LESSON 2: Deviance
(Institutionalized Means):
Deviance: defined as behavior that
violates expected rules and
Norms. (ex. Haircut, Criminals)
- Like defying gravity
- Breaking the rules
- Doing things that are
wrong/illegal/immoral/
- inappropriate, disobedience,
- not meeting expectation
Variability of Deviance:
a. The study of why people violate laws
or norms
b. The study of how society reacts to
this violation
Theoretical Interpretation of Deviance:
Structural Strain Theory by
Robert K. Merton
- States that social structures may
pressure citizens to commit crimes.
- Kapag sobrang higpit ng laws or
rules and regulations - leading to
rebellion
Goals: The object of a person’s ambition,
effort, or an aim for a desired result
Means: Action or system wherein a result is
brought about or a method to attain goals
2 Category of Merton’s Deviance Theory
- A person’s motivations or his
adherence to cultural goals
- A person’s belief in how to attain his
goals.
Five Types of Structural Strain Theory
1. Conformity
Individuals are following a societal goal
through legitimate means.
- Accept approved goals and pursue
them through approved or legalized
means.
- Follow society’s rules and
regulations
Example: Students going to school to attain
education and have a better life.
2. Innovation
Individuals share the cultural goal of the
society but reach this goal through
illegitimate means.
Example: Criminals that has a goal but does
it in the wrong way, Robin Hood
- Good Goal but bad Means
3. Ritualists
Individuals who have given up hope of
achieving society’s approved goals but still
operate according to society’s approved
means.
Example: Gustong yumaman pero walang
ginawang paraan para yumaman
- Walang nilalabag na batas pero wala
rin ginagawa para maachieve
4. Retreatists
Individuals who have rejected both society’s
goals and the legitimate means of obtaining
them, and to live outside conventional
norms altogether.
Example: Drug Addict, Alcoholic, Hermit
 5. Rebellion
Those reject both the societal goals and
prescribes means to achieve them but try to
set up new norms or goals.
Example: Terrorism, ISIS, New People’s
Army, Creating a new government
Labeling Theory
A person has no choice but to act what
people label them to.
- Hinuhusgahan bago kilalanin
2 Types of Deviance under the Labeling
Theory
1. Primary or Minor Deviance
- Bullying due to disabilities
- Skipping Classes (labeled as
a group / notorious)
2. Secondary Deviance
- Punishment or Stigma
- Ex. paglayo due to medical
conditions, once a cheater is
always a cheater !!
Result
The negative reaction of others to an
individual engaged in particular behavior
that causes that individual to be labeled as
“Criminal”, deviant or not normal
Ex. Labeling as racists, homophobic
Social control theory
Lessons in life are reinforced
-By the school (in the form of education)
-by the church (in the form of religion and
morals)
-by the legal frameworks of the state (in the
form of citizenship, laws and principles)
-by the media (in the form of movies and
print media)
Enculturation and Socialization
Socialization
- refers to a lifelong social
experience by which people
develop their human potential and
learn culture.
- is a social process wherein an
individual is interacting with a society
through which the individual
acquires personality and learns the
way of that society.
Three Goals of Socialization
1. Socialization teaches impulse
control and helps individuals develop
a conscience.
- Know what is right or wrong to
become cautious individuals
2. Socialization teaches individuals
how to prepare for and perform
certain roles - occupational roles,
gender roles, and the roles of
institutions such as marriage and
parenthood.
3. Socialization cultivates shared
sources of meaning and value.
Through socialization, people learn
to identify what is important and
valued within a particular time.
- Essence of everything
Enculturation
Is the process by which people learn
the requirements of their surrounding
culture and acquire the values and
behaviors appropriate or necessary in that
culture.
- Gradual learning of culture
Ex. being a point guard due to height
4. The Generalized Other - At this
point, the individual understands
what kind of behavior is expected
or appropriate in different social
settings.

Mead and the development of the Example: Dressing appropriately in events,

Social Mind Table etiquettes, etc.

Four Stage Process of Development Personality

1. Imitation - The child’s significant
other such as their parents or
caregivers plays a vital role in this
stage as this is characterized by
mimicking behaviors and action of
the significant others without
understanding.
The way by which the individual is
interrelated through ideas, actions, and
attitudes to the many nonhuman aspects of
his/her environment and biological heritage.
Shaped by your parents, environment

Example: Imitation of words and sounds

2. Play - Human beings begin their

understanding of the world in this
stage. During this stage, the child
takes different roles he/she observes
in “adult” society and plays them out
to gain an understanding of the
different social roles.

Example: Bahay-bahayan

3. Game - This next stage children

begin to function in organized
group and definite personalities
starts to emerge.
Example: Collaboration such as basketball,
relay, etc.
- Interaction to know your strength
and weaknesses through interaction,
determines positions or roles
From Video Discussion:
Extrovert - maraming kaibigan, laging go
lang nang go
Thinkers - cream of the crop, critical
thinkers
Introverts - Kabaligtaran ng Extroverts,
focus more on themself
Determinants of Personality Formation
1. Biological Inheritance (nature)
Based on the genes, from parents to
offspring (height, sex, skin color, etc.)
2. Environment (nurture)
a. geographic environment
- How well you know your personality,
your attitude, your behavior
Cultural identity
It is one’s feeling of identity or affiliation with
a group or culture, belongingness
- How you dress
- Norms, trends, traditions practiced

- Community Example: indegenous tribes

b. cultural environment National identity

is an ethical and philosophical concept
- Education whereby all humans are divided into groups
called nation.
THE SELF
Self” is developed through social - Pagkakakilanlan ng isang bansa
interactions - a set of situations.
Example: national symbols, sports, persons,
Social Interactions etc.

Imitation Religious identity

Play Is the set of beliefs and practices generally
Game held by an individual involving adherence to
codified beliefs and rituals and the study of
Role taking
ancestral or cultural traditions, writings,
Language acquisition
history, and mythology, as well as faith and
Contact with books mystic experience
Media
Education Example: Catholic, Hinduism, Buddhism
Practices and Beliefs
Identity Formation
Is the development of an individual’s distinct STATUS AND ROLES
personality which is regarded as a
persisting entity in a particular age of life by Status – refers to a social position
which a person is recognized or known. that a person holds.

Self-concept - Social Responsibility

Is the sum of a being’s knowledge - Economic Income
and understanding of his/her self. - Belongingness
- How you classify yourself in terms of
ability Status sets – refers to all the
statuses a person holds at a given time.
Status can be ascribed or achieved.

Ascribed status – is a predetermined status,

which means that an individual has no
choice to choose his/her position in the
society since this is what is given to him/her
at his/her birth such as race, gender, family

- Born with or takes on involuntarily

Example: Race, Sex, Economic Status,

Monarchy

Achieved status – is obtained by

choice, such as club membership,
educational degree, and more.

- Voluntary takes based on his own

merits or capability
- Based on Goals

Examples: Abilities, Skills, and Life Choices,

Educational attainment