UCSP Module 4 - Becoming A Member of The Society

Introduction to the Philosophy of the
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600

Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
Human Person
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268
Email: email@uc-bcf.edu.ph; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph Grade Level/Section: Grade 11/12
Module 4 - UCSP Subject Teacher: Erwin John E. Resurreccion
BECOMING A MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY

In the previous module, you have learned that humans are not self-sufficient and need other
people to survive. This explains why we are compelled to belong to groups and societies. You
also have learned the meaning and types of groups and society. Now, you will learn how
groups and societies work through the understanding of the concept of socialization,
conformity, and deviance.
Learning Objectives:
A. analyze socialization helps a person in becoming a member of the society;
B. understand the social mechanisms that produce conformity and deviance in our
society;
C. recognize the effects or consequences of various social problems in the maintenance
of social order and stability; and
D. analyze how social interaction proceeds through the operation of norms, values,
statuses and role.
WHAT IS SOCIALIZATION?
We become a member of the society through socialization. Socialization is a continuing

process that builds the foundation for an individual’s fairly consistent patterns of thinking,
feeling, and acting. The process of socialization is very essential because it teaches us how to
behave and act within our society. Hence, it is a continuous process in life. As people move
from one stage to another, such as from childhood to adolescence, from adulthood to old
age, or from one group to another, they discard old ways of behaving and learn new patterns
of behavior (Panopio, 1994 p. 91). In addition, socialization helps in forming identity which is
essential in establishing his/her social role.
Page 2 of 12
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
Human Person
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268
Socialization continues to be an important part of human development. It is an instrument on

how an individual will adapt to his existing environment in order to survive. The process of
socialization enables he individual to grow and function socially (Medina, 1991 p. 47). Hence,
the change in man’s social reality modifies his culture. Sociologists say that the culture
becomes “internalized”, that the individuals “imbibes” it, and that in this way, “from the inside”,
it continues to influence his conduct (Palispis, 2007 p. 112). The importance of socialization is
very vital in man’s daily life.
AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION
Socialization will not take place without the agents of socialization. These refer to various social
groups or social institutions that play a significant role in introducing and integrating the
individual as an accepted and functioning member of society (Banaag, 2012 p .138).
Family Religion
School Peer Groups
Neighborhood Mass Media
1. Family. Most important agent of socialization; the center of a child’s life; parental attention
is very important; provides encourage
2. School. Provides individuals an opportunity to confront diversity; introduces gender role
socialization and even clustering of skills and competencies according to gender and
class; hidden curriculum: informal aspect of schooling; impersonal relationship is prevalent.
3. Neighborhood. Local social units larger than the household. Neighborhoods are social
communities with face- to- face interaction among members.
4. Religion. It has significant role in ‘meaning- making’ of life; promote welfare of the
individual.
5. Peer Groups. Provides avenue for individuals to develop a sense of self that goes beyond
the family; peers often govern short-term goals while parents maintain influence over long-
term plans; peer groups also provide venues for anticipatory socialization; practice at
working toward gaining desired positions.
6. Mass Media. Mass media create images that reinforce social stereotypes based on sex,
class, ethnicity and religion.
Page 3 of 12
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
Human Person
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268
The agents of socialization guide every individual in understanding what is happening in our
society. People learn to determine what is proper, right or wrong, appropriate and
inappropriate.
SOCIAL STATUS
The process of socialization also serves as an avenue for developing self-concept which is
essential in role identification. The self responds to categories called social status (Clark and
Robboy, 1986 p 65). Social status refers to the position an individual occupies in society and
implies an array of rights and duties (Linton, 1936 p. 113). Attached to status is a social role
which involves the pattern of expected behavior in a social relationship with one or more
persons occupying other statuses (Panopio, 1994 p. 97). Social statuses can be classified into
two:
Those which are assigned to It is acquired by choice, merit,

the individual from birth. or individual effort.
It involves little personal It is made possible through

choice like age and sex. special abilities or talents,
performance, or opportunities.
It carries with it certain
expectations of behavior. Choice in occupation,
marriage, joining a religious
organization are examples.
Individuals learn their roles through the different agents of socialization. This avenue for
socialization molds the individuals in relation to the expected behavior patterns.
CONFORMITY
Expectations
Follow Norms
Values
As we have earlier discussed, attached to social status is a set of expectations and norms to
follow. Following these expectations and norms by changing beliefs and behavior to fit in a
group is called conformity. Kelman (1958) distinguished between the different types of
conformity: compliance, internalization, and identification.
Page 4 of 12
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
Human Person
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268
Change in Change in Is the effect short-

