Understanding Culture, Society and Politics

Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600

Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Name:
Email: email@uc-bcf.edu.ph; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph

S.Y. 2020-2021 3rd Trimester Grade Level/Section:

MODULE 5 – UCSP Subject Teacher: KIMBERSON P. ALACYANG

SOCIAL AND POLITICAL STRATIFICATION

I. TOPICS:
1. Social Stratification
2. Global Stratification
3. Social Inequality
a. Racial and Ethnic Inequality
b. Gender Inequality

II. LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

Through discussion and the module, the learners are able to:
1. Identify characteristics of the systems of stratification;
2. Examine stratification from the functionalist, conflict and symbolic interactionist perspectives;
3. Understand that social stratification involves not just people within our society but inequality
among the nations of the world;
4. Analyze how and why systems of social inequality differ around the world and over time;
5. Suggest ways to address global inequalities;
6. Understand that both race and ethnicity are socially constructed ideas that are important
dimensions of social stratification; and
7. Understand that gender is not a simple matter of biology but an idea created by society.

III. DISCUSSION:
A. INTRODUCTION

Would you consider yourself or your family rich, poor, or average? Often times, when you ask
a Filipino if he or she is rich, you will receive responses such as “medyo mayaman,” “may kaya,”
and “ayos lang”. These descriptions do not directly translate to Western concepts of being poor,
middle class, or rich. These categories are already culturally laden, such that a person who is may
kaya is supposedly richer than the person who is medyo mayaman. The differences in the statuses
ascribed to individuals are dependent on socially accepted criteria. These criteria enable the
creation of systematic hierarchies that position individuals in either powerful or marginalized
capacities. This unequal access to values and resources promotes social and political stratifications
that perpetuate the problem of inequality.
The creation of hierarchies in human groups is associated with the development of complex
economic systems that required the specialization of labor. Technologically simple societies that
are based on foraging minimally practice social stratification, if not all. At the advent of agricultural
revolution, human groups started creating social categories that can support the new economic
system. The production of surplus resources created economic elites who were later accorded
political ascendancy as they controlled the forces of production.
In this module, you will know that social stratification gives rise to social inequality. There are 3
main parts of the module. The first part tackles on the meaning and different systems of social
stratification. The second part of this module talks about global stratification which hierarchically
ranks each country in the world. Lastly, the last part of the module emphasizes more in the meaning
of social inequality and its different dimensions such as racial and ethnic inequality and gender
inequality.

B. SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
❖ Social Stratification (social ranking) - is a hierarchy of relative privilege or system in which
people are divided into layers according to their power, property, and prestige.
• It is a society’s categorization of people into socioeconomic strata, based on their occupation
and income, wealth, social status, or derived power.
• Gives rise to Social inequality.
• Features to remember:
✓ Social stratification refers to the ranking of large groups of people, rather than individuals.
 Understanding Culture, Society and Politics
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Name:
Email: email@uc-bcf.edu.ph; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph

S.Y. 2020-2021 3rd Trimester Grade Level/Section:

MODULE 5 – UCSP Subject Teacher: KIMBERSON P. ALACYANG

✓ Every society stratifies its members, although the degree of inequality varies.
✓ No matter what system a society may use to divide people into different layers, gender is
always an essential part of those distinctions within each layer. On the basis of gender,
people are sorted into categories and given differential access to rewards. Social
distinctions have usually favored males.

❖ Components:
▪ Social Class – refers to a group of individuals who occupy a similar position in the
economic system of production (wealth, income, educational attainment, etc.)

▪ Social Role – expected behavior of a person, refers to the obligations, behavior and
privileges attached to a status
▪ Social Status - refers to the position of an individual in the society
▪ Social groups - consist of people who regularly and consciously interact with one another

❖ Social Mobility – is the act of moving from one social status to another. Social mobility makes
the inequality of social class reasonable and, in the point of view of some, even justifiable.
• Two Types of Social Mobility:
1. Horizontal mobility – is the movement of person within a social class level. Example: A
principal leaves his job to become an Education Supervisor – very small difference in salary,
same amount of training, same amount of prestige and administrative power. The person has
been moving horizontally.
2. Vertical mobility – is the movement of the person between social class levels. The movement
may be upward or downward. Example would be the rag-to-riches stories of business tycoons.

