MODULE 1.

HUMAN VARIATION
CONTENT: Starting points for the understanding of culture, society,
and politics
OBJECTIVES:
▫ Articulate observations on human cultural variation,
social differences, social change, and political
identities by answering questions
▫ Demonstrate curiosity and an openness to explore
the origins and dynamics of culture and society, and
political identities by creating questions regarding
one’s identity.
“
Core Values:

COMPASSION
Students will be able to show compassion by
understanding human variations.

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What makes us different?
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1.
Cultural
Variations
How does it come about?
 PROCESS

BEHAVIOR CONSTANT
PRACTICE

❑ BELIEFS
❑ PRACTICES HUMAN
❑ MATERIAL
POSSESSIONS TRADITIONS
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 Primary Factors:
ENVIRONMENT HISTORY

BEHAVIOR
- adaptive tool for different stimuli projected by the
environment

CULTURAL VARIATION 7
2.
SOCIAL
DIFFERENCES
What are some of the causes of social differences?
NATIONALITY
vs. ETHNICITY
1. Nationality vs. Ethnicity
Nationality
Is the identity that is tied
to being part of a nation or
country.
“a group of people who
share the same history,
traditions or language.
Ethnicity
Smaller cultural
groups that share specific
environments, traditions,
and histories that are not
necessarily subscribed to
the mainstream culture.
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SEX vs.
GENDER
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2. Sex vs. Gender
Sex Gender
Refers to the biological Socially constructed
characteristics of humans. roles, behaviors, activities,
and attributes that a given
Male or Female society considers
appropriate for men and
women.
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2.1. Gender
Homosexual
-attracted to the same sex
Heterosexual
-attracted to the opposite sex
Homosexual (Lesbian)
- Female attracted to Female
Bisexual
- attracted to both male & female
Homosexual (Gay)
- male attracted to male

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2.2. Gender
Asexual
- Not attracted to any sex
Polysexual
- attracted to MULTIPLE types of gender
Transgender
- Do not match their gender identity
Pansexual
- attracted to ALL types of gender
Transsexual
- Sexual reassignment

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SOCIOECONOMIC
CLASS
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SOCIOECONOMIC
CLASS
Varies between societies as the ideas of
being poor or rich differ based on the
collective experience of individuals.

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PRE-SPANISH COLONIZATION PERIOD
The Maginoo were the ruling class, the educated
NOBLE CLASS
class, the royal class, and the privileged class. It was
called the Maginoo from this class that the Datu would come from.

FREEMAN CLASS They were free. They were

called the Timawa however expected to pay taxes,
and support the Maginoo class.
They would provide protection to the
barangay, and were responsible for WARRIOR CLASS
providing and preparing the weapons called the Maharlika
at their own expense.

An Alipin can actually become free, and become a Timawa

INDENTURED CLASS
provided he or she fulfilled the services of their master, this
process is known as Tinimawa. The Alipin did not likely make called the Alipin
any money for their services, and hence did not pay taxes.
 RANGE OF FAMILY INCOME
INCOME CLASS
(FAMILY SIZE OF 5 MEMBERS)

RICH At least PHP 157,800

UPPER INCOME
Between PHP 118,350 to PHP 157,800
(but not rich)

UPPER MIDDLE INCOME Between PHP78,900 to PHP 118,350 per month

MIDDLE CLASS Between Php 31,560 to Php 78,900 per month

LOWER MIDDLE INCOME Between Php 15, 780 to Php 31,560 per month

LOW INCOME
Between Php 7,890 to Php 15, 780 per month
(but not poor)

POOR Less than Php 7,890 per month

 Monthly Annually

High income ₱50,000 and up ₱594,317 and up

₱142,975 to
Middle income ₱11,915 to ₱49,526
₱594,317

Low income (Poor) ₱0 to ₱11,914.5 ₱142,974

POLITICAL
IDENTITY
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POLITICAL IDENTITY
Social category refers to the
set of attitudes and practices
that an individual adheres to
in relation to political
systems and actors within
his or her society.
RELIGION
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 RELIGION
a personal set or
institutionalized system
of religious attitudes,
beliefs, and practices.
EXCEPTIONALITY
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EXCEPTIONALITY
Non-average capacity of
an individual

Geniuses

Challenged
Question
Time!
▫ Think of a question regarding
one’s personality and ask your
classmate about it.
Thanks!
Any questions?

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