Becoming a Member of the
Society
LESSON 7 : Identity and
Personality Formation
SOCIALIZATION
- According to Hunt (1982),
socialization primarily consists of
processes and techniques
observed by members of the
society towards an "acceptable,
proper, and desirable way of
living and occurs through social
interaction and transmission of
culture in a particular group. It
helps shape and develop an
individual's personality, allowing
the person to learn and adopt the
culture of the society where
he/she belongs.
PERSONALITY
There is no single definition of
personality.
Victor Barnouw (1963)
An organization of forces -
consistent attitudes, values, and
modes of perception within an
individual that results in his/her
consistent behavior.
R. Dewey and W.J. Humber (1951)
The interrelation of an individual's
ideas, actions and attitudes with
the many nonhuman aspects of
his/her environment and
heritage.
PERSONALITY VS. IDENTITY
Personality
- Body of a person
- Acquired that body since his/her
conception, and he/she has no or
less chances of changing it
completely
- Thumbmark, a symbol of a person's being
Identity
- Observed and what others mostly
remember about a person.
- May have been adapted from a friend,
colleague, or family and may change if the
person wills to.
DETERMINANTS OF PERSONALITY
FORMATION
According to Panopio, et al (1994),
personality is determined by both nature
and nurture. In their book, they
enumerated two major determinants:
× Biological Inheritance (Nature)
。 Genetic characteristics of one's
parents.
。 Genes provide "raw materials" from
which personality is formed.
× Environment (Nurture)
a) Geographic Environment
- Location, climate, topography, and
natural resources in one's society.
- Geography is responsible for the
varying experiences in response to the
stimuli posed by the physical world.
b) Cultural Environment
- refers to the learned ways of living,
the norms, values, and beliefs one gets
accustomed to in a society.
c) Social Environment
-Interactions happening in a particular
group.
What environment determines the human
behavior?
Cultural environment is the main factor
that determines the human behavior.
o One's personality development is
a result of them learning from their
culture.
SOCIALIZATION PROCESS
Hunt (1982) described a human
being as a "weak, dependent,
helpless creature" whose needs
can only be filled through
socialization.
о Socialization starts with the
family
- The mother acts as the first
determiner of the child by
providing them with
emotional satisfaction.
- Learns how to behave
differently, produce
favorable reactions, and
avoid unpleasant deeds as
expected by the family.
о Eventually, the person goes
beyond the boundaries of their
family to create new
relationships.
STATUSES AND ROLES
Social role
- A role you play a part in the
society.
Social status
- A person's position in a social
system which can either be
ascribed or achieved.
- Status exists in pairs that can be
classified as complementary
status and symmetrical status.
Role strain
- Happens when multiple
expectations are required from a
single role.
STATUSES AND ROLES: SOCIAL
STATUS
Ascribed Status
- predetermined status, which means that
an individual has no choice to choose their
position in the society since this is what
given to them at birth.
Achieved Status
- obtained by choice, earned and gained by
individual's own effort.
Complementary Status
- Pairs are expected to behave in different
but compatible ways.
Symmetrical Status
- Two or more holders of the same status
are expected to react to one another in
similar ways.
AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION
1. Family 2. Friends
3. School 4. Church
5. Workplace 6. Mass media
LESSON 8 : SOCIAL PROCESSES
ENCULTURATION
- The manner by which a person learns or
adopts the culture followed by the
person's co-members in a society.
o Parents teaching their children about
values, norms, traditions, and other
aspects of culture.
XAMPLES OF ENCULTURATION
✓ As a Muslim boy grows and matures, he
learns to understand the significance of
the Islamic faith and its values more
deeply.
✓ Raised in the Missionary faith,
a young girl is instilled with
traditional Christian values and
beliefs.
✓ A child in the United States
learning about American customs,
such as celebrating the Fourth of
July or Thanksgiving.
- In China, a child's education
focuses on Confucian values,
stressing the importance of
knowledge and wisdom.
ACCULTURATION
- Process in which a person
adapts to the influence of another
culture by borrowing many of its
aspects.