behavior belief term or long-term?
Shallow
Compliance YES NO Short-term
Level
Typically short-term
Medium
Level
Identification YES YES while in the presence
of the group
Long-term, semi-
permanent; continues
Deep
Level
Internalization YES YES without the presence
of the group
1. Compliance – This occurs when an individual accepts influence because he/she hopes to
achieve a favorable reaction from another person or group. He adopts the induced
behavior because he expects to gain specific rewards or approval and avoids specific
punishment or disapproval by conformity. (Kelman, 1958, p. 53).
I like it! I don’t like it!
When you are with friends You in the absence of friends

who like metal music. who like metal music.
2. Identification – This occurs when an individual accepts the influence because he wants to
establish or maintain satisfying, self-defining relationship to another person or group
(Kelman, 1958, p. 53). Individuals conform to the expectations of a social role (e.g., nurses,
police officers, teachers.)
“I will act professionally “I’m back to my

and be a role model” real self.”
”
3. Internalization – This occurs when an individual accepts influence because the content of
the induced behavior – the ideas and actions of which it is composed – is intrinsically
rewarding. He adopts the induced behavior because it is congruent or consistent with his
value system. (Kelman, 1958, p. 53).
I will do it! I will still do it! It’s good for me.
When your friend invited When your friend can’t join

you for a workout. you on your workout.
Page 5 of 12
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
Human Person
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268
DEVIANCE
Bat ako
matatakot??
Expectations
Deviate Norms
Values
On the other hand, nonconformity of an individual would mean deviation from acceptable
social norms which is known as social deviance. Social deviance refers to any behavior that
differs or diverges from established social norms (Banaag, 2012 p. 144). The concept of
deviance is complex because norms vary considerably across groups, times, and places. In
other words, what one group may consider acceptable, another may consider deviant.
(www.cliffnotes.com.)
FUNCTIONS OF DEVIANCE
Ronald W. Smith and Frederick W. Preston outlined some functions which deviance performs
to support the social system in the following:
• Deviance serves as an outlet for diverse forms

of expressions
• Deviance serves to define the limits of
acceptable behavior
• Deviance may also promote in-group solidarity
• Deviance can serve as barometer of social
strain
BIOLOGICAL THEORIES ON DEVIANCE
There are many theories that offer explanations on why people develop deviant behaviors.
One of the popular theories are called biological theories. These theories are based on the
idea that something about a person’s essential biology made them deviant or commit crime.
During the first half of this century, there were many attempts to develop biological theories of
crime. Some of the popular examples come from Cesare Lombroso and William Sheldon.
Page 6 of 12
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
Human Person
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268
A. CESARE LOMBROSO’S THEORY OF ATAVIST
He is an Italian physician (and prison doctor). He was the founder of the field of "criminal
anthropology" (Gould, 1996). After an extensive examination of prisoners' physiology, he
advanced a theory that criminals were atavists – that is, throw-backs to an earlier evolutionary
human form. This means that the deviants can be singled out based on physical
characteristics like a low forehead, stocky build, and prominent jaws and cheekbones, all of
which he saw as reminiscent of our primate cousins (CrashCourse, 2017).
Atavists:
✓ low forehead
✓ stocky build
✓ prominent jaws and
cheekbones
Source: https://www.history.com/news/born-criminal-theory-criminology
B. WILLIAM SHELDON’S THEORY OF BODY TYPES
He is an American psychologist who proposed the theory of body types and crime (1940's and
1950s). He determined three body types: ectomorph, mesomorph, and endomorph. Sheldon's
work advanced the somatotype or "body build" school of criminological theory. Based on his
studies, he concluded that men who were more muscular and athletic were more likely to be
a criminal.
More likely to
engage in crimes:
✓ Athletic
✓ Muscular
✓ Broad-
shouldered
https://www.precisionnutrition.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/the-body-types-ectomorph-mesomorph-endomorph-2048x1359.png
The idea that physical makeup such as facial features and body type are correlated with
criminality is wrong and disproven. However, American criminologists Eleanor and Sheldon
Glueck suggest that there is still some value that we can get from biological theories. In their
work, they argue that we can use how people attach expectations to body types in predicting
delinquent behaviors. For example, some people expect physically strong boys to be bullies
and encourage aggressive behavior from them. Positively sanctioned boys who have been
bullies are more likely to continue their physical aggression as they grow older and soon
commit criminal aggression.
Page 7 of 12
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
Human Person
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268
SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES
&
These theories offer perspectives about deviance based on social context and social
pressures. In other words, how things in the society influence deviant behaviors.
A. STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONALIST PERSPECTIVE
1. Merton’s Strain Theory – Robert Merton argued that in an unequal society, the tension or
strain between socially approved goals and an individual’s ability to meet those goals
through social approved means will lead to deviance as individuals reject either the goals,
the means, or both. This means that deviance is dependent whether the society has
provided enough means to achieve goals.
Doesn’t have enough socially

