Lesson 4

Organization of society

OBJECTIVES
- Analyzes the forms and functions of social organizations.

THE HIKIKOMORI SYNDROME

- In the recent years, a new phenomenon resurfaces in Japan causing Japanese government to
pay attention on the psychological being of Japanese people. A recent study of the Cabinet
Office claimed that over 613, 000 Japanese people ages 40-64 are revealed to be a
hikikomori.
- Hikikomori as defined by the Health, Labor and Welfare Ministry are people who has remained
isolated at home for at least six months without going outdoor, and rarely socialize with people
from outside. In other words, hikikomori are our modern day’s social hermits.
- They feel that they live a life of failure and is afraid to go back in fear of failing once again. This
social withdrawal gone serious as people tend to stigmatized hikikomori into lazy people with
personality problems and is deemed to be dangerous. To break these prejudices a Japanese
magazine published by a hikikomori called Hikipos tries to change this social concept and is
winning on altering peoples’ perception towards this modern-day hermit.
- In reality people cannot survive without a group, who constantly care and nurse over them. In
today’s lesson you are about to understand how people are interconnected to each other and
how this connection functions to help people identify their personalities.

LEVELLING OFF
GROUPS
- A group as defined by Richard Schaefer (1979) is the number of people with similar norms,
values, and expectations who are regularly and constantly interact with each other.
- This means that even if two or more people share a common experience yet they do not
socialize often then they cannot be considered as a group.
Group Variation
Primary Group
- It is a small group characterized by intimate, face-to-face association and cooperation among
the members. It also serves as the person’s immediate support system (Abulencia and
Padernal,2016).
- This may refer to a person’s family, close friends and/or special someone which they meet
often and interact with most of the time.
Example: Family, Friendship or Work Group
Secondary Group
- It may refer to the formal and impersonal group wherein members have little social intimacy or
mutual understanding (Abulencia and Padernal,2016).
- As compared to primary groups, secondary group is bigger in social size thus it makes people
belong in this group to have little or no direct contact with the everyone in the group. Yet they
still know that they are part of such group. An example would be a typical Facebook group.
Members may not have known each other personally but they shared common experience and
are interacting virtually.
Example: Corporation, University or Nation
Out-Group
- The exact opposite of in-group. The members in out-group feel as though they should not have
been in that specific group (Abulencia and Padernal,2016).
- If a person belongs to an out-group, they feel that they are being left behind. They might feel
that they are part of it but the sense of belongingness is absent. The lack of solidarity in one’s
group causes the members to disassociate with other members and may develop self-doubt
and sense of inferiority.
Example: Out of the Group
Reference Group
- A person can be a member of many groups which are all influential in how they perceive and
view social reality. One of the important functions of a reference group is that, it serves as a
basis for setting the standards or norms to be observed by the people. (Abulencia and
Padernal,2016)
- An example would be a group of colleagues, it is a common ethical and professional manner to
support one’s colleague. Thus, people in the academe supports each other by giving critics to
one’s work and/or offer professional assistance to help them with their outputs.
Example: Specific Values, Attitude and Behavior
 Lesson 5
Social cultural
OBJECTIVES
- Analyzes the forms and functions of social institutions
- Explains the forms and functions of state and non-state institutions
- Examines the functions and importance of education in the society.

THE TOTALITARIAN REGIME

- The Totalitarian Regime. Every country undergoes a system of government which people has
come to accept as time passes by. Of all political systems existed overtime there was one that
has been considered as the extreme form of government (i.e., Totalitarian system). A
totalitarian system gives the government an absolute rule over the totality of its people and its
territory.
- This means that the government has not only has its say on the political affairs of the country
but to the economics, social, cultural and almost the entirety of the nation and its citizens’
businesses. The government puts high restrictions towards public and private life and it
prohibits people to form parties with conflicting interest over the country’s claims.
- Entertainment, media, science, sports and arts which we initially considered private life are
regulated and controlled by the limitless reach of the government. Germany during Adolf
Hitler’s rule, Soviet Union during the leadership of Joseph Stalin and North Korea are countries
that have undergone a totalitarian regime.
- This lesson will help you understand how institutions influence in shaping one’s culture and
society. And how social institutions help shape set patterned behaviors which we in turn adopt
over time.
LEVELLING OFF
KINSHIP

