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What is the difference between socialization and enculturation? How is enculturation related to
socialization?
Society is different from culture. There are many cultures within a society. While members of
society share many of the same expectations and experiences, the cultural groups create ones that
differentiate them from others in society.
Enculturation
the process by which an individual adopts the behavior patterns of the culture in which a
person is immersed
Socialization
It is the process through which people learn to understand the societal norms, expectations and
values as members of society.
Study the chart that further explains the differences and relationships of socialization and
enculturation.
Text Lesson
Identity
Identity is what makes a person distinct from others. It is the total knowledge and understanding
of an individual about who he or she is.
Types of Identity
1. Personal
2. Cultural
Example: In the Philippines, the Agta tribe has been practicing a unique culture for centuries.
Old men wear the bahag, a unique style of clothing. They prefer to stay in the forest than to stay
in lowlands. They mainly look for natural food sources.
Study the chart that further explains the two types of identity.
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Discipline
a way of behaving that expresses a willingness to obey rules or laws
behavior that is judged by how well a person follows a set of rules or orders
Kinds of Discipline
Discipline is categorized into different types.
A person meets this kind of control every time he or she tries to do something. A person learns to
do things on his or her own without the supervision of others.
Example: Ryan rented a bicycle near his town. He does not know yet how to ride the bike. He
fell many times, but he did not stop trying. He was so motivated to learn how to ride the bike that
he tried to learn on his own, and eventually, he was able to ride it.
What this discipline instills in every culture is distinct, different, and unique. A person learns
according to what he sees in his society or his culture.
Example: Mika wears the trendiest dresses these days. She wears them so she can be “in” with
the latest social trends.
This discipline is the opposite of the discipline of nature or reality. In this training, a person
learns through supervision and guidance.
Example: A single mother raised Patricia. Her mother always reminded her not to fall in love
because of her personal idea that men are cheaters. Even if Patricia does not know how it feels to
be brokenhearted, she does not entertain any suitor.
Aspiration is a strong desire and ambition with which someone is motivated to work hard.
Enculturation is the process by which an individual adopts the behavior patterns of the
culture in which an individual is immersed.
Socialization is the process through which people learn to understand the societal norms,
expectations, and values as a member of the society.
Identity formation starts when you learn to socialize and be aware of the culture,
behaviors, language, morals, and norms of where you belong in.
Identity is the total knowledge and understanding of a person of who he or she is.
Discipline is the control that is gained by requiring that rules or orders be obeyed and
punishing bad behavior.
Aspiration is a strong desire and ambition with which someone is motivated to work
hard.
ANSWER:
Enculturation
Societal norms
Aspiration
Cultural
Discipline Of Superior Force
Discipline Of Culture
Discipline of Nature
Both statement 1 and 2 are true
To have a sense of belongingness, To be a unique individual
Environmental Sustainability
Socialization
It is the process through which people learn to understand the societal norms, expectations, and
values as members of society.
Enculturation
It is the process by which an individual adopts the behavior patterns of the culture in which a
person is immersed in.
Statuses
Our society is guided by a network of similar statuses and roles that govern human interactions
that we call social structure. It also refers to the manner in which society is arranged into
predictable interactions.
Status
Classifications of Statuses
There are three kinds of statuses.
1. Ascribed Status
a position a person holds in a social system that one attains involuntarily or by birth
inherited and not based on the person’s abilities, accomplishments, or efforts
can be rigid and unchanging since it is given to a person when he is born and is often
involuntary
Example: a Filipino national, a male or a female, a king or a queen, a son of a vendor, a firstborn
2. Achieved Status
a position one holds in a social system that one attains based on merit or effort
acquired due to unique skills, knowledge, or abilities, and are based on standards that can
be controlled
a position that has been earned or chosen and is mostly dictated by abilities, skills, and
life choices
3. Master Status
the greatest role in a person’s life that determines social identity and general position in
society
can be based on any status, such as gender, ethnicity, economic status, religious or
spiritual tradition, employment status, or family responsibility such as a parent or
grandparent
may come with a sense of prestige for some−the consensus from the community around
them that a status is to be desired
Roles
expectations that are set for a person given the status he or she occupies
pertains to the norms, behaviors, values, and personal characteristics that are attached to
the status of the person
Examples:
Status: student
The chart below shows the different statuses and their corresponding roles.
Role exit pertains to the course of disengaging a person from his or her role that is essential to
his or her self-identity.
Example: when a person retires from a long career and must shift from the role of an employee
with responsibilities to someone just living a comfortable life, or when an individual becomes a
parent and has to change their lifestyle.
Role conflict arises when incompatible expectations occur from two or more statuses that a
person is occupying. Performing the assigned role of one status makes it challenging for the
person to play the assigned role of another status.
