NATURE AND GOALS OF ANTHROPOLOGY, UCSP

SOCIOLOGY, AND POLITICAL SCIENCE

 
Quarter 1_Week 1

 MOST ESSENTIAL
LEARNING COMPETENCY
Discuss the nature, goals
and perspectives in/of
Anthropology, Sociology and
Political Science
 
Learning Objectives:
Identify the nature, goals
and perspective in/of
Anthropology, Sociology and
Political Science.
Analyze the importance of
Anthropology, Sociology and
Political Science in the daily
lives of students.
Explain the different
perspectives of Anthropology,
Sociology, and Political
Science
Anthropology
ANTHROPOLOGY
Came from the word
“Anthropos”- human and reason,
“logos” - study

The study of humankind in all

times and all places, includes topics
such as: human origin, globalization,
social change, and world history

Anthropology has humanity as its

object of research, but unlike other
human sciences, it tries to grasp its
object through its most diverse
manifestations.
 Relates to sociology, it always
describes human, human behavior and
human societies around the world. It is
a comparative science that examines
all societies. The term anthropology
means scientific study of man or
human beings.

 The study of Man and its various

aspects is known as Anthropology. It
may be a subject of science and arts. It
is a branch of sociology. It describes
human, human behavior, and human
societies and it examines all societies
around the world. It also describes the
ancestors through time and space in
relation to its environmental, social
relations, and culture.
 GOALS OF
ANTHROPOLOGY
Account for the interrelationships between different aspects of human
existence.
Produce new knowledge and new theories about human and human
behavior that can be applied to various fields in attempt to alleviate
human challenges.
Discover what makes people different from one another in order to
understand and preserve diversity.

Look at one’s own culture more objectively like an outsider.

Anthropology also challenges individuals to evaluate and criticize their

own culture.
FIELDS OF
ANTHROPOLOGY
CULTURAL
ANTHROPOLOGY
 Social or sociocultural
anthropology
 Refers to the study of living
people and their cultures
including variations and change.
 Deals with the description and
analysis of the forms and styles
and the social lives of past and
present ages.
 Cultural anthropologist also
study art, religion, migration,
BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
Or physical anthropology
including their evolution and
Describe the distribution of
hereditary variations among
contemporary populations
and measure the relative
contributions made by
heredity, environment, and
culture to human body.
The study of humans as
biological organisms
contemporary variations
Can intersect with other
fields of Science such as
Biology, Medicine,
Psychology, to be used as
supporting basis to the
betterment of a principle,
new product or medicine
and overall application of
the field.
 LINGUISTIC
ANTHROPOLOGY
 Refers to the study of
communication, mainly (but not
exclusively) among humans
 Includes the study of
communication’s origins, history,
and contemporary variation.
 Explores how language shapes
communication since language plays
a huge role in social identity, group
membership and cultural beliefs
 ARCHEOLOGY
Refers to the study of past human cultures
though their material remains. It is the
study of past human cultures through the
recovery of analysis of artifacts

The study of the ancient and recent

human past through material
remains.
Sociology
SOCIOLOGY
 The study of human social
relationships and institutions
 Study of groups and societies that
people build and how these affect
their behavior.
 Sociology is a social science; it
belongs to the family of social
sciences. As a social science, focuses
its aspects on man, his social
manners, social activities and social
life. The goal of sociology is to help
you understand how human action
and consciousness both shape and are
shaped by the surrounding cultural
and social structures
Its subject matter is diverse, ranging from
crime to religion, from the family to the
state, from the divisions of race and social
class to the shared beliefs of a common
culture, and from social stability to radical
change in whole societies.

The purpose of sociology is to understand

how human action and consciousness
both shape and are shaped by
surrounding cultural and social structures.
GOALS OF
SOCIOLOGY
 Seeks to understand how human
action and consciousness both
shape and are shaped by
surrounding cultural and social
structures.
 According to Greg Jackson,
“sociologists look for patterns
that reflect particular
generalities of the society. A
sociologist might study an
individual’s behavior or actions
to see how it fits into the broader
pattern of the person’s society
Theoretical Sociology
It includes micro theory or small/middle/large theory.
The theories of Karl Marx, August Comte, Max Weber, Emile
Durkheim, Sorokin, etc. are studied under the theories of
sociology.
E.g. The theories of “Economic determinism” and the
theory of “Class Struggle” of Karl Marx.
E.g. “Theory of Suicide” by Emile Durkheim.

Historical Sociology
It is the study of social facts and social groups. It
studies the background of any social event. How and when
different social groups or organizations originated.
E.g. The history of Hindu, Roman, Greek, etc. and other
major civilizations were studied by P.A. Sorkin.
Sociology of Knowledge

• The newly emerged branch of sociology indicates

that our knowledge is the product of social
phenomena. This means our knowledge is always
influenced by society. The economic religious
political and other interests save human belief
and ideas.
Criminology

• This branch of sociology studies the criminal

behavior of individuals or groups. Origin of crime
its types of nature, causes as well as law,
punishment, police, etc. come under this study,
The efforts for the improvement is also studied.
Different organizations establish to control the
crime as well as their role also come under its
study.
Sociology of Religion

• This branch studies the structure of the religion

in the social system as no society is free from
the influence of it. It analyses the social behavior
of human beings. It also studies the religious
constitutions and their role in the society. Aguste
Comte, Emile Durkheim, Herbert Spencer did the
study of elementary forms of religious life.

