Professional Documents
Culture Documents
II. DISCUSSION
A. Socialization
• Human beings develop through social interaction. This development process
acquired through social interaction is called “socialization”.
• Socialization is a continuing process whereby an individual acquires a personal
identity (attitude, values and behavior) and learn the norms, values, behavior, and
social skills appropriate to his and her social position.
• It teaches as how to behave and act within our society.
• The process of socialization enables the individual to grow and function socially.
• Social experience is also the foundation of personality - a person’s fairly consistent
patterns of acting, thinking, and feeling. We build a personality by internalizing—
taking in—our surroundings. But without social experience, personality hardly
develops at all.
• Socialization, which begins at birth, continues throughout the life course. At each
stage, the individual must adjust to a new set of social expectations. Life course
patterns vary by social location, such as history, gender, race-ethnicity, and social
class.
• Socialization is vital to: Sex Role Differentiation, Culture and Personality.
5. Social Control and Stability – Integration to society binds individuals to the control
mechanisms set forth by society’s norms with regard to acceptable social relationship and
social behavior.
❖ Agents of Socialization
• These refers to the various social groups or social institutions that play a significant role
in introducing and integrating the individual as an accepted and functioning member
of society.
• People and groups that influence our orientations to life—our self-concept, emotions,
attitudes, and behaviour.
These agents of socialization are:
head, and banning the individual’s personal identity kit - items such as jewelry,
hairstyles, clothing, and other body decorations used to express individuality).
B. SOCIAL STRUCTURES
✓ The process of socialization as operationalized in the context of these agents
requires an understanding of the social structure one belongs to.
MAJOR COMPONENTS:
1. Culture refers to the binding mechanism of the society.
2. Social Class refers to a group of individuals who occupy a similar position in the
economic system of production
a. Examples: Upper class, Middle Class, Lower Class
3. Social Status is a recognized set of social position that an individual occupies
• Social statues can be classified into two:
Ascribed Status Achieved Status
Those which are assigned to the It is acquired by choice, merit, or
individual since birth individual effort
It involves little personal choice like age It is made possible through special
and sex abilities or talents, performance or
opportunities
It carries with its certain expectation of Choice in occupation, marriage, joining
behavior a religious organization are example
• The essential in social role playing are:
o A definition of the role and an identification of self.
o Behavior in given situations appropriate to the role.
o Background of related acts by other (counter roles) which serve as cues to guide
specific performances.
o An evaluation by the individual and by others of the performance of the roles.
Examples: being a student, being a child, being a peer, being a customer,
etc.
4. Social Roles are set of social behaviors expected of someone who fills a particular
status
a. Examples: studying, taking exams are expected behaviors associated with
being a student
5. Groups consists of people who regularly and consciously interact with one
another.
2. Deviance
Deviance is a relative issue, and standards for deviance change based on a number of factors,
including the following:
•Location: A person speaking loudly during a church service would probably be
considered deviant, whereas a person speaking loudly at a party would not. Society
generally regards taking the life of another person to be a deviant act, but during wartime,
killing another person is not considered deviant.
•Age: A five-year-old can cry in a supermarket without being considered deviant, but an
older child or an adult cannot.
•Social status: A famous actor can skip to the front of a long line of people waiting to get
into a popular club, but a non-famous person would be considered deviant for trying to
do the same.
•Individual societies: In the United States, customers in department stores do not try to
negotiate prices or barter for goods. In some other countries, people understand that one
should haggle over the price of an item; not to do so is considered deviant.
2. Theories of Deviance
I. Biological Theories
During the first half of this century, there were many attempts to develop biological theories of
crime. Here are a few examples:
1. Cesare Lombroso (1836-1909) Body Types and Phrenology (Lombroso's text, Crime: Its
Causes and Remedies), published in 1911, was very popular in its time. An Italian
physician (and prison doctor) he was the founder of the field of "criminal anthropology"
(Gould, 1996). After an extensive examination of prisoners' physiology, he advanced a
theory that criminals were atavists-- that is, throw-backs to an earlier evolutionary human
form.
2. William Sheldon; Theory of body types and crime (1940's and 1950s). Sheldon's work
advanced the somatotype or "body build" school of criminological theory.