Example: It is very challenging for a woman to be the best mother to her children and the best
employee to her company all at the same time.
We are all encouraged to fulfill the roles of the statuses we are occupying at present and in the
future stages of our lives for us to be better members of the community.
Status refers to the particular position that a person occupies in a particular scenario or
setup.
Roles refer to the norms, customs, values, and personal characteristics that are attached to
the status of the individual.
Ascribed status is a position a person holds in a social system that one attains
involuntarily or by birth.
Achieved status is an acquired position due to unique skills, knowledge, or ability and
are based on standards that can be controlled.
Master status pertains to the status of the person which determines his or her general
position in society.
Role conflict takes place when two or more statuses are incompatible.
Role exit pertains to the course of disengagement of a person from his or her role that is
essential to his or her self-identity.
ANSWER:
Status
Role
Master Status
Status
Roles
Role Conflict
Role Exit
Deviance, on the other hand, is the non-conformity or violation of the standards of conduct,
expectations, or norms of a particular group or society.
Note that deviant behavior is relative. A particular society may consider a certain behavior
deviant, but the same behavior may be acceptable in another society.
Valued Goals
These are goals that are defined by society as valuable, or simply, the goals that are typically
pursued in a society.
Example: financial success
Types of Adaptation
In our everyday lives, we would notice that there are actions considered to be legitimate or
acceptable for a particular society toward achieving valued goals.
While people usually conform to legitimate or acceptable means to achieve goals, there are
people who will not. One reason for this is because the legitimate means are just not available for
them, and so unequal opportunities exist to achieve these goals. Merton identified five typologies
of how people adapt to their value system or the goals-means dynamics of their respective
society.
Forms of Deviance
Merton conceptualized four responses that are considered deviant and caused by a strain or
imbalance between valued goals and legitimate means in a particular society.
Ritualism
Ritualism is exhibited when someone rejects traditional cultural goals but still adheres to the
culturally approved methods or rules for making progress towards the same goals.
Example: An employee still stays in his job even though he is aware that it is a dead-end job. In
ritualism, people experience feelings of despair and anomie (social instability) that result to
modification or abandonment of the idealized cultural goals, but still persist at a ritualized,
unfulfilling line of work.
Retreatism
Retreatism is the response that rejects or abandons both cultural goals and the institutionalized
or legitimate means for attaining them.
Example: Examples of people who exhibit retreatism are drug addicts and alcoholics. The
ultimate form of retreatism is suicide.
Innovation
Innovation entails the acceptance of the valued goal but the rejection of legitimate or
institutionalized means to achieve them (resorting to criminal or delinquent acts).
Example: An example of this is when a person wants a nice car but does not have enough
money, so he steals money from the bank. Some people may resort to stealing or dealing drugs to
achieve cultural goals.
Rebellion
Rebellion not only rejects the valued goals and the legitimate means of the established society
but also actively attempts to substitute new goals and means. This can be applied to political
deviants who attempt to modify the existing structure of society.
Example: Examples for this are neo-Nazis and other hate groups. The rebels will publicly
acknowledge their intention to change the norms and the social structure.
Legend:
ANSWER:
##Human Dignity
In a religious point of view, it is believed that humans have a unique place in the world, and that
human life is sacred. In the secular point of view, a human is seen as having an innate right to be
valued, respected, and to receive ethical treatment.
Human dignity is an individual or group's sense of self-respect and worth, physical and
psychological integrity, and empowerment.
It affirms that every person is worthy of respect. Our value as persons should never be
debated.
It means having a quality life and not experiencing oppression or manipulation.
Human Rights
Human rights are rights inherent to all people, regardless of nationality, place of residence, sex,
national or ethnic origin, color, religion, language, or any other status. They are the freedoms and
privileges that belong to every person in the world. All people shall be ensured to enjoy life,
liberty, and security.
Human rights are universal and inalienable, indivisible, interdependent, and interrelated.
Universality and Inalienability: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.
Indivisibility: Whether they relate to cultural, civil, economic, political or social issues, human
rights are inherent to the dignity of every human person.
Interdependence and Interrelatedness: The fulfillment of one right often depends on, wholly
or in part, the fulfillment of others.
Inclusive Citizenship
Inclusive citizenship is a governing policy that promotes human dignity and human rights.
It focuses on legal equality for each citizen and directed at giving all citizens a strong
feeling that they are a part of the overall society.
Its policies include laws that provide non-segregated access to all citizens regardless of
their race, gender, religious affiliation, or socioeconomic status.
It establishes a governing foundation where it gives its citizens a sense of security so that
the community feels like the government hears and respects its ideas.
Citizens are more inclined to voice their grievances through proper channels, such as
petitioning a representative to investigate their situations.