accepted means to achieve goals
PEOPLE GOALS
Social Structure
Feel frustration (strain) and
more likely to be deviant.
Merton asserted that societies are composed of two core

aspects: culture and social structure. Our values, beliefs,
goals, and identities are developed in the cultural realm. They
form in response to existing social structures that ideally
provide the means for the public to achieve their goals and
live out positive identities. Often, though, people lack the
Disadvantaged
means to achieve culturally valued goals, leading them to people
feel strain and possibly engage in deviant behavior. Goals
In Merton’s study, he found that people from lower

socioeconomic classes were more likely to commit crimes
that involve acquisition (stealing in one form or another). He
argued that when people cannot attain the "legitimate goal"
of economic success through "legitimate means"—
dedication and hard work—they may turn to illegitimate
means of doing so. The cultural value of economic success Social
Structures
looms so large that some people are willing to acquire
wealth, or its trappings, by any means necessary.
Page 8 of 12
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
Human Person
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268
Merton gave different forms of deviance that emerge from strain. These are conformity,
innovation, ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion.
Goals Goals Goals Goals Goals
Conformity Innovation Ritualism Retreatism Rebellion
a) Conformity – It involves accepting both the cultural goal of success and the use of
legitimate means for achieving that goal.
b) Innovation – It involves accepting the goal of success but rejecting the use of socially
accepted means of achieving it, turning instead to unconventional, illegitimate means.
c) Ritualism – It occurs when people deemphasize or reject the importance of success once
they realize they will never achieve it and instead concentrate on following or enforcing
these rules than ever was intended.
d) Retreatism – It involves withdrawal from society, caring neither about success nor working.
e) Rebellion – It occurs when people reject and attempt to change both the goals and the
means approved by the society.
Goal: Ipon Challenge (P5000)

Socially Approved Means: • Look for a part time job
• Keep P20 a day
• Control expenditures
Conformity: Accept the goal and Ritualism: Reject the goal and
Conformity: Accept the goal and do the socially approved means.
do the socially approved means. lower the target to P2000 since it
Innovation: Accept the goal but reject the means and the ff:
Innovation: Accept the goal but is achievable within the socially
• Steal money
reject the means and do the ff: approved means.
• Ask more than what is needed
• Steal money Retreatism: Reject both the goal
• Do not give back the change
• Ask more than what is needed and the means and do a food trip
• Do not give back the change or mukbang instead.
Rebellion: Reject both the goal and the means. Create new goals
and means.
Page 9 of 12
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
Human Person
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268
2. Durkheim’s Functionalist Theory – According to Emile Durkheim, deviance can serve a

number of functions for society. He asserted that there is nothing abnormal in deviance. He
gave four major functions of deviance.
• Deviance affirms cultural values and norms.

• Responding to deviance clarifies moral
boundary.
• Responding to deviance promotes social unity.
• Deviance encourages social change.
B. CONFLICT PERSPECTIVE
Conflict theorists look into the role of power and privilege in the criminal justice system. Conflict
theorists address the issue of why the legal system is inconsistent in terms of providing “justice
for all.” This inequality is central to their analysis of crime and the criminal justice system—the
police, courts, and prisons.
1 Dominant classes control the

definition of deviance. 2 Deviance results from
inequality in the society. 3 Deviance from the dominant
class goes largely unpunished.
According to conflict theory, the law is an instrument of repression, a tool designed to maintain
the powerful in privileged positions and keep the powerless from rebelling and overthrowing
the social order. When members of the working class get out of line, they are arrested, tried,
and imprisoned in the criminal justice system. But when the wealthy gets out of the line, they
get away from their criminal charges.
We control
the rules!
Poor gets jailed Wealthy gets away with their crimes
Page 10 of 12
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
Human Person
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268
C. SYMBOLIC-INTERACTIONIST PERSPECTIVE
1. Sutherland’s Differential Association Theory – Edwin Sutherland suggest that deviance is