- of Coined by John Wesley Powell
in 1883
EXAMPLES OF ACCULTURATION
✓ A woman from Mexico moves
to the United States and learns
English to communicate with her
new neighbors.
✓ Adjusting to life in their new
Canadian home, a family from
China seeks to understand and
embrace the local culture and
customs.
✓ A boy from the USA learns to
speak Spanish and enjoys eating
tacos after living with a host
family in Mexico for a year.
- A girl from Japan starts listening
to hip-hop music after being
exposed to it while studying
abroad in the United States.
ASSIMILATION
- Denotes complete or almost total
adaptation of the minor culture to the
major one.
- An individual learns a new culture,
tending to lose entirely his/her previously
held cultural identity.
EXAMPLE OF ASSIMILATION
✓ When a Filipino migrates to Canada,
they may entirely forget their Filipino
identity to become a full-fledged Canadian.
They may still have specks of Filipino
culture in them but what emanates more
from them after migration is Canadian
culture.
COOPERATION
- A form of social interaction wherein two
or more persons work together for a
common end or purpose.
- It is a central feature of social life
(Panopio & Raymundo, 1992).
EXAMPLES OF COOPERATION
✓ Bayanihan
✓ Suki relationship between a consumer
and a seller
DIFFERENTIATION
- Designating each member of a society
with functions and roles intended for the
society to achieve stability and order.
- May be seen in the community of
medical practitioners and government
agencies.
AMALGAMATION
- When two families or groups become
one through a formal union.
- It promotes acculturation and
assimilation.
- of It reduces the number of social units.
STRATIFICATION
- The hierarchical arrangement
and establishment of social
categories that may evolve into
social groups.
- The division of society into social
categories that in turn develop
social groups.
- Dividing the members of society
into different strata.
CONFLICT AND COMPETITION
Conflict
- "A struggle over values and
claims to scarce status, power
and resource"
- Manifests through
intrapersonal, interpersonal,
intragroup, and intergroup.
- The inclination of a person to
disregard the interest and/or
welfare of others also often leads
to conflict.
Competition
- Struggle between two or more
persons or groups that can be
translated to innovation in the
long run.
- "Competition breeds
innovation"
LESSON 9 : Social Control,
Conformity, and Deviance
SOCIAL CONTROL AND
CONFORMITY
- According to Crapo (2001),
majority of the societies in the
world have created mechanisms
by which social behavior of
people is controlled to maintain
order or to re-establish order
once rules have been broken
social control.
- When a person violates the behavioral
norms of their society, they will be
subjected to corresponding social
sanctions.
× Informal sanctions disapproval,
ridicule, gossip or deprivation
× Formal sanctions - imprisonment or
death
Polish anthropologist Bronislaw
Malinowski argued that rules must be
obeyed for multiple reasons:
- Social rules may be self-enforcing
because of their practical utility.
- Violating social rules has
corresponding punishments.
Ostracism- one exclusion
from the other members of
society.
- Following social rules brings more
rewarding interaction with others.
- Social rules are believed to be
sacred. Thus, violating it may include
supernatural punishment.
- Rules are matters of law enforced by
the machinery of society.
DEVIANCE
Non-conforming behavior when an
individual does not follow social norms -
deviance.
o Violation of established social
whether folkways, mores, or laws.
o Varies among societies in the world
"DEVIANCE has a negative
connotation, but DEVIANTS have
paved the way for social change."

Deviance has four (4) forms, as

stated by sociologist Robert
Merton (1938):

- Innovation: using socially

unapproved or
unconventional means to
obtain culturally approved
goals.

- Ritualism: using the same

socially approved means to
achieve less elusive goals
(more modest and humble).

- Retreatism: to reject both

the cultural goals and the
means to obtain it, then find
a way to escape it.

- Rebellion: to reject the

cultural goals and means,
then work to replace them

SOCIAL CONTROL AND

CONFORMITY
- The Philippines strongly
emphasizes human dignity as its
foremost priority to achieve a just
and humane society.

- Rights are privileges and

entitlements of a person must
enjoy in the attainment and
protection of their human dignity.

"Rights empower the people to

participate in the affairs of a
society."