Moreover, this right can motivate citizens to participate in the government by raising
voter turnout, civic participation, and greater willingness to serve in the military.
Under inclusive citizenship, there are rights that the government provides for its citizens.
Examples of these are equal right to vote, equal right to serve in the military, same right to
marry, similar tax responsibilities, and equal right to represent others in the government.
Citizens also have access to public funds, public organizations, equal rights, and acceptance by
national figures.
what is shared and advantageous for all or most members of a given society, and
what is achieved by citizenship, be it collective action or active participation.
When dignity and rights are granted to people, the common good is achieved. It happens when
society benefits as a whole. The common good is reached when the majority, a high number of
individuals, or society as a whole benefits from a situation or event.
The recognition of people's dignity and rights is the foundation of "freedom, peace, and justice in
the world," as stated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948. The common
good sustains order and happiness in the community. It is not hard to achieve.
Since ancient times, literature figures have given criticisms on issues of the existence and
absence of human rights, dignity, and the common good. Among the list are the works of
Aristotle, Rousseau, and Machiavelli. In modern times, not much has changed. The same old
questions and problems are asked, but the modern world continues to work towards addressing
such concerns.
International organizations and different countries pledged to the United Nations to uphold
human rights and dignity. If proven to disobey laws and rules, one has to be punished in
accordance with the law.
Ideally, the common good is protected when all people enjoy their rights and preserve their
dignity. For an individual, this means having freedom as a consumer, owner, and citizen that also
includes right to rest and leisure, equal access to public works and services, freedom of
association, religion, or speech and employment.
ANSWER:
1. Human Right
2. Human dignity
3. Common Good
4. Employment
5. Equal access to public service
6. Human Right
7. Common Good
8. When people’s right and dignity are granted, and they enjoy their existence.
9. There should be no discrimination in society.
10. It makes people live a life with quality.
Socialization
It is the process through which people learn to understand the societal norms, expectations, and
values as members of society.
Enculturation
It is the process by which an individual adopts the behavior patterns of the culture in which a
person is immersed in.
Text Lesson
Norms
Norms are standards or sets of accepted behaviors that a person is expected to follow or
exemplify in the society where he or she belongs in. It pertains to specific guidelines of conduct
in society that guides its members on how to act in particular situations.
Classification of Norms
Norms can be classified in many ways. Norms are either formal or informal.
Norms are also categorized by their relative importance to society. This classification is
distinguished from the intensity of feelings they initiate and the consequences that flow from
violations of them.
Folkways
They are the customs of people that came from repetition and routines.
Examples:
Examples:
Taboos
very strong negative norms
strict prohibition of certain behaviors that society holds firmly
violating it results in extreme disgust or expulsion from the group or society
Examples:
cannibalism
incest
Laws
formally instituted by the government
exist because its violation can result in injury or harm to other members of society
impose sanction on people who disobey the authority
Examples:
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Values
Values refer to the abstract idea of people about what is necessary or worthwhile. Values are
general guidelines that are fundamental parts of our lives. They stand for the things we believe
in. Most of the values we have are learned from family, friends, school, media, and other sources
in society.
Classification of Values
Values can be classified into two types.
1. Individual Values
These values are those that are connected with the development of human personality.
2. Collective Values
These values are those that are connected with the development of unity in the community or
society.
Norms are specific guidelines which allow us to function or act appropriately in society. They
are a set of behaviors that is perceived to be acceptable to its members. Following norms results
in social order and gives a feeling of security, safety, and harmony.
Social norms and values perform the following primary functions:
Norms and values are critical factors in the development of one’s self, others, and the
community as a product of enculturation and socialization.
ANSWER:
1. Norms
2. Values
3. Mores
4. Honesty
5. Folkway
6. Taboo
7. Mores
8. Offer your seat to the old lady.
9. Honesty
10. Values must be worthwhile for us to have a good morals.
Example: The majority of the class members, through a group consensus, agreed to accept the
proposal.
Deviance
is the non-conformity or violation of the standards of conduct, expectations, or norms of a
particular group or society
Example: There are power struggles among netizens who disagree on the re-imposition of the
death penalty.
Social Control
It is believed that society must have a social order to function smoothly. The social order
includes social standards, laws, rules, and norms which are set by society, whether they are by
the majority or by a hierarchy. Ideally, people must exhibit social order, but in reality, no society
succeeds in getting all its members to behave as expected all the time. If social order is seen as
the only way for communities to survive, they must have ways of making people conform to
social norms.
Gossip
refers to the idle talk or rumors about the personal or private matters of others
may lead to the discrediting of the reputation of the subject
Social Ostracism
refers to the exclusion of an individual from being socially accepted
includes the removal of social privileges and friendship with the general members of the
society
a result of one's actions that give him or her an impression of not being a worthy member
of that society
Punishments pertain to the pain, penalty, or suffering that is imposed on a person who violates a
law.