❖ Four Types of Stratification Systems

▪ Closed System - Impose rigid boundaries between social groups
- Limit interactions between members who belong to different social groups or occupy
different levels in social hierarchy.
- Resistant to change in social roles
▪ Open System - mainly based on achievement, allowing more flexibility in social roles,
increased social mobility, and better interaction

1. Slavery - a form of social stratification in which some people own other people.
• Initially, slavery was based on debt, punishment for violation of the law, or defeat in battle.
Given this last practice, many of the first slaves were women, captured after the defeat of
their village.
 Understanding Culture, Society and Politics
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Name:
Email: email@uc-bcf.edu.ph; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph

S.Y. 2020-2021 3rd Trimester Grade Level/Section:

MODULE 5 – UCSP Subject Teacher: KIMBERSON P. ALACYANG

• Slavery could be temporary or permanent and was not necessarily passed on to one’s
children. Typically, slaves owned no property and had no power; however, this was not
universally true.
• This system persisted in Western countries such as the United States, which only formally
abolished the practice in 1865, through an amendment in the US constitution but with
much resistance from slave owners and their supporters. The condition of the slaves in US
can be seen in the quotation from Harriet Stowe’s classic work Uncle Tom’s Cabin, which
sparked antislavery sentiments in the US that resulted in the American Civil War.

2. Caste system - status is determined by birth and is lifelong. It is a closed system, as it does
not allow for social mobility. E.g. India’s Thousand-Year-Old Caste System.

• Ascribed status is the basis of a caste system. Caste societies try to keep boundaries
between castes firm by practicing endogamy (marriage within their own group) and
developing rules about ritual pollution, teaching that contact with inferior castes
contaminates the superior caste.
3. Estate System – is identical to the practice of feudalism. The final authority is the king. It was
based on existing legal structures that defined members’ status, rights, and duties.
• In a relationship of rights and obligations known as noblesse oblige the commoners were
allowed use of land in return for providing service and rents to their landlord, who in turn
promised protection and support.
• In the feudal system of medieval Europe, a ranking of status groups known as estates
became the dominant system. The three major estates were the aristocracy (headed by
the divine monarch), the priesthood and the commoners (peasants, servants, artisans,
etc.).
 Understanding Culture, Society and Politics
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Name:
Email: email@uc-bcf.edu.ph; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph

S.Y. 2020-2021 3rd Trimester Grade Level/Section:

MODULE 5 – UCSP Subject Teacher: KIMBERSON P. ALACYANG

• However, the estate system was not as strictly tied to religious belief as the caste system,
and some historians have argued that feudalism allowed for a degree of social mobility,
especially in the towns.
4. Class system - is a form of social stratification that is based primarily on the possession of
money or material possessions.
• The main qualification to be a member of a certain hierarchical class depends mostly
on three things: wealth, economic occupation, and power.
• An individual’s initial social class position is based on that of her or his parents (ascribed
status).
• A class system allows for social mobility—movement up or down the social class
ladder—based on achieved status.

❖ Theoretical Perspectives on Social Stratification

1. Structural – Functionalism - Each part or aspect of society serves an important purpose
▪ Examines how the different aspects of society contribute to ensuring its stability and
continued function.
▪ Stratification is based on intrinsic value of social activities or roles
▪ Davis-Moore Thesis: Social role that has greater functional purpose will result in greater
reward. Certain tasks in society are more valued than others, and those who perform
highly valued work are rewarded with greater income, prestige and power.
2. Conflict Theory - drawn from the ideas of Karl Marx
▪ Social stratification benefits the rich and powerful at the expense of the poor hence
stratification is HARMFUL.
▪ Stratification promotes poverty. Inequality causes workers to experience alienation,
isolation, and great misery due to powerless status. This leads to class conflict.
▪ Social stratification is influences by economic forces and relationships in society are
defined by factors of production.
*Two groups according. to Marx:
a) Bourgeois (capitalists) –own factors of production (land, resources, business and
proletariat); UPPERCLASS
b) Proletariat–workers who provide manual labor; LOWERCLASS
3. Symbolic Interactionism - Microlevel perspective
▪ Attempts to explain how people’s social standing affects their everyday interactions
▪ Leads to interaction within the same class.
▪ Stratification becomes a System that groups people (interests, background, way of life)
▪ People’s appearance reflects their perceived social standing
▪ Theory of Conspicuous Consumption
- Buying certain products to make a social statement about a status

C. GLOBAL STRATIFICATION
- refers to the hierarchical arrangement of individuals and groups in societies around the
world. Global inequality refers to the unequal distribution of resources among individuals and
groups based on their position in the social hierarchy of the world.

