Unit

Unit
II Development of Humans as Social Actors

Module 1: Human Variation

Nationality and Ethnicity

•These concepts are not

interchangeable. Both are capable
of informing an individual’s
behavior and habits due to a set of
cultural norms that each category
provides.
Nationality and Ethnicity
• Nationality is the identity tied to being
part of a nation – a “group of people
who share the same history, traditions,
and language” and who inhabits a
particular territory delineated by a
political boarder and controlled by a
government.
Nationality and Ethnicity

•Nationality can be acquired in

two ways:

•born in a country; and

•by the process of legal
applications called naturalization.
Nationality and Ethnicity
• Ethnicity refers to a group of
people within a wider group
who share specific
environments, traditions, and
histories that are not
necessarily subscribed to by
the mainstream culture. They
are ethnic groups.
 Nationality and Ethnicity
• There are 180 indigenous
ethnic groups in the
Philippines
• More than 100 tribal groups
who are mostly inhabiting
ancestral domains in the
lowland, upland and coastal
area.
Major ethnic groups in the Philippines
Major ethnic groups in the Philippines
Rank Ethnic Group Share of Filipino Population

1 Tagalog 28.1%

2 Cebuano 13.1%

3 Ilocano/Ilokano 9.0%

4 Visayan/Bisaya 7.6%

5 Hiligaynon 7.5%

6 Bikol 6.0%

7 Waray 3.4%

8 Chinese Filipino 2.5%

Others 22.8%
 Tribal Group in the Philippines
 Badjao – resides in the island of Sulu, one of the islands in Mindanao.
- They are known for their artistically-woven, colorful sails.
 Igorots – reside in the Cordillera mountain ranges.
- They are known to be rice- cultivators.
 Ilongot – This tribes resides in the east mountains of Luzon called Sierra
Madre. Many anthropologist and historians find to be interesting. There is
equality between men and women, and both parents usually take motherly
roles.
 Lumad – Is the term used to refer to the tribes comprising the eastern parts
of Mindanao.
- They are known for tribal music that makes use of unique
instruments they have constructed
 Mangyan – The mangyan of Mindoro are one of the most popular
tribes in the Phillippines. They have the largest population among
other exiting tribes. They practice ancient hunting and animalist
religious views.
 Palawan Tribes – The region of palawan is house to a number of
tribes. Palawan is one of the regions in the Philippines that has not
completely embraced urbanism. Most of the Palawan tribes live on
fishing and hunting.
 Tumandok – This tribe is probably one of the very few tribes existing
in the Visayas region. They usually reside in the Panay Island. They
have kept their traditions strictly until now.
Social Differences: Gender

• Gender refers to the “socially

constructed roles behaviors activities
and attributes that a given society
considers appropriate for men and
women,” (WHO, 2013).
Social Differences: Gender
• Unlike sex, which refers to biological
characteristics of mans (male and female),
gender categories are more varied,
accommodating such as lesbian, gay, bisexual,
transgender, queer, and intersex (LGBTQI),
among others.
Social Differences: Gender

• In some societies, gender

becomes a basis of one’s
identity.
• Usually, Gender becomes a basis
of one’s identity depending on
social acceptance or neglect.
Social Differences: Gender
•In cases of neglect, individuals who
subscribe to alternative genders
create communities where they can
articulate their thoughts and
aspirations.
Several Types of people whose gender
identities do not match their biological
identity as male and female; referred to
as gender identities based on sexual
attraction(genitalia):
• Heterosexual – attracted to a person of the opposite sex.
• Homosexual – attracted to a person of the same sex.
(male-gay, female-lesbian).
• Bisexual – attracted to both sexes.
• Asexual – totally incapable of being attracted to any sex.
• Polysexual – attracted to multiple types of gender.
• Pansexual – attracted to all types of gender.
Special Gender:
Transgender – their sexual orientation is not
related to genitalia.
Transsexual – transgender individuals who believe that the
discord between their internal gender and the gender role that
they have to perform can be addressed through medical sexual
reassignment.
 Special Gender:
Ex. Geraldine Roman, the first transgender
politician elected in the Philippines, of the
first district of northern Bataan province.
She hopes her win in a congressional race
shows that people like her can contribute
to nation-building in a country where LGBT
(lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender)
people are still sometimes publicly
ridiculed.
Task to do:

• Divide the class into 7 groups.

• Each will create a video presentation on a greatly Filipino Cultures,
traditions, practices, traits, delicacies, and the like found at your own
home, family and relatives.
Socioeconomic Class
• The concept of socioeconomic class varies between societies as the
ideas associated with being poor or rich differ based on the collective
experiences of individuals. As such, Filipinos who are from the Global
South (developing countries ) would perceive poverty different from
Singaporeans who are from the Global North ( developed countries
or industrialized nations ).
• the typical determinants of one's social status include income, value
of assets and savings, cultural interests and hobbies, and economic
status of his or her peers and relatives.
Political Identity
Political Identity as a social category
refers to the set of attitudes and
practices that an individual adheres to in
relation to the political systems and
actors within his or her society.
Sorcerer of Les Gabillou
Is an example of a paleolithic
artwork. This artwork depicts the
supernatural ability of a religious
practitioner to become half-man and half-
animal.

Monotheistic

Polytheistic
Exceptionality/ Non- exceptionality

 the concept of exceptionality

leans on the Non- average
capacity of an individual. This
could be understood in a
spectrum of capabilities, wherein
you have the geniuses in one
extreme and you have the
disabled and challenge in the
other extreme.
 CULTURAL VARIATION

• Ethnocentrism
 is a perspective that promotes an individual's
culture as the most efficient and superior; hence,
the individual who exhibits ethnocentrism feels that
his or her culture is the most appropriate as
compared with other cultures.
• Cultural relativism
 promotes the perspective that cultures must be
understood in the context of their locality.
• From the 17th to the early 19th century, the term race was used as a
form of human classification that was based on observable human
traits and characteristics. Some of the earlier categories include:
Caucasoid, australoid, mongoloid, and Negroid.

• Philippines, an individual whose parents have differing ethno-

biological backgrounds is often dubbed as a mestiza( female ) or a
mestizo ( male ).