Answer the question:

1. Yung nanay mo kaisaisang anak ng nanay ko.

Tanong: magkaano ano tayo?

2. may I00 pesos ako.

bumili ako ng juice I0 pesos.

nag pisonet ako I0 pesos
nakakita ako tnelas 50 pesos
bumili ako ng candy 20 pesos.
tanong:
ilan nalang ang pera ko?
 Chapter 5

Organization in a
Society
Pee Wee H. Abanco LPT
UCSP
Social Groups

- They are a basic part of human life.

- Consists of two or more people who habitually

work together and share a sense of unity and
common identity.
Other examples of Primary groups

Athletics Team

Church Group
Primary groups
- Those that are close-knit.

- They are typically small scale, having intimate

relationships, and are usually long lasting.

- The term “Primary” is used because they are

the primary source of relationships and
socialization.
Examples of a Primary group:

Nuclear Family

- Consists of a pair of adults and their children.

- What binds the family members together are

love and affection.
Secondary group

- They have the reverse characteristics of

primary groups.

- These groups are usually found at work and

school.
Examples of Secondary Group:

Classmates

Participants in
Seminars

Give your own example of

secondary groups
Reference Group

-Are groups that we look to for guidance to

assess our behaviors and attitudes.

- You may or may not belong to the group, but

you use its standards of measurements as a
frame of reference.
Examples of Reference groups:
Dyad

- the most basic, fundamental type of social

group that consists of only two people.

- These relationships can be emotionally strong

but also unstable and sometimes only
temporary.

- In a dyad, both members of the group must

cooperate to make it work.
Triad

- A social group that consists of three people.

- The relationships in a triad can still be fairly

intense, but the group is typically more stable
than a Dyad.

- If two people are in a triad have an argument,

the third member can act as a mediator.
The in group

- is any group that one belongs to or identifies

with.

- An in group may be as small as a dyad or as

large as the world.

The out group

- Any group that one does not belong to or

identify with.

- The individuals that are included in “they” form

the out.
In-group favoritism or in-group bias

- The tendency to favor an in-group.

Out-group derogation

- The tendency to feel threatened by or hostle

against the out-group.
Social Life

- Is the combination of different components such

as activities, people, places, and behavior.
Human Behavior

- Is always a product of how people see

themselves and the situations in which they are
involved.

- Behavior changes throughout an individual’s life,

as they move through different stages of life. For
example, adolescence, parenthood and
retirement. Human behavior is shaped by
psychological traits. For example, extraverted
people are more likely to introverted people to
participate in social activities like parties.
Institution

- a patterned segment of people’s way of

life.

- Is a part of the culture.

Social Institution

- Is defined as a relatively permanent

structure of social patterns, roles and
relations that people enact in certain
sanctioned and unified ways for the
purpose of satisfying basic social needs.
Examples of Social Institutions
General Functions of an Institution:

- They simplify social behavior for the individual

person.

- They provide ready made forms of social

relations and social roles for the individual

- They act as agencies of coordination and

stability for the total culture

- They contain the systematic expectations of

the society.
Kinship

- A social institution that refers to relations formed

between members.
Consanguineal Kinship

- Kinship based on blood.

- Relatives by blood.
- Is the most basic and general form of
relationship

Descent

- It refers to a biological relationship – to an

individual’s child or offspring or his or her parents
and ancestry.
Lineage

- Is the line where one’s descent is traced.

- This can be studies either by the paternal or

maternal line or both
Unilineal descent principle

- Generally trace by most societies through a

single line of ancestors form either the male or
female line.
Patrilineal Descent

- Only males pass on to their children and their

family identity.
Matrilineal Descent

- Only the daughters can pass on the family line to

their offspring.
Nonunilineal or Cognatic descent principle

- Is done through the study of both parents’s

ancestor.
Affinal Kinship

- A type of relations developed when a marriage

occurs.
Marriage

- Is a significant social institution wherein two

person enter into a family life.

- It has various sets of cultural practices, norms

and rules observed by different societies.
Endogamy

- Also known as “Compulsory marriage” is

practiced by members of society (ethnic groups,
religious groups, aristocratic classes).
 Inbreeding

- refers to the genetic disorders and other

consequences that may arise from expression
of deleterious or recessive traits resulting
from incestuous sexual relationships and
consanguinity.
Reduced fertility both in
litter size and sperm
viability
Increased genetic
disorders
Fluctuating facial
asymmetry
Lower birth rate
Higher infant mortality
and child mortality[29]
Smaller adult size
Loss of immune system
function
Exogamy or Out Marriage

- Refers to a marriage custom where an

individual is required by society’s norms and
rules to marry outside of their group.

- Scientists surmise that the drive in humans,

as in many animals, to engage in exogamy
(outbreeding) is evolutionarily adaptive, as it
reduces the risk of children having genetic
defects caused by inbreeding, as a result of
inheriting two copies of a recessive gene.
The genetic principles involved apply to all
species, not just humans.
Monogamy

- Refers to the marriage or sexual partnering

custom or practice where an individual has only
“One” male or female partner.
Polygamy

- Refers to the practice of having more than one

partner or sexual mate.
Postmarital residency rules

- The junction of kinship based on blood and

marriage.
Referred Marriage

- Uses matchmakers who help their single friends

or relatives to find their possible husband or wife
by referring them to another man or woman who is
also interested in finding a life partner.
Arranged Marriage

- When a man or woman’s parents, community

leader, religious officials or leaders determine the
marital partner of the individual.
Types of Family:

Extended Family

- The family that includes the other members of

the kinship group like your uncle, grandparents,
and cousins.
Blended Family

- Is a family type where the parents have a child or

children from previous married life but all
members stay and assemble to form a new family
unit.
Political dynasty

- is a family in which several members are

involved in politics and businesses, particularly
electoral politics.
Band

- They are families that live together based on

marriage ties, common descendants, friendship
affiliations, and members generally have a
common interest or enemy.
Tribe

- Usually headed by a village headman who

derives his authority from being a senior.
Chiefdom

- Formal leadership exists, and power is

exercised only by select members of the family.
State

- Is a political unit composed of a government

that has sovereignty presiding over a group of
people and a distinct territory.
Nation

- is a group of people who shares a common,

history, language, traditions, customs, habits, and
ethnicity.