1. Global Stratification: Three Worlds

A. Until recently, global stratification was depicted by using a simple model consisting of First
(industrialized capitalist nations), Second (communist nations), and Third (all the rest of the nations)
Worlds. A more neutral framework is to talk about degrees of industrialization and to depict on a
global level the three primary dimensions of social stratification: property, power, and prestige.
a) Most Industrialized Nations - they are capitalistic, although variations exist in economic
systems. Their wealth is enormous, and the poor in these countries live better and longer than
the average citizens in the Least Industrialized Nations. E.g. United States, Canada, Great
Britain, France, Germany, Switzerland, and other industrialized nations of western Europe, as
well as Japan, Australia, and New Zealand.
 Understanding Culture, Society and Politics
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Name:
Email: email@uc-bcf.edu.ph; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph

S.Y. 2020-2021 3rd Trimester Grade Level/Section:

MODULE 5 – UCSP Subject Teacher: KIMBERSON P. ALACYANG

b) Industrialized Nations - People in these countries have considerably lower income and a
poorer standard of living than people in the Most Industrialized Nations but better than those
living in the Least Industrialized Nations. E.g. former Soviet Union and its former satellites in
Eastern Europe.
c) Least Industrialized Nations - are those where most people live on farms or in villages with low
standards of living; 68 percent of the world’s population lives in these nations.

2. How Did the World’s Nations Become Stratified?

a) Colonialism - occurred when industrialized nations made colonies of weaker nations and
exploited their labor and natural resources. European nations tended to focus on Africa; the United
States concentrated on Central and South America.
b) World System Theory (Immanuel Wallerstein) - countries are politically and economically tied
together.
1. There are four groups of interconnected nations:
i. Core nations - where capitalism first developed;
ii. Semi-periphery nations (Mediterranean area) - which are highly dependent on trade with
core nations;
iii. Periphery nations (Eastern Europe) - which are mainly limited to selling cash crops to core
nations, with limited economic development;
iv. External area nations (most of Africa and Asia), which are left out of growth of capitalism,
with few economic ties to core nations.
2. A capitalist world economy (capitalist dominance) results from relentless expansion; even
external area nations are drawn into commercial web.
3. Globalization (the extensive interconnections among nations resulting from the expansion of
capitalism) has speeded up because of new forms of communication and transportation.
The consequence is that no nation is able to live in isolation.
• Those scholars who criticize neoliberalism make a distinction between globalization as a
universal process of shrinking the globe into a small village and globalization as an ideological
version of Neoliberal globalization.
• “Neoliberalism” is a policy model of social studies and economics that transfers control of
economic factors to the private sector from the public sector. It takes from the basic principles
of neoclassical economics, suggesting that governments must limit subsidies, make reforms
to tax law in order to expand the tax base, reduce deficit spending, limit protectionism, and
open markets up to trade. It also seeks to abolish fixed exchange rates, back deregulation,
permit private property, and privatize businesses run by the state.
c) Dependency theory attributes lack of economic development in the Least Industrialized Nations
to dominance of world economy by the Most Industrialized Nations.
▪ It asserts that the nations that industrialized first turned other nations into their plantations and
mines, taking whatever, they needed; as a result, many of the Least Industrialized Nations began
to specialize in a single cash crop.
▪ By becoming dependent on the Most Industrialized Nations, these other countries did not
develop independent economies of their own.