KINSHIP
- It is known that people are greatly influenced by the bond form by blood. As the saying goes “blood is
thicker than water”, the relationship we had with our relatives goes deeper than the relationship we
created with our non- blood relatives. This type of relationship is what we called kinship.
- However, one has to take note that kinship may not only refer to the bond we form by blood but may
also include the bond we shared through marriage, adoption and religious rituals.
Consanguineal (Con-san-guin-eal)
- A kin by blood is called a consanguineal relative. One can trace his/her consanguineal kin
through learning his/her descent (Abulencia and Padernal, 2016).
- A person can trace his/her descent through unilateral and bilateral descent. Unilateral descent
is if one lineage is traceable. It is subclassified into three namely: Patrilineal (if father’s lineage
is traceable), Matrilineal (if mother’s lineage is traceable) and Ambilineal (if either mother or
fathers’ lineage is traceable depending on the situation). On the other hand, bilateral descent is
when both mother’s and father’s lineage can be found.

Affinal (Uh-fai-nuhl)
- The bond between husband and wife is what sociologist refer to as an affinal kinship. This type
of kinship is caused by marriage. It is also important to take note that affinal kinship may not
just apply to husband and wife but can be extended to both the couples’ families (Abulencia
and Padernal, 2016).
- Marriage done between individuals of the same group is called endogamy (e.g. Mika, a
catholic married Carlo who is also a devoted catholic). Whereas, marriage between people of
different category is called exogamy (e.g. Ron, a Filipino married his long-time foreigner
girlfriend).
Monogamy
- is the type of marriage where only two people are involved.
Bigamy
- is the marriage between a man and two women.
Polygamy
- is the marriage of a man with more than two women.
Polyandry
- is the marriage of a woman to more than two men.

Divorce
- A court decree that terminates or dissolves a marriage. This means that the couple may seek
other partner again as their civil status goes back to being single.
Annulment
- A legal decree that nullifies marriage. This means that the marriage is treated void or as if it did
not happen at all. The status of the couple would be back to being single and can marry
another partner again.
Legal Separation
- A court decree which separates husband and wife from being together. The marriage is not
terminated thus their status would still be married and they are prohibited from marrying other
partner once again.
Fictive (Fic-tuhv)
- Personal kinship that is based on neither consanguineal nor affinal ties is called fictive kinship.
A fictive kinship may occur in several instances, such as adoption or religious rituals. For
instance, an adoptee and adopter is considered as a fictive kin the same with a
godmother/father and their god son/daughter. (Abulencia and Padernal, 2016).

Family
- According to United Nations (UN), the following are considered a family nucleus. Once the
child of a couple marries another person and/ or conceive a child of their own, they are already
considered as a separate family nucleus.
Family
- Married couple without children.
- Married couple with one or more unmarried children.
- A father with one or more unmarried children.
- A mother with one or more unmarried children
TYPES OF FAMILY
Nuclear Family
- Only one family nucleus lives in a resident. Other socially accepted nuclear family are never-
married family, separated family, same-sex family and same-sex-parent family.
Extended Family
- As the name implies, it is composed of two or more blood-related family nuclei living together
in one residence. It could either be matrifocal (women-centered) or patrifocal (men-centered).
Reconstituted Family
- The constitution of two adults who have children on their respective previous families. In short,
separated couples with children who remarried with other partner.
TYPES OF HOUSEHOLD
Single Household
- An individual who lives in solitude within a residence (e.g. a young adult living in a rented
apartment).
Nuclear Household
- A single family nucleus living in a common residence (e.g. a nuclear family without a house
helper).
Extended Household
- Two or more person/family nuclei related to each other living in a shared residence.
Composite Household
- Two or more person/ family nucleus (related or not to each other) with or without any other
person living in a single residence.
 Lesson 6
Political institutions
TYPES OF POLITICAL GROUP
BANDS
TRIBES
CHIEFDOM
STATES
POLITICAL GROUPS
BANDS
- are consists of hunters and gatherers. They live in a small group size with an approximate of
more or less 100 individuals, who are associated with kinship. There are no formal enacted
laws which govern the bands, and majority of the decision are shared and contested of the
whole community (Abulencia and Padernal, 2016).
TRIBES
- are similar to bands in terms of community size but they possess social, legal, political, moral
and religious beliefs. Leadership is always based on seniority and experience thus the
governing structure in tribes are ruled by what they referred to as the council of elders
(Abulencia and Padernal, 2016).
CHIEFDOM
- is a type of political organization that is composed of various tribes and villages forming
alliance with each other under one political leader or chief. Chiefdom is ruled base on
ascription or family’s social status. Thus, it is often claimed to have social stratification system
as it divides the community into various social classes (Abulencia and Padernal, 2016).
STATES
- is a large community of people occupying a definite territory, has established government and
an independent authority over its land and citizens. Leadership is centralized under a complex
and vast political system. Different states adopted different forms of government in which the
people have come to accept over time (Abulencia and Padernal, 2016).

