions for the achievement of a
certain mandate, obligation, or task. (e.g. bank, corporation,
development agency)

INSTITUTIONS
- refers to a structured domain of norms, rules, and practices
that gives a sense of order to a specific set of relationships. (e.g.
religion, kinship and family, friendship and association, popular
culture, rituals, and knowledge systems)
DIFFERENT INSTITUTION IN SOCIETY
ENVIRONMENTAL WORLDVIEWS
- the system of beliefs as well as perception of the people
vis-à-vis the forest resource.
KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS
- the system of knowledge that governs how the people
engage the resource, particularly in terms of the technology
employed to extract products from it.
TENURIAL AND PROPERTY SYSTEMS
- the manner by which the community defines the rules of who
has access to and control or resources
DIFFERENT INSTITUTION IN SOCIETY
CONFLICT MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
- the manner by which community manages its conflict vis-à-
vis various issues, including conflicts that arise from the use of forst
resources.
ASSOCIATION SYSTEMS
- the manner where individuals establish relations among
them in the pursuance of a common interest, such as production and
social security
MARKET AND ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS
BANKS
- a financial institution that lends money both to public as well
as private organization.
CORPORATION
- refers to a board category of nonstate organizations
representing a company or group or people that engages in lawful
activity in relation to a public function.
COOPERATIVE
- autonomous association whose membership is voluntary
toward the attainment of common economic, cultural and social
needs or aspirations. (e.g. housing, work, consumers, agricultural)
CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATION
ACADEMIC AND SCIENCE-BASED ORGANZATIONS
- includes universities, schools and colleges.
MASS MEDIA
- media in all forms (print, radio, television) provide effective
conduits for environmental policy information.
RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATION
- includes church, congregation and the like
NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION
- are the third-party mediating organizations that facilitate action
PEOPLE’S ORGANIZATION
- are grassroots-based organizations compose of people who are
really in the community and are directly involved.
GLOBAL ORGANIZATIONS
- whose operations influence the development of the entire
countries.

INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND (IMF)

WORLD BANK
ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK
6
MEANING AND IMPORTANCE OF EDUCATION
- Education is the social institution that formally
socializes members of the society. It also refers to the
process through which skills, knowledge and values are
transmitted from the teachers to the learners.
2 TYPES OF EDUCATION
FORMAL
- based in the classroom and provided by trained teaching
and nonteaching personnel, has an approved curriculum which
includes the course outline, the prescribed number of sessions to
finish the lessons and authentic assessments and outputs.

NON-FORMAL
- is an organized educational activity that takes place
outside a formal setup. It is usually, flexible, learner-centered,
contextualized, and uses a participatory approach and has no age
limit as kids, the youth, and even adults can take part of this.
2 FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATION
MANIFEST Function
- is the primary and intended function of education in our
society.
Primary and Intended Function
A. Socialization – initiated into taking societal roles.
1. taught academic subjects (e.g. science and math)
2. make a line, wait for their turn
3. share what they have
B. Transmission of Culture, Skills and Values.
1. taught academic subjects (e.g. history, lit. and languages)
2. School Routines
2 FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATION
LATENT Function
- is the secondary and unintended function of education
brought about by the school environment.
Secondary and Unintended Function
A. Venue of expanding people’s network.
1. where they can find spouse, business partner
or friends that you can keep in life.
B. Ability to work in groups (either as a leader or a member)
1. an indispensable skill in the workplace
2. requires collaboration and interpersonal relation
GOALS AND FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATION IN THE 21 ST
CENTURY WORLD: PRODUCTIVE CITIZENRY AND SELF
ACTUALIZATION
Introduction:
- Throughout the world, education has become a vast and
complex social institution that prepares citizens for roles demanded
by other social institution, such as the family, government and
economy.
 GOALS AND FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATION IN THE 21 ST
CENTURY WORLD: PRODUCTIVE CITIZENRY AND SELF
ACTUALIZATION
Functions Descriptions Reinforced by
Transmission of Cultural Communication and honing of Family
Heritage knowledge, language, science
Selection of Social Roles Provides new experiences and offers Religion
and Training in such alternatives and a wider selection of
Roles roles
Integration and Functions as a social control mechanism State/
Mainstreaming that brings recalcitrant members back to Government/
Subcultures and Identity the fold Religion
Source of Social and A place where young people are Peers/ State/
Cultural Innovations enjoined to be creative with others Family
GOALS AND FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATION IN THE 21 ST
CENTURY WORLD: PRODUCTIVE CITIZENRY AND SELF
ACTUALIZATION
2 most important goals of education
1. Productive Citizenry
- refers to the idea that a citizen by him/herself must create the
environment and opportunities to become productive that contributes to the
betterment of the society.