3. Maintaining Global Stratification

i. Neocolonialism is the economic and political dominance of Least Industrialized Nations by the Most
Industrialized Nations. Michael Harrington asserts that the Most Industrialized Nations control the
Least Industrialized Nations because they control markets, set prices, move hazardous industries
to the Least Industrialized Nations, and sell weapons and manufactured goods to the Least
Industrialized Nations, preventing them from developing their own industrial capacity.
ii. Multinational corporations contribute to exploitation of the Least Industrialized Nations.
• Some exploit these nations directly by controlling national and local politics, running them
as a fiefdom. Multinational corporations work closely with elites of the Least Industrialized
Nations, funneling investments to this small circle of power in exchange for its cooperation.
• The Most Industrialized Nations are primary beneficiaries of profits made in the Least
Industrialized Nations.
 Understanding Culture, Society and Politics
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Name:
Email: email@uc-bcf.edu.ph; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph

S.Y. 2020-2021 3rd Trimester Grade Level/Section:

MODULE 5 – UCSP Subject Teacher: KIMBERSON P. ALACYANG

iii. The new technology favors the Most Industrialized Nations, enabling them to maintain their global
domination. E.g. China, USA

D. SOCIAL INEQUALITY
- Unequal/denied access to right and privileges enjoyed by others on account of physical,
biological, mental, social, and/or other traits.
- occurs when resources (opportunities & rewards) in a given society are distributed unevenly,
typically through norms of allocation, that engender specific patterns along lines of socially
defined categories of persons.
- It is visible in many other social institutions affecting other social aspects such as gender, capital
(social, political, and symbolic), ethnic minorities (e.g., persons with disabilities), and global
inequality.

1. Racial and Ethnic Inequality

*Ethnic and racial identities are social constructions
▪ Race - generally refers to a group of people who have in common some visible physical traits,
such as skin color, hair texture, facial features, and eye formation.
- is a socially constructed category of people who share biologically transmitted traits
that members of a society consider important.
- However, race is a myth in the sense of one race being superior to another and of there
being pure races. The idea of race is powerful, shaping basic relationships between
people.
▪ Racism - a belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that
racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race
-a racial prejudice/discrimination
▪ Ethnicity/Ethnic group - is a group of people who identify with one another on the basis of
common ancestry and cultural heritage that gives them a distinctive social identity.
• Ethnocentrism - Believing in the superiority of one’s own ethnic and cultural group, and having
a corresponding disdain for all other groups/out-groups. (Ingroup as superior; Outgroup as
inferior)
- Ethnic hatred, inter-ethnic hatred, racial hatred, or ethnic tension refers to feelings and acts
of prejudice and hostility towards an ethnic group in various degrees.
- Often ethnic conflict is enhanced by nationalism and feeling of national superiority. For
which reason inter-ethnic hatred borders with racism, and often the two terms are conflated.
▪ Minority group - is defined as being composed of people who are singled out for unequal
treatment by members of the dominant group—the group with more power, privilege, and
social status. Minorities originate with migration and the expansion of political boundaries.
▪ Majority/Dominant group – power irrespective of numbers; dominant elite who holds the means
of production.

❖ Related Systems:
a) Stereotype - It’s a negative evaluation that mark prejudice often supported by negative belief
(COGNITION). It is a belief about the personal attributes of a group of people.
- are sometimes overgeneralized, inaccurate and resistant to new information but it also
maybe positive or negative, accurate and inaccurate
E.g. “Ginebra fans are arrogant and obnoxious”.
→ Overgeneralized belief about people may lead to prejudice.
b) Prejudice – an adverse opinion of belief without just ground or before acquiring sufficient
knowledge.
- A preconceived negative judgement of a group and its individual members. Some definitions
include positive judgements as well.
 Understanding Culture, Society and Politics
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Name:
Email: email@uc-bcf.edu.ph; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph

S.Y. 2020-2021 3rd Trimester Grade Level/Section:

MODULE 5 – UCSP Subject Teacher: KIMBERSON P. ALACYANG

- It is an attitude (EMOTION). An attitude is a distinct combination of feelings (affective),

inclinations to act (behavior tendency) and beliefs or thoughts (cognition) related to a person
or an event.
E.g. “I hate Ginebra fans, they make me angry”.
→ Feelings may influence treatment of others, leading to discrimination.
c) Discrimination - Unjustified negative “BEHAVIOR” toward a group or its members.
- Happens when prejudice feeling and belief move into the realm of behavior and denies to
individuals or groups of people equality of treatment.
- Unfair treatment toward someone; “racism” if was based on race. It also can be based on
features such as age, sex, sexual preference, religion, or politics.
E.g. “I would never hire nor become friends with a person I knew if he or she were a Ginebra
fan”.
→ Holding stereotypes and harboring prejudice may lead to excluding, avoiding, and biased
treatment of group members.