TYPES OF AUTHORITY
CHARISMATIC
TRADITIONAL
LEGAL-RATIONAL
AUTHORITY
CHARISTMATIC
- The charismatic leader has a charisma to galvanize a diverse group of people to follow his/her
political course of action. They possess a hero-like or supernatural-like personality which
 people admire and idolized. They made use of mass media to give themselves a favourable
image which in turn made the public religiously follow their ideals.

TRADITIONAL
- Traditional authority is concerned on how a political system can be maintained by the constant
reference to custom, traditions and conventions. They exploit and establish authority under the
presumption that traditions and custom are immemorial and absolute.

LEGAL – RATIONAL
- Legal rational authority is based on well-defined and enacted laws. People follow the leader
not because of their personality or of their legitimacy through customary traditions but because
of the law that grants them the power to hold the office and exercise decision-making.
 ECONOMIC SYSTEM
HISTORICAL MATERIALISM
 Era of Primitive Society
 Era of Slave Society
 Era of Feudal Society
 Era of Capitalist Society
 Era of Socialist Society
 Era of Communist Society
Era of Primitive Society
- It is the stage that is characterized by nomadic living. People come and go as their food supply
becomes less available. They transfer from one land to another in search of food and all the
members of the community must engage in gathering food supply. There is no concept of
private property, thus everything in their environment is owned and can be utilize by anyone
within the group.
Era of Slave Society
- This is the stage when civilization was already established. Slaves are used as the primary
mode of production for there is high demand in labor force. Temples, edifices, monuments and
the likes became part of people’s daily life and for it to be constructed; a great amount of man
power is needed. Prisoners of war, highly indebted people and captured sailors were forcedly
engaged into slavery in order to pay for their freedom.
Era of Feudal Society
- It refers to the time in which feudalism took over the socio-political system of governance.
Lands were used as the measurements of power and wealth. In exchange for military and
political support the King would parcel out his lands and distribute it to lesser lords which in
turn give it to local lords. Those who have received portion of the King’s land owe loyalty and
service to the King.
Era of Capitalist Society
- This is the time of free, flexible, and competitive economy. The government give little or no
restrictions to industries and competition within the market made suppliers to exhaust all
means in order to satisfy the growing and changing demands of the consumers. Money,
technology and other forms of capital ensures that the economy as well as the society stable.
Era of Socialist Society
- Socialism is the precursor to communism. It was designed to abolish exploitation of workers in
a capitalist system of governance. In a socialist society, the democratic government controls
the production of goods and services. Consequently, the workers contribute as much as they
can and in return take whatever is enough for them. The state owns most and even all of the
properties.
Era of Communist Society
- It is referred to as moneyless, classless and stateless society. All the manufacturing or “means
of production” are owned by the members of the society. People collectively work and
participate in order to achieve greater good. Ironically, no country ever existed in history can
 be classified as a communist society. Technically speaking, USSR, China, North Korea and
Cuba are socialist in nature.

RELIGION AND OTHER BELIEF SYSTEMS

RELIGION
- THEISM
- ATHEISM
THEISM
MONOTHEISM
- The belief of having one God that is omnipotent, omnipresent, and omniscient.
POLYTHEISM
- The belief of having various gods and/ or goddesses.
ATHEISM
APATHEISM
- The attitude of not having interest or feeling of emotion towards the existence of god/s and/or
goddess/ess.
AGNOSTICISM
- It is the view that existence of god/s, and goddess/ess, is unknown and cannot be known.

