Chapter 3 Lesson 2 CULTURAL AND SOCIOPOLITICAL EVOLUTION

Neolithic
-comes from the Greek word neo (new) and lithos (stone)
Neolithic Revolution
- literally means New Stone Age Revolution
- during this period, ancient people used to polished stole tools and produced different tools
>Potter’s Wheel
- they were able to control the reproduction of plants and animals. They became less dependent on wild
fools.
Irrigation
- water system for their agricultural crops.
Neolithic Revolution
- people had also started to settle in specific areas they called villages.
> Catalhoyuk
founded over 9,000 years ago.
Location: Turkey
Heritage
> Jericho
founded over 9,000 years ago.
Location: Palestine
Inhabited
Obsidian
- sharp stone tool used as one of the material in building their houses.
Trade and economic networks began during this period.

Chapter 4 Lesson 1 ENCULTURATION AND SOCIALIZATION

Enculturation
-refers to the process through which we learn about the culture we live in.
Example:
a child learned how to plant rice from his father who is a farmer.
Socialization
-the process of learning to behave in a way that is acceptable to society.
Example:
interacting with others, obeying the rules and behaving in public places.

Results of Enculturation and Socialization

Identity Formation Norms and Values Statuses and Roles

Identity information
-an individual’s identity is formed through his interaction with other people.
Example:
Japanese and Filipinos both show respect to other people but with different ways.
 Norms Values
Determined Rules General Standards

Example of Norms
-Punishment for a violation of a norm
Examples of Values
-Filipinos significantly value personhood like utang na loob (debt of gratitude).

Statuses and roles

-position of an individual in the society and certain roles that must be performed.
Example
a politician who is expected to serve people and represent their constituents.

Chapter 4 Lesson 2 UNDERSTANDING CONFORMITY AND DEVIANCE

Forms of Social Control

Conformity Deviance
Change in belief or behavior in order to fit in with A behavior that violates expected rules and
a social group. norms.

Mechanisms of Social Control

Labeling Theory Gossip Laws

Labeling Theory
-it states how members of society label others, whether they are deviant or not.
Example:
Describing someone who is intelligent and socially awkward and becomes labeled as a “nerd”.

Gossip
-talking behind someone’s back and spreading rumors about him or her.
-society reinforces what norms should be followed and punishes the deviants by putting them to shame.
Example:
Telling the secret of your friend to other people.

Laws
-formal codes of conduct that are met with negative sanctions when violated.
-guides the daily lives of members of society by providing clear definitions of relationships among
individuals.
Example:
Obeying the signages.
Strain Theory
-Robert Merton
-states that a social structures may pressure citizens to commit crimes.

Responses to strain

Conformity Innovation Ritualism Retreat Rebellion

Conformity (Hopeful poor)

-works hard to succeed
Example:
Poor people in the Philippines generally accept their fate although many are still hopeful that sending
their children to school will uplift them from impoverishment.

Innovation (Surviving poor)

-finds illegal ways to succeed.
Example:
Stealing like tapping electricity from the neighbor to survive.

Ritualism (Passive poor)

-acts as if he wants to succeed but does not exert much effort.
Example:
Contented and accepted that they are poor.

Retreat (Retreating poor)

-give up on their goals, reject any means to reach them and so retreat from mainstream society.
Example:
Dropping out of work and commit illegal activities and crimes.

Rebellion (Resisting poor)

-rejects society’s goals and the means of achieving them, so rebel against society.
Example:
Dropping out of work to engage in terrorist activity.

Strain Theory derived from social factors, such a lack of income or lack of quality education.

Merton’s Strain Theory

Responses to Strain Goals Means

Conformity (+) (+)
Innovation (+) (-)
Ritualism (-) (+)
Retreat (-) (-)
Rebellion (+ & -) (+ & -)
Chapter 4 Lesson 3
How Society is Organized?
Group – is ac collection of people interacting together I an orderly way on the basis of shared
expectations.