❖ Global Patterns of Inter-group Relations

a) Genocide - is the actual or attempted systematic annihilation of a race or ethnic group who
has been labeled as less than fully human by the dominant group. E.g. Holocaust and the
treatment of Native Americans.
b) Population transfer – is the involuntary movement of a minority group. Indirect transfer involves
making life so unbearable that members of a minority leave the area; direct transfer involves
forced expulsion. A combination of genocide and population transfer occurred in Bosnia (a
part of the former Yugoslavia) as Serbs engaged in ethnic cleansing—the wholesale slaughter
of Muslims and Croats, with survivors forced to flee the area.
c) Internal colonialism - is a society’s policy of exploiting a minority by using social institutions to
deny the minority access to full benefits. Slavery is an extreme example.
d) Segregation - the formal separation of groups, often accompanies internal colonialism. The
dominant group exploits the labor of the minority while maintaining social distance.
e) Assimilation - is the process by which a minority is absorbed into the mainstream. Forced
assimilation occurs when the dominant group prohibits the minority from using its own religion,
language, and customs. Permissive assimilation occurs when the minority adopts the dominant
group’s patterns in its own way at its own speed.
f) Multiculturalism (pluralism)- permits or encourages racial and ethnic variation. E.g. Switzerland

2. Gender Inequality
- is the idea that men and women are not equal and that gender affects an individual's living
experience.
- Each society establishes a structure that, on the basis of sex and gender, permits or limits
access to power, property, and prestige; this structure is referred to as gender stratification.
▪ Sexism - An individual’s prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior toward people of
a given sex. Institutional practices (even if not motivated by prejudice) that subordinate
people of a given sex.
❖ Sex and gender are different concepts
• Sex is the biological characteristics that distinguish males and females—primary sex organs
(organs related to reproduction) and secondary sex organs (physical distinctions not related to
reproduction).
• Gender is a social characteristic that varies from one society to another and refers to what the
group considers proper for its males and females.

❖ Status of Men and Women in the Global Context

- There is no country in the world in which women and men have equal status. Although much
progress has been made in closing the gender gap in areas such as education, health care,
employment, and government, gender inequality is still prevalent throughout the world.
❖ The Feminist Movement
 Understanding Culture, Society and Politics
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Name:
Email: email@uc-bcf.edu.ph; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph

S.Y. 2020-2021 3rd Trimester Grade Level/Section:

MODULE 5 – UCSP Subject Teacher: KIMBERSON P. ALACYANG

▪ Gender Equality - all human beings are free to develop personal abilities to make choices
without the limitations set by strict gender roles.
o Different behavior, aspirations and needs of men and women are considered, valued,
and favored equally.
▪ Gender Equity - fairness and justice in the distribution of benefits and responsibilities of men
and women.
▪ Gender Empowerment – Women gaining power and control over their lives. Freedom of their
own decisions and strategic choices over their lives which involves awareness raising, building
self-confidence, expansion of choices and access to and control over resources and
opportunities.
▪ Feminism - A belief that women should have equal right with men in society.
- a women’s movement that aims to fight for equal rights and opportunities for women
- there are different kinds of feminism and feminists who tend to disagree among
themselves on causes of women’s oppression and how to address them.
▪ Three Waves of Feminist Movement
1. FIRST WAVE:19th century and early 20th century. It won improved rights for women in
marriage and property.
Biggest achievement: winning some political power. In UK, suffragettes and suffragists
campaigned for women’s votes. In 1918, women over 30 years old with property can vote
and in 1928, it extend to all women over 21.
2. SECOND WAVE: 1960s and 70s. Campaign for equality extend to education, work, and the
home. E.g. “The Feminine Mystique” (1963) by Betty Freidan: Women are unhappy
because of feminine mystique. Damaging: the ideal femininity as the “Happy Housewife’
which restricted women to the role of housewife and mother, giving up work and
education.
3. THIRD WAVE: 1990s to the present. Widened the feminist movement beyond white and
middleclass women, addressing different disadvantaged women because of race,
ethnicity, and class