When control groups were used, criminals were no more likely to be mesomorphs than the
non-criminal population.
a. endomorph: heavy-set; corpulent
b. mesomorph: muscular, medium build
c. ectomorph: thin, frail, tall, slight build
2. Strain Theory – Robert Merton argued that in an unequal society, the tension or strain
between socially approved goals and an individual’s ability to meet those goals through
socially approved means will lead to deviance s individuals reject either the goals, the
means or both.
Conformity Innovation
Cultural Goals
Ritualism Retreatism
Accept
Rebellion
Merton gave the following forms of deviance that emerge from strain:
a. Conformity – it involves accepting both the cultural goal of success and the use of
legitimate means of achieving that goal. (e.g.: monetary success is gained through
hard work)
b. Innovation – Involves accepting the goal of success but rejecting the use of socially
accepted means to achieve it, turning instead to unconventional & illegitimate means.
(e.g.: monetary success is gained through crime).
c. Ritualism – People deemphasize or reject the importance of success once they realize
they will never achieve it and instead concentrate on following or enforcing these rules
than ever was intended. They reject society's goals, but accept society's
institutionalized means.
d. Retreatism – Withdrawal from the society, caring neither about success nor about
working. Merton sees them as true deviants, as they commit acts of deviance to
achieve things that do not always go along with society's values
e. Rebellion – This occurs when people reject and attempt to change both the goals and
the means approved by society.
3. Symbolic Interactionism
a. Cultural Transmission School (Shaw and McKay 1929): Deviant behavior is learned
behavior-- passed down from generation to generation. Why does the crime rate in
certain city neighborhoods remain high through a succession of ethnic and racial groups
that live in them?
b. Sutherland's Differential Association Theory (Sutherland, 1939) advanced a theory that
specified how cultural transmission takes place, identifying a few key factors:
✓ intensity of contacts with others
✓ age at which contacts take place
✓ ratio of contacts deviants/non-deviants
c. The Societal Reaction Approach (Labeling Theory)
• Labeling theory is the view that the labels people are given affect their own and others’
perceptions of them, thus channeling their behavior either into deviance or into
conformity.
o "Primary" vs "Secondary" deviance
o Chambliss's "Saints and Roughnecks"
o Sykes and Matza's "Techniques of Neutralization" as justifications for deviant
behavior.
3. Conflict Theory - states that society or an organization functions so that each individual
participant and its groups struggle to maximize their benefits, which inevitably contributes to
social change such as political changes and revolutions.
a. Deviant behaviors are actions that do not go along with the social institutions as
what cause deviance. The institution's ability to change norms, wealth or status
comes into conflict with the individual. The legal rights of poor folks might be
ignored, middle class are also accepted; they side with the elites rather than the
poor, thinking they might rise to the top by supporting the status quo.
b. This theory also states that the powerful define crime. This raises the question: for
whom is this theory functional? In this theory, laws are instruments of oppression:
tough on the powerless and less tough on the powerful.
4. Control Theory – Travis Hirschi assumed that the family, school, and other social institutions
can greatly contribute to social order by controlling deviant tendencies in very individual.
- Control theory advances the proposition that weak bonds between the individual and
society free people to deviate. By contrast, strong bonds make deviance costly. This theory
asks why people refrain from deviant or criminal behavior, instead of why people commit
deviant or criminal behavior. The control theory developed when norms emerge to deter
deviant behavior. Without this "control", deviant behavior would happen more often. This
leads to conformity and groups.
Template/format to follow:
Name:
Community location and brief description (5 POINTS):
V. REFERENCES:
• Agnew, R. (2009). Juvenile delinquency: Causes and control (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford
University Press, Inc.
• Carayugan, M., Malit-Alicante, F. (2014) Development of Sociology Handbook through
Assessing Importance and Relevance of Sociology Topics. Baguio City: University of the
Cordilleras.
• Kubrin, C., Stucky, T., & Krohn, M. (2009). Researching theories of crime and deviance.
New York: Oxford Press, Inc.
• Lanuza, Gerry M. (2016) Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics. First edition. Manila :
Rex Book Store
• Madrid, R., Santarita, J. (2016) Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics. Quezon City:
Vibal Group, Inc.
• Shoemaker, D. (2005). Theories of delinquency: An examination of explanations of
deviant behavior (5th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press, Inc.
• The sociological conception of socialization. Retrieved 02 January, 2017 from
http://www.sociology.org/what-is-socialization/
• Socialization. Retrieved 02 January, 2017 from
http://www3.ncc.edu/faculty/soc/feigelb/soc201online/summary/ch3.pd