learned from other people. In other words, if the people you interact and associate with
teaches and enforces deviant behavior, you are more likely to be become deviant.
Let’s skip
our classes!
Deviant Tendencies
2. Reckless’ Control Theory – Walter Reckless suggest that deviance is based on the person’s
control against deviant tendencies. According to him, there are inner and outer control
systems that serve as restraints for the person. Inner control includes controls within a person
such as conscience and values while outer control includes controls outside a person such
as family, school and other social institutions. Travis Hirschi states that the inner and outer
control form a person’s self-control. If the person lacks self-control, he/she ends up
committing deviant acts.
Inner Control
Deviant Tendencies
Outer Control Self-Control
3. Labeling Theory – It refers to the view that people become deviant when labeled as such
and when they accept the label as a personal identity. Those with the power to assign
deviant labels create deviance. According to Erving Goffman, labeling leads to stigma.
Stupid!
Criminal!
Animal!
Disgusting!
Page 11 of 12
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
Human Person
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268
Once a person is identified as deviant, it is extremely difficult to remove that label. The
individual becomes stigmatized as a criminal and is likely to be considered untrustworthy by
others. For example, convicts may struggle to find employment after they're released from
prison because of their criminal background. This makes them more likely to internalize the
deviant label and, again, engage in misconduct. Even if labeled individuals do not commit
any more crimes, they must forever live with the consequences of being formally deemed a
wrongdoer (Crossman, 2020).
The three sociological perspectives are powerful tools in understanding the nature of
deviance. These paradigms help us understand why people manifest deviant tendencies and
how the different forces in the society control or develop such tendencies. From the preceding
discussions, we have learned that deviance can be a learned behavior or a person’s response
to the dysfunctions, inequalities, and harmful labels in the society. I hope that with these
lessons, you develop an open mind and a compassionate heart to other people, especially
those who resort to deviant acts in response to social injustice. While we do not condone
crimes and morally wrong things, it is important for us to know why such things happen in order
to address them properly, effectively, and humanely.
REFERENCES:
• Agnew, R. (2009). Juvenile delinquency: Causes and control (3rd ed): Oxford University Press, Inc.
• Carayugan, M., Malit-Alicante, F. (2014) Development of Sociology Handbook through Assessing Importance and
Relevance of Sociology Topics: University of the Cordilleras.
• Crossman, A. (2020). An Overview of Labeling Theory. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/labeling-theory-
3026627
• Kubrin, C., Stucky, T., & Krohn, M. (2009). Researching theories of crime and deviance: Oxford Press, Inc.
• Lanuza, Gerry M. (2016) Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics (1st ed): Rex Book Store
• Madrid, R., Santarita, J. (2016) Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics: Vibal Group, Inc.
• Shoemaker, D. (2005). Theories of delinquency: An examination of explanations of deviant behavior (5th ed.). New York:
Oxford University Press, Inc.
• The sociological conception of socialization. Retrieved 02 January, 2017 from http://www.sociology.org/what-is-
socialization/
• Socialization. Retrieved 02 January, 2017 from http://www3.ncc.edu/faculty/soc/feigelb/soc201online/ summary/ch3.pd
• Balena et al. (2016). Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics: Educational Resources Corporation.
Page 12 of 12

UCSP Module 4 - Becoming A Member of The Society

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

UCSP Module 4 - Becoming A Member of The Society

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Introduction to the Philosophy of the

Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600

BECOMING A MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY

We become a member of the society through socialization. Socialization is a continuing

Socialization continues to be an important part of human development. It is an instrument on

School Peer Groups

Neighborhood Mass Media

Those which are assigned to It is acquired by choice, merit,

It involves little personal It is made possible through

Change in Change in Is the effect short-

I like it! I don’t like it!

When you are with friends You in the absence of friends

“I will act professionally “I’m back to my

I will do it! I will still do it! It’s good for me.

When your friend invited When your friend can’t join

• Deviance serves as an outlet for diverse forms

BIOLOGICAL THEORIES ON DEVIANCE

A. CESARE LOMBROSO’S THEORY OF ATAVIST

B. WILLIAM SHELDON’S THEORY OF BODY TYPES

Doesn’t have enough socially

Merton asserted that societies are composed of two core

In Merton’s study, he found that people from lower

Goals Goals Goals Goals Goals

Conformity Innovation Ritualism Retreatism Rebellion

Goal: Ipon Challenge (P5000)

2. Durkheim’s Functionalist Theory – According to Emile Durkheim, deviance can serve a

• Deviance affirms cultural values and norms.

1 Dominant classes control the

Poor gets jailed Wealthy gets away with their crimes

1. Sutherland’s Differential Association Theory – Edwin Sutherland suggest that deviance is

You might also like