❖ Sociological Theories of Gender Inequality

A. Structural-Functionalism B. Conflict Perspective C. Symbolic Interactionism

▪ Argue that “pre-industrial ▪ Male Dominance and

▪ Gender Assignments begins at
society” required a Female Subordination:
birth (labeling). It has shaped our
division of labor based on Shaped by relationships men
thoughts about how we see
gender and women have to the
ourselves and our relationship with
▪ Home performing production process the world.
functions (Women): ▪ Evolution to Agricultural and
▪ Media images and sanctions
bearing, nursing, and Industrial modes ofhave conditioned the minds of
caring for children production: private property
children and adults with dominant
▪ Male: responsible for developed where menideals of masculinity and
providing food, clothing, gained control on the modes
femininity likewise how they
and shelter for the of production should act as man and a woman.
families ▪ Marxist tradition: gender
▪ Gender determines pattern of
▪ Industrialization: rendered inequality based onentitlement and engagement of
the traditional division of ownership of the means of
inequality, hierarchical distinctions
labor less functional, production, patriarchy,
and advantages.
although remnants of the gendered division of labor in
▪ Women are generally socialized
supporting belief system the workplace into expressive roles and males
still exist. are more often socialized into
instrumental roles
▪ Gender Socialization – is a process in which men and women learn about their proper place in
society through various practices learned in the family, religion, education, culture, peers and
media.
 Understanding Culture, Society and Politics
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Name:
Email: email@uc-bcf.edu.ph; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph

S.Y. 2020-2021 3rd Trimester Grade Level/Section:

MODULE 5 – UCSP Subject Teacher: KIMBERSON P. ALACYANG

IV. ASSESSMENT
Answer the following questions:
1. Why do you think social stratification is universal? What role do you think technology plays in
continuing social stratification in the Philippines? What technological gadgets do you currently
own? Do you think having access to a computer gives a student an advantage over students
who do not have access to a computer? Explain using one (1) of the “Theoretical Perspectives
on Social Stratification” located in the module. Limit your answer to 8-10 sentences only.
2. In the 1960s, most former colonies around the globe won their political independence. Since that
time, the position of these countries has remained largely unchanged within the global system of
stratification. Using appropriate theories/models of global stratification in the module, provide
some explanations as to why political independence alone was not enough to alter the status of
the Philippines. Limit your answer to 8-10 sentences only.
3. List one recent instance when you read about, heard about, or experienced discrimination based
on race. Briefly explain the experience. What were the consequences of the discrimination? Do
you think the consequences were justified? Explain. Limit your answer to 8-10 sentences only.

Rubrics:
Content Knowledge 5 points
Consistency of Thought & Application 5 points
Total 10 points x 3 = 30 TOTAL POINTS

V. REFERENCES:
• Aguilar, M., et al. (2016) Society, Culture and Politics. Quezon City: The Phoenix Publishing
House Inc.
• Alejandria-Gonzalez, M. (2019) Understanding Culture, Society and Politics Module. Second
Edition. Makati City: DIWA LEARNING SYSTEMS INC.
• Henslin. (2006) Essentials of Sociology: A Down to Earth Approach, United States of America:
Pearson Education, Inc.
• Macionis, J., Sociology, United States of America: Pearson Education, Inc. 2012

VI. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES:

• UC-SHS Video presentation/discussion on Social Stratification
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ey8OpxmLjl0 (TATSULOK - a documentary film on the
social stratification in the Philippines)
• https://sites.google.com/site/thehistoryofindiabymaxduxbury/the-development-of-the-caste-
system
• https://www.sparknotes.com/lit/uncletom/ (Uncle Tom’s cabin summary)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nrVdaxDgr2g: A Racist Attack Still Haunts 45 Years Later,
Here's Why. George Floyd Protests (AN 8-MINUTE DOCUMENTARY)
• http://reports.weforum.org/global-gender-gap-report-2016/gender-gaps-and-income/