2. Self-Actualization
- refers to the desire for self-fulfillment, namely, to the tendency for
him/her to actualized in what he/she is potential. “What a man can be, he must
be” (Abraham Maslow)
 GOALS AND FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY
WORLD: PRODUCTIVE CITIZENRY AND SELF ACTUALIZATION
Maslow’s lists of characteristics of a self-actualized people:
Acceptance and Realism – people that have realistic perceptions of themselves,
others, and the world around them.
Problem-centering – people that are concerned with solving problems outside
themselves, including helping others and finding solutions to problems of external
world.
Spontaneity – people are spontaneous in their internal thoughts and outward
behavior.
Autonomy and Solitude – people who need independence and privacy.
Continued Freshness and Appreciation – people tend to view the world with the
continual sense of appreciation, wonder and awe.
PRIMARY EDUCATION AS A HUMAN RIGHT
- The Universal Declaration of Human Rights state that
everyone has the right to education. Education has to be free and
compulsory at least in the primary level, whereas higher education
should be made available on the basis of merit.
8
INTRODUCTION
- Aside from being scientific truisms, wellness and
illness are social, and cultural constructs as well. This lesson
explores these facets of health and health system seen as
products of human experience, and hence revolve around a
multiplicity if meaning-making systems involving the body,
nature, and relations.
SOCIOLOGY OF HEALTH AND ILLNESS
- This emerging field within sociology examines the
interactions between society and health. This topic will see
how social life has an impact on morbidity and mortality
rate and vice versa.
HEALTH SYSTEMS IN THE PHILIPPINES
- there is a decentralized health delivery system and
is headed by the Department of Health as the regulatory
authority. It develops national plans, technical standards,
and healthcare guidelines for all Filipinos.
Health Unit
1. Regional Hospitals
2. Provincial Hospitals
3. Local Hospitals
4. Barangay Health Center
CULTURAL CONSTRUCTS OF HEALTH AND THE
FILIPINO ATTRIBUTIONS OF ILLNESS.
- cultures around the world have manifold ways of
taxonomizing the various levels of health and an equally
esoteric classification of illness. Hence, illness and health
syndromes can be culture specific as well. For us, we have
set of language to refer the health and illness, most of
which pertains to either the corporeal body or spirit:
“maynararamdaman ka,” masama ang pakiramdam, sakit ng
katawan are reflections of the nuances of these categories.
CULTURAL CONSTRUCTS OF HEALTH AND THE
FILIPINO ATTRIBUTIONS OF ILLNESS.
- In addition, the Filipinos have their own culture-specific
syndromes and attributions on illness such as usog and bughat.
USOG
- is a Filipino belief regarding the discomfort brought
about by a stranger or visitor who is thought to have an evil
eye or who brings an evil wind or a hex.
BUGHAT
- is the term used to refer to the ailments (headache,
chills, body pains, malaise, etc.) a mother experiences after
giving birth or after suffering from an abortion or miscarriage
if she did not follow certain rituals after childbirth.
FILIPINO SYSTEMS ON DIAGNOSIS PREVENTION,
HEALING AND HEALTH PROMOTION
- When it comes to health promotion and treatment
concepts. The Filipino beliefs are oriented toward protection of
the body in three metaphoric ways – flushing, heating, and
protecting.