People learn the mechanisms of social control through interactions with other people. Couples
who are expected to have a respectable family choose not to quarrel out loud to avoid being
talked about around their neighborhood.
An individual will conform with his peers to avoid social rejection or ostracism. To avoid
punishment, people must follow the law.
In the given scenario earlier, the school was the representation of society−the students were the
conformists and Liz was the defiant one. The school had particular rules and standard of
behaving, and Liz's actions caused disturbance within the school. They did not only cause chaos,
but they also led Liz to be stigmatized.
Negative sanctions will be given to people who exhibit deviant acts, while effective sanctions
will be given to those who observe or conform.
Conformity is linked to the obedience of a person to the norms that are acceptable in a
particular society, group, or social setting.
Deviance is the non-conformity or violation of the standards of conduct, expectations, or
norms of a particular group or society.
Social control theory is based upon the idea that an individual's underlying belief
system, values, morals, commitments, and relationships foster a proper environment.
Social order is considered to be the only solution to achieve societal survival and social
control. Conformity is the only way to achieve this.
Gossip, social rejection or ostracism, and laws and punishments are forms of social
pressures that contribute to the exhibition of social control.
Deviance, conformity, and social control are always present in a given society or group.
These are not limited to a high number of people but to a group that is capable of setting
standards, rules and norms.
ANSWER:
Human Dignity
There are two ways to understand human dignity.
The religious aspect believes that humans have a unique place in the world and that human life
is sacred.
In moral, ethical, legal, and political discussions, human dignity is used to express the idea that
a being has an innate right to be valued, respected, and to receive ethical treatment.
Human dignity
an individual or group's sense of self-respect and worth, physical and psychological
integrity, and empowerment
affirms that every person is worthy of respect; that our value as people should never be
debated
means having a quality life and not experiencing oppression or manipulation
is uplifted when people are granted with their rights
It is, therefore, true to say that any right safeguarded by the International Human Rights Law is
substantiated by the dignity of the human person.
Human Rights
are rights inherent to all people, regardless of nationality, place of residence, sex, national
or ethnic origin, color, religion, language, or any other status
are the freedom and privileges that belong to every person in the world
guarantees that all people shall be ensured to enjoy life, liberty, and security
Indivisibility
Whether they relate to cultural, civil, economic, political, or social issues, human rights are
inherent to the dignity of every human person.
Both human dignity and rights should not be taken away, but sadly, they are denied to some
people as manifested by poverty, illiteracy, crime, and discrimination in society.
Inclusive Citizenship
Inclusive citizenship is a governing policy that promotes human dignity and human rights.
It focuses on legal equality for each citizen directed at giving all citizens a strong feeling
that they are part of the overall society.
Its policies include laws that provide non-segregated access to all citizens, regardless of
their race, gender, religious affiliation, and socioeconomic status.
While a government cannot guarantee equality in all private organizations, inclusive
citizenship focuses on the legal rights of all individuals in cases where the government
determines their rights of inclusion.
It establishes a governing foundation where it gives its citizens a sense of security so that
they will feel that their government hears and respects their ideas.
In return, people will be more inclined to voice out their grievances through proper
channels, such as petitioning a representative to investigate their situation.
Moreover, this right can motivate the citizens to participate in government activities,
raising voter turnout, civic participation, and serving in the military.
Under inclusive citizenship, there are rights that the government provides for its citizens.
Examples of these are the equal right to vote, equal right to serve in the military, same right to
marry, similar tax responsibilities, and equal right to represent others in the government.
Citizens also have access to public funds, public organizations, and equal rights and acceptance
by national figures.
Human dignity in a religious sense believes that humans have a special place in the
world and that human life is sacred. In a moral, ethical, legal, and political sense, it is
used to express the idea that a being has an innate right to be valued, respected, and to
receive ethical treatment.
Human rights are rights inherent to all people, regardless of nationality, place of
residence, sex, national or ethnic origin, color, religion, language, or any other status.
They are universal, inalienable, indivisible, interdependent, and interrelated.
Inclusive citizenship is a governing policy that focuses on legal equality for each citizen.
Human rights and dignity are protected and promoted through laws, declarations, and
conventions.
ANSWER:
1. Human Dignity
2. Human Rights
3. Inclusive Citizenship
4. Discrimination
5. Everyone, regardless of status
6. Inhuman and degrading treatment, exploitation and abusive treatment, discrimination and
bullying, repression and depression.
7. To stop atrocities like those that occurred in world war II
8. Racial profiling
9. A bank
10. Both statement 1 and 2 are true