EDUCATION
- ENCULTURATION
- AGENT OF CHANGE
- SOCIAL INTEGRATION
- SOCIAL CONTROL
ENCULTURATION
- School is the vital social institution responsible for transmitting culture. This is where children
learn the predominant beliefs, practices, values, norms and knowledge within the society.
Young people were taught to be a good and responsible member of their community.
AGENT OF CHANGE
- Educational institutions are responsible in introducing social change. Schools made sure that
ideas are continuously updated and remodelled in accordance to the current demand of the
society. Academic institutions are also the leading institution in terms of propagating
researches and studies.
SOCIAL INTEGRATION
- Academic institutions are the instrument of the state in promoting unity and cooperation among
the diverse members of the society. It helps in ensuring that regardless of the existence of
 various groups (i.e. social, political, ethnic etc.) people are still reminded of their common
identity.
SOCIAL CONTROL
- Rules and laws are initially introduced to children at home however it was at school that
children imbibe values through socialization with different teachers and/or school
administrators. It is at school that children learn to respect for authority, discipline as well as
other fundamental values.
 Lesson 7
Personality Vs identity
TAKING OFF
People often mistake personality and identity as same entities. The two may be similar in
nature since both of them can be changed and/or adapted continually, but they differ in context.
PERSONALITY
 To put simply, consider PERSONALITY as the body of the person. The person acquired that
body since his/her conception, and he/she has no or less chances of changing it completely.
 also, it is his/her thumb mark, the symbol of his/her being, the major evidence that he/she
exists.
IDENTITY
 On the other hand, IDENTITY may be likened to sense of fashion. A person’s sense of fashion
is the piece that is observed by the other people’s eyes. It is what others mostly remember of
his/her.
 A person may have adapted it from a friend, a colleague, or a family, and he/she may change
it if he/she wills to.

DETERMINANTS OF PERSONALITY FORMATION

In the previous segment, it has been discussed that personality is affected by several factors.
A person’s socialization plays a major key in the formation of his/her personality.
According to Panopio, (1994), personality is determined by both nature and nurture. In their
book, they enumerated two major determinants.

Biological Inheritance (Nature)

 Whether a person likes it or not, the genetic characteristics of one’s parents have something to
do with his/her personality. Genes provide “raw materials” from which personality is formed,
such as biological structures, psychological processes, reflexes, urges, capacity, intelligence,
and traits.
 A mother’s creativity or a father’s intelligence may have been passed onto their child through
their genetic codes. Whatever characteristic a child inherit from his/her parents may shape
his/her personality and how he/she reacts to situations happening around him/her.
For example, if a person who has both parents as engineers displays a high aptitude in Math-
related disciplines, chances are that he/she enjoys activities that involve numbers or calculation.
He/She may also engage in related professions, such as engineering, accountancy, finance, and the
like.

Environment (Nurture)
 Environment can also influence personality formation and development. This determinant can
be further subdivided into two.
Geographic Environment
 The location, climate, topography, and natural resources in one’s society are all parts of his/her
environment. Differences in personality are found among individuals living in different locations
with different climate and topography.
 Panopio, pointed out that geography is the responsible for the varying experiences in response
to the stimuli posed by the physical world.
 For instance, Bicol region is frequently visited by typhoons because of its location beside the
Pacific Ocean. The natural occurrence of typhoons has been acknowledged as one of the
reason why many Bicolanos are religious.
 Since this nature’s phenomenon is beyond human control, many Bicolano’s have turned to
their faith as a source of “certainly, stability, and assurance of living”.
Cultural Environment
 Cultural environment refers to learned ways of living the norms, values, and beliefs one gets
accustomed to in a society.
 Culture already present even before a child is born, is as constant company that determines
what a person will learned as a member of a society.
 Early in life, a person incorporates the patterns, values, and attitudes of the group (whether
primary or secondary) he/she belongs to into his/her personality.
 While the culture of a society determines the deeper level of its members’ personalities, it’s
influence does not end there. Culture goes on to shape the personality from a person’s birth to
his/her death.
 As stated by anthropologist Ralph Linton, culture serves as a guide of an individual in living
his/her life. It allows him/her to become a “ready member” of the society where he/she
belongs.
 For example, the oldest child in a family may have experiences different fro his/her younger
siblings thus the difference in personalities. The oldest child may be more responsible than
his/her siblings as a response to the call of his/her nature to lead and guide their small group.
Likewise, an only child may act differently than someone who belongs in a large family. Being
used to having all the attention of
Social Environment
 Interactions happening in particular group are all parts of a person’s social environment. One’s
social role is also a contributing factor in developing one’s personality.
 of his/her parents, an only child may crave more attention from his/her relationships outside
the family.
 Lesson 8
Stratification
OBJECTIVES
 Examines the concepts, characteristics and forms of social stratification system using
sociological perspectives.
 Explain government programs and initiatives in addressing social inequalities e.g. local,
national and global.
 Suggests ways to address social inequalities (local, national and global).
 Examines human responses to emerging challenges in contemporary societies.
THE PAGPAG CHRONICLES
 The Pagpag Chronicles. Hunger is an undying issue in the Philippines. With 16.6% Filipinos
living below the poverty line according to the 2018 statistics provided by the Asian
Development Bank, lots of our fellow countrymen find it hard to satisfy their appetite. In fact, on
some slum areas around Metro Manila, people introduces pagpag as a conventional staple
food in the absence of rice meal.
 Pagpag is a leftover food collected by garbage trucks on different restaurants and supermarket
within the area, it is often unloaded on various dumpsites, where the hungry and the poor
scavenges for edible foods. They literary shake off or brush off the dirt from the food and
sometimes washed and cooked it into varieties of dishes.
 Others made a living out of this pagpag by selling it in a considerable price. However, the
National Anti-Poverty Commission in partnership with the Department of Health, warned the
public about the health threats pose by consuming pagpag. Yet without proper program
addressing poverty and malnutrition people will continue to innovate means for them to survive
in their everday struggles.
In this lesson, you will learn the different types and manifestations of social stratification and
inequality (i.e. social, cultural, gender and etc.).