Sociology of Economy

• This branch of sociology studies production,

distribution, consumption and exchange of
goods and services. This branch also studies the
economic activities of the society in which the
focus is given about the socio-cultural factors.
The access in production, the mode of
distribution, the real consumers, the role of
culture in such activities are studied under it.
E.g. “Why Hindus don’t eat Cow?”
Rural Sociology

• This branch of sociology studies the way of life of

rural people as the rural population is higher than
the urban. The patterns of life such as behavior,
belief, culture, tradition norms, values, etc. are
totally different than of urban people. So, it
studies the rural society in scientific way. It also
studies rural life, social institutions, social
structure, social processes, etc. of the rural
Urban Sociology
society.

• This branch of sociology studies the way of life of

urban people. It gives information about the social
organizations and instution of urban society as well as
social structure and social interaction. It also studies
the social pathology of urban society such as
discrimination) crime, corruption, robbery, beggary,
loot, theft, unemployment, prostitution,
environmental pollution, etc.
Political Sociology

This branch of sociology studies different political

moments of society. It includes the study of different
political ideology (view), their origin, development and
functions. In this study, different political parties are
considered as social institutions. Various activities and
behavior of political parties are studied in this branch. As
they are the part of the social system.
Sociology of Demography

Demography of scientific mathematical and

statically study of population. It studies about the size,
situation, composition, density, distribution, and
measurement etc. of the population. In this branch of
sociology, we study the distribution of human population
with the analysis of population change in sociological
perspectives. It also finds out the determining factors of
population change and its trend.
Sociology of Law

• Sociology of law and legal system are considered as the

part of society, as social institution. Law is one of the
very important means of social control. Law is related
with other different social sub systems. Such as
economy, nature of distribution, authority, structure of
family kinship relationships, etc. So, this branch of
sociology is related to moral order for the society as
formulation and implementation of rules and regulations,
law and order come under this.
Industrial Sociology

• This branch of sociology is concerned with the industrial

relationship of the human beings. It studies the different
industrial organizations and institutions. As well as their
interrelationship and links with other various institutions
of society. It also studies the inter-relationships of
industrial institutions with various aspects of human life
such as culture, beliefs, customs, religion or the way of
life.
Political
Science
POLITICAL SCIENCE
 It is a social science that deals with
humans and their interactions. It is a branch of
sociology; it essentially deals with the large-
scale actions of humans, and group mentality.
 It is a discipline that deals with several
aspects such as the study of state and
government. It deals with the nature and
formation of the state and attempts to
understand its forms and functions.
 A systematic study of governance by the
application of empirical and generally
scientific methods of analysis
GOAL OF POLITICAL
SCIENCE
Although Political Science has borrowed a lot of
concepts and subject matter from other social
sciences, it is distinguished by its focus on POWER

The goal of Political Science is to constantly deepen

the knowledge, discover progress and protect the
quality of life within a group, community, country,
and the world. Thus, it is the study of power
relationships and competing interests among states
around the world.
FIELD OF POLITICAL SCIENCE
Domestic Politics
The most common field of study which
includes public opinion, elections, national
government, and state, local or regional
government.

Comparative Politics
Focuses on politics within countries
(often grouped into world regions) and
analyzes similarities and differences
between countries.
International Relations
Considers the political relationships and
interactions between countries, including the
causes of war, the formation of foreign policy,
international political economy, and the
structures of that increase or decrease the
policy options available to the governments.

Political Theory
Includes classical political philosophy and
contemporary theoretical perspectives like
Constructivism, Critical Theory and
Postmodernism
Public Administration
• -studies the role of the bureaucracy;
focuses more on civil service.
Public Law
• -studies constitutions, legal systems,
civil rights, and criminal justice.

Public Policy
• - examines the passage and
implementation of all types of
government policies, particularly those
related to civil rights, defense, health
education, economic growth, urban
renewal, regional development, and
environmental protection.
Different Perspectives
 An example
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the main perspectives
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Anthropology are the
issues cross-
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cultural or diversity,
comparative holism,
emphasis, bio-cultural
its focus.
evolutionary/historical
issues on health and medicine and other issues related to the human
emphasis, its ecological emphasis,
activities.and its holistic emphasis .

ANTHROPOLOGICAL
PERSPECTIVE
 Introduces the discipline of sociology,
SOCIOLOGICAL including something about its history,
questions, theory, and scientific methods,
PERSPECTIVE and what distinguishes it from other social
science disciplines.

Central features include social interaction

and relationships, social contexts, social
structure, social change, the significance of
diversity and human variation, and the
critical, questioning character of sociology.

It also explores what sociologists do.

Sociology includes three major
theoretical perspectives:
 

1. the functionalist perspective;

2. the conflict perspective; and
3. the symbolic interaction
perspective.
THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE
Theoretical perspective is used to
analyze and explain objects of social study, and
facilitate organizing sociological knowledge. In
functionalist perspective, societies are
thought to function like organisms, with various
social institutions working together like organs
to maintain and reproduce societies. The
conflict perspective sees social life as a
competition, and focuses on the distribution of
resources, power, and inequality. The
symbolic interaction perspective sees
people live both in the natural and the symbolic
environment. Symbolic interaction is a process
that is enlivened the reciprocal meaning and
values by aid of the symbols in the mind.
  
 POLITICAL SCIENCE
PERSPECTIVE
  It studies the tendencies and actions of people
which cannot be easily quantified or examined.
Political science is more focused than most social
sciences. It sticks to the political arena and to the
realm of politics, either dealing with situations with
two competing sides or the lateral decisions that
affect the group as a whole.
An example is the study of democracy as a form
of government and why is democracy considered as
the best form of government.
MARIA THERESA L. LUMIBAO
UCSP- Subject Teacher