FLUSHING - an act by stimulating physiological events to

cleanse the body.
HEATING - an act where balance is believed and restored.
PROTECTING - an act to make the gate keeping system guard
the body or covering it.
FILIPINO THEORIES OF ILLNESS
- Physical and mental health and illness are viewed
holistically as an equilibrium model. Explanatory models may
include mystical, personalistic, naturalistic and viral/bacterial
causes.
1. Mystical – retribution from ancestors for unfulfilled
obligations (e.g. nightmares or bangungot)
2. Personalistic – attributed to social punishment or retribution
by supernatural beings (e.g. evil, witch, mangkukulam)
3. Naturalistic – causes include a range of factors from nature
events, excessive stress, incompatible food and drugs.
4. Viral/Bacterial – virus and bacteria are the causes.
CULTURAL HEALTH ACTORS
- cultural health actors are specified in each of the health
practices mentioned. They perform specific activities to help
protect the body and treat it supernaturally with
herbal/medical treatments, incantations, and offerings.

1. Albularyo – the “general practitioner” which is

knowledgeable enough about folkloric modalities in using
medicinal herbs.
2. Hilot – Refers to the Manghihilot and Magpapaanak
CULTURAL HEALTH ACTORS
a. Manghihilot - specializes in techniques and treatments
applicable to sprains, fractures, and musculoskeletal conditions.
b. Magpapanak – specializes in giving prenatal visits and delivering
babies
3. Mangluluop – specializes in diagnostic techniques, usually
referring the patients after diagnosis to the albularyo,
medico, or manghihilot.

4. Medico – a sort of hybrid health actor for he/she merges

age-old folkloric modalities with ingredients of western
medicine.
HEALTH AS A HUMAN RIGHT
- all individuals have the right to health. This right implies an
economic, social, and cultural right to a universal minimum standard of
health.
 9

SOCIAL AND
POLITICAL
STRATIFICATION
INTRODUCTION
- Society is composed of different individuals who
possess different characteristics and are born in different
circumstances. Thus, they have different attributes, as well as
different levels of power, wealth, and prestige. These could
have adverse effects on the equality of members of a society.
SOCIAL INEQUALITY: THE HEART OF SOCIOLOGY
SOCIAL INEQUALITY
- refers to the patterns of unequal access to social
resources and reflects the innate differences between
individuals for example their varying abilities and efforts.
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
SOCIAL DESIRABLES
- any rational individual in a human community will
always aspire for things that bestow wealth, power, and
prestige. Unfortunately, the ability of individuals to realize such
aspirations is severely constrained by situations where one is
born into.

ASCRIBED TRAITS
- refers to the certain characteristics where people are
born.
SOCIAL DESIRABLES
AVAILABILITY
- refers to the presence, absence or scarcity of the social
desirables.

ACCESSIBILITY
- refers to the actual ways and means of availing the
resources.
SOCIAL DESIRABLES
Karl Marx Max Weber
Economic Stature Power Wealth Prestige
Material Political or social Material Widespread
prosperity, authority or prosperity respect and
ownership of the control, especially admiration felt for
means of that which is someone due to
production exercised by a his/her
government achievements or
quality
SOCIAL MOBILITY AND INEQUALITY
- one of the important aspirations of individuals in a
society is to move outside the confines of the conditions of
their birth.
SOCIAL MOBILITY
- the ability of someone to go up the social ladder or
to break loose form the confines of a marginalized group
and also the movement of individuals, family, household, or
other categories of people within or between layers of
tiers in an open system of social stratification.
TYPES SOCIAL MOBILITY
ABSOLUTE SOCIAL MOBILITY
- happens when people end up in a different layer of
stratification from that of their parents.
RELATIVE SOCIAL MOBILITY
- refers to the differences in probability of attaining a
certain outcome, regardless of overall structural changes.
STRUCTURAL MOBILITY
- type of forces mobility that results from a change in the
distribution of all or many of the statuses within a society.
SOCIAL EQUALITY
- is a desirable attributed in a democratic and
civilized society. Unfortunately, there are just so many
sources of inequality.
SOCIAL INEQUALITY IN ACCESS
SOCIAL CAPITAL
- refers to the ability of a collective to act together to pursue a
common goal.
POLITICAL CAPITAL
- refers to the trust, goodwill, and influence possessed by a
political actor to mobilize support toward a preferred policy outcome.
SYMBOLIC CAPITAL
- refers to the resources that one possessed which is a function
of honor, prestige or recognition, or any other trait.