TAKING OFF
Stratification
 Is the structure of hierarchical ranking of individuals based on their family, occupation, income,
wealth and power. (Abulencia and padernal, 2016)
 Most society across the globe manifest three existing social strata/class namely the upper
class, middle class and lower class.
Upper Class
 refers to a set of people acquiringvarious social determinants.
Middle Class
 Middle Class or sometimes referred to as the working class is a set of people who have attain
certain social determinants but not so abundant as the upper class.
Lower Class
 is the unprivileged set of people who have very little or no social determinants at all.
  Social stratification is universal, it exist in every society and groups around the world.
 Social stratification refers to a system by which a society ranks categories of people in a
hierarchy.
 Social stratification persists over generations. Social stratification is universal (it happens
everywhere) but variable (it takes different forms across different societies).

Equality VS Equity
Equality
 Equality means sameness. It is the act of giving everyone the same amount or privilege
regardless of their social strata/class and their given social determinants. Take a look at the
picture above. The child, the boy and the man both received exactly the same wooden block.
However, one can take note that equality does not mean fairness. It is true that each received
equal treatment but not everyone is benefiting from it.
Equity
 Equity stands for fairness. It is the act of giving everyone the support they needed. It
acknowledges the diversity of people thus provides each social class the necessary assistance
they need in order to survive. Back to the picture above, the child, taking consideration of his
height, receives an additional wooden block in order for him to see the match whereas, the
man no longer received any as he could see the play without having any support.
Social Inequality
 Social Inequality is the manifestation of unequal treatment, opportunities and/or reward given
to each social strata/class. It occurs when resources and capital are distributed unevenly. Karl
Marx describes capital as the means of production and the necessary instruments and/or
materials that one needed in order to survive. Capitals exist in various forms including:
Types of Capital
 FINANCIAL
 SOCIAL
 HUMAN
 SYMBOLIC
Capital
A lot of people from different societies experience inequality in terms of financial capital. In fact
according to an Oxfam report, dated on 2019, the top 26 billionaires own as much as the poorest 50%
of the world’s

Gender Inequality
PRODUCTION
 Employment and entrepreneurship
 Inheritance rules
 Access through credit
 Control over earnings and asset
REPRODUCTION
 Sexual services
 Household labor
 Care work
 Domestic servitude
Gender based discrimination and violence

Figure 1 discusses the percentage of women victimized by domestic violence in terms of

different subgroup. As written in the graph, a significant number of women ages 25-34 were being
victimized by their provider. Apparently, in terms of race and ethnicity, a significant number of Latinas
were being subjected to domestic violence. On the other hand, a high rate of domestic violence was
recorded for women under Medicaid (a program given to those who cannot afford regular medical
services). In line with that, the graph also shows that women living below the Federal Poverty Level
are more likely to be victimized by their partners and/or providers. Lastly, it was emphasized that
women living within the city lights frequently experienced domestic violence as compared to those
living in the country side.
Figure 2 discusses the percentage of domestic violence recorded within homosexual
relationships. The graph shows that even within homosexual relationships, a significant number of
women were still victimized by domestic violence. Black women gathered high rate of reported
domestic violence with their homosexual partners. Whereas, white males who engage into
homosexual relationship recorded the least number of documented domestic violence.