Types of Groups

According to Influence According to membership Reference groups Networks

According to influence

Primary Groups Secondary groups

-Direct access and interaction with each other. -Tend to be people we know from formal
-Family and friends organizations.
-Boss, coworkers, etc.

According to membership

In-groups Out-groups
-identifies as being a member. -an individual does not identify.
-member of soccer team. -people who are on the other teams are part of
the out-group.

Reference group – is a group to which we compare ourselves.

Example:
College freshmen serves a standard to a senior high school student.

Networks – this is the entirety of social connection an individual takes part in for whatever purpose.
Example:
Politician’s link with civil society organizations and non-governmental organizations.

-Group can be defined as a number of people who identify and interact with one another.
-Society becomes organized because of these different types of groups.

Chapter 5 Lesson 1 KINSHIP, MARRIAGE AND THE HOUSEHOLD

Kinship
-The bond of blood or marriage which binds people together in group.

Types of kinship

Kinship by Blood Kinship by Marriage Kinship by Rituals

Kinship by Blood (Consanguineal Kinship)

-it refers to the relationships based on blood.
Descent
-the origin or background of a person in terms of family or nationality.
-used to trace an individual’s ancestry.

Kinship by Marriage (Affilineal Kinship)

-it refers to the types of relations developed when marriage occurs.

Marriage
-a formal union and social and legal contract between two individuals that unites their lives legally,
economically, and emotionally.

Forms of Marriage

Monogamy Polygamy Endogamy Exogamy

Monogamy
-both married partners only have one spouse.

Advantage Disadvantage
Building a solid, intimate relationship that will You might not be able to get out of the
stand the test of time. relationship once you are committed to it due to
social pressure, financial dependence, children
etc.

Polygamy
-the concept that people can be married to more than one partner.

Forms of Polygamy

Polygyny Polyandry
One man is married to several women. One woman is married to several men.

Advantage Disadvantage
You feel free of the limitations and restrictions of Usually looked down upon in the majority of
social norms. societies and religions. It can lead to biases,
judgement and isolation which can be difficult to
deal with.

Endogamy
-marrying within one’s social group.

Advantage Disadvantage
No superiority and inferiority of the two partners The choice of partner selection is very limited.
upon each other.
Exogamy
Marriage outside of one’s tribute or social unit.

Advantage Disadvantage
Leads to love and sympathy between two Cultural differences between the spouses may
opposite groups or tribes. lead to maladjustment and dissatisfaction.

Kinship of rituals
-also known as comparadrinazgo or compadrazgo.
-a privileged social relationship established by ritual, such as that of Godparents or fraternal orders.
-established through the rites of the catholic church (baptism and marriage)
-from Spain, compadrazgo has spread to Latin America and Philippines.

Household
-is a family or social unit living together.

Types of Household

Family Households Non-family Households

Consist of two or more individuals who are Consist of people who live alone or who share
related by birth, marriage, or adoption. their residence with unrelated individuals.

Family
-is the basic unit of society.

Types of Family Structure

Nuclear Family Extended Family Single-Parent Family Step Family Childless Family

Nuclear Family (Conjugal Family)

- is a family group consisting of two parents and their children (one or more).
-smallest family unit.

Extended Family (Complex Family)

-a family that extends beyond the nuclear family. It includes other relatives such as aunts, uncles, and
grandparents.

Single-parent Family
-refers to the family units with one parent with one or more children.

Step Family
-refers to the family units where one or both members have children from their previous relationship.
Childless Family
-consisting of two partners living and working together.
-many childless families take on the responsibility of pet ownership or have extensive contact with their
nieces and nephews.

Remember:
Kinship
-is a social institution that refers to relations formed between members of society.
Marriage
-is a socially recognized union or legal contract between spouses that establishes rights and obligations
between them.
Household
-consists of one or more people who live in the same dwelling and share meals.