SOCIAL GROUP

PURGO 
GROUP 
WHAT IS A SOCIAL
GROUP
 “ No man is an island” said John
Donne.
 A person is a sociable being into a
group, and living in a social group.
 Even the so-called loners or the
monks of the Middle Ages associated
and participated with their fellow
monks.
 Social Groups are essential to a
person’s existence.
 One is born into a family, is raised
up in a family, plays in a
neighborhood, goes to school,
worships with others. And joins
work groups and other
associations.
 FOUR TYPES OF GROUPS
• Groups are similar in general terms, they still vary in terms of size,
members’ personalities, and type of interaction.
• Schaefer ( 1979) classified groups into four types – Primary,
Secondary, In-group and Out-group, and Reference group.
• A group is composed of two or more persons who interact and aware of
their being part of the group.
1. PRIMARY GROUP

 It is a small group characterized

by intimate, face-to-face
association and cooperation
among the members.
 Primary groups are small “ face-
to-face” groups in which the
interaction is direct and personal.
 It is serves as an avenue for the
members to socialize and to
develop their roles in the group.
 A family or a barkada are
examples of primary groups.
WHY FAMILY IS IMPORTANT?
 2. SECONDARY GROUP
 Refers to formal and impersonal group wherein members have little social intimacy or mutual understanding.
 Secondary groups are those whose members have casual contact.
 These groups are characterized by goal orientation, short term and variable relationships, and narrowly
defined relationship.
 As industrialization and urbanization develop in a society, more large-scale secondary groups are formed,
such as in industrial company, labor federations, and in political, educational, religious, health and civic
group.
 The classification of groups may also refer to the feeling of
belongingness and feeling of antagonism among the members.

American sociologist William Graham Sumner

(1959) first conceptualized the idea of these two
groups – the in-group and the out-group.
3.1 IN-GROUP

 Within the in-group, people feel

they belong in a close group.
 There is such a high regard for
each member that collective
terms like “ We”, “Us”. Or “Tayo”
are commonly used.
 An in-group feeling is
characterized by a sense of
loyalty and identification.
 Is not actual groups but a kind of
perspective relationship that exist in
the minds of individual learns to us
the pronoun “ WE”.
3.2. OUT-GROUP
 Is the exact opposite in-group.

 The members of the out-group

feel as though they should not
have been in that specific
group.

 Is not actual groups but a kind

of perspective relationship that
exist in the minds of individual
learns to us the pronoun “
THEY”.
In-Group and Out-Group
4. REFERENCE GROUP

 A person can be a member of many groups which are all influential in how he /
she perceives and views social realities.
 When people use a group as standard by evaluating its members and their
behavior, sociologist call this group a reference group.
REFERENCE GROUP
NETWORKS
NETWORKS
 Being affiliated with a group is one way of forming a network.
 In simpler terms, a network is the structure of connection of an individual
with oneself, with other individuals/s, and group/s ( Faust,1994).
 It can either be small or vast, intrapersonal or interpersonal, emergent, and
complex.
NETWORKS
NETWORKS
HOMEWORK 
Cultural, Social and Political
Institutions
Topic: Kinship
Subject: Understanding Culture, Society and Politics
Presented by: Erwin B. Marcelo MAEd Social Sciences
Remember our Social
Group activity
Kinship
KINSHIP 101 
 KINSHIP
 According to Oxford English
Dictionary Kinship is Family
relationship or relationship in
terms of sharing of
characteristics or origin.
 Examples of kinship
• parent (father or mother)
• child (son or daughter)
• sibling (brother or sister)
• grandparent (grandfather or
grandmother)
• nibbling (nephew or niece)
 KINSHIP
 It is important to note, however,
that kinship pertains not only to
relationships based on ties of
blood; bonds made through
marriage, adoption, and
religious rituals can also be
considered as kinship.
1. A kin by