Race and Ethnic Inequality

Inequality also exists in terms of cultural diversity. Minority culture is often disregarded and
stereotyped by the predominant culture of a certain society. The difference in skin complexity,
language as well as practices hurdle people to accept the existence of other race and ethnicity, thus
resulting to inequality and discrimination. In the Philippines, certain ethnic groups received societal
rejections and labelling, these include the Badjaos of Sulu, Aetas of Zambales and the Lumads of
Mindanao.
Badjao
 Badjaos are regarded as the “Sea Gysies” due to their nature of living. The sea is not new to
them for they live in a floating houseboat called vista and engages into fishing, diving and
 selling handmade nets for their everyday living. Apart from their rich culture, Badjaos gain an
unfavourable image in the cities as they are often regarded as beggars on the street. Children
and young adults of Badjao origin are often seen roaming in the streets of Manila begging for
coins, thus gives people negative connotation towards them.
Aeta
 Aetas or Negritos of the Philippines originally lived at the foot of Mt. Pinatubo in Zambales.
When the aforementioned mountain erupted on 1991, Aetas were forced to leave their
settlements and were therefore dispersed into different places in Luzon. Just like Badjaos,
Aetas also received an incredibly hostile accommodation from the majority of the population
due to their distinct physical appearance. They are often mocked as dirty, poor and
uneducated.
Lumad
 Lumads refers to the native people of Mindanao. Due to the government’s extreme
militarization on Muslim Mindanao, Lumads are caught in the middle of the fight between the
forces of the government and various rebellious groups who wish to establish their government
in the land of dispute. Sometimes, Lumads suffers to government’s red tagging by referring to
them as members or allies of rebellious groups making them subjected to extreme pressure
from the government

Disability Inequality
 Persons with disability (PWD) is a also subjected to different forms of discrimination and
unequal treatment it extends into different forms and context such as inequality in terms of
receiving basic goods and services as well as work-related, school-related and law-related
discrimination.
Sorry, we cannot hire you.
OH (Orthopaedically Handicapped)
 persons suffering from locomotor. disability or cerebral palsy
HH (Hearing Handicapped)
 persons suffering from hearing impairment
MD (Muscular Dystrophy)
 is a group of neuromuscular genetic disorders that cause muscle weakness and overall loss of
muscle Mass. MD is a progressive condition; meaning that it gets worse with the passage of
time.
VH (Visually Handicappedz)
 persons suffering from blindness or. low vision
Disability Inequality
 According to the 2005 survey of Philippine Statistics Office and the Asian Development Bank,
approximately 10- 30 percent only of employable PWDs are involved in a regular paid work.
The others were engaged into works related to informal sectors where benefits, insurance,
promotion and equal pay is not guaranteed. Whereas the rest, are homemakers or dependent
on their respective families.
 Whereas based on the studies conducted by Save the Children Philippines, about 375, 952
school-age children with disability were recorded in 2010. Unfortunately, 1 in every 3 children
with disability was able to attend school. And 1 in every 7 children with disability who attended
schools was able to enrol in the Special Education Program (SPED) of their respective
academic institutions, the others were left to engage in the normal classroom setting as not all
schools are capable of providing SPED on their current curriculum.

Changing Social Landscape

Theories of Social Change
 Social Evolutionary Theory
 Conflict Theory
 Functional Theory
Social Evolutionary Theory
 It is based on Charles Darwin’s theory of biological evolution. According to Social Evolutionary
Theory, just like an organism, societies also shift in a constant linear direction, progressing and
changing from time to time due to different factors inside and outside of its structure. In the
Philippines, one manifestation of Social Evolutionary Theory is the introduction of different
preservatives and seasonings in a sachet and cans instead of the manual traditional ways of
cooking Filipino dishes.
Conflict Theory
 Conflict theory stressed that social change is the product of conflict between different social
classes. It emphasizes that change in our society is initiated by the discontent of the people
and their desire for a radical and abrupt reforms. An example of it is the People Power
Revolution which brought back democracy in the Philippines after the implementation of
nationwide Martial law of Former President Ferdinand Marcos. Human rights prevail once
again as the Martial Law was lifted signalling the end of the long reign of terror.
Functional Theory
 Functionalists believe that society by nature is firm and stable. However, there are instances
that certain events create disruptions on the system, these events is what they refer to as
social change. However as emphasize, social changes are deemed to be temporary and that
society with its nature will find ways to withstand this, in order to be steady once again.
Example of it is class suspensions due to heavy rain. The heavy rain brought change to the
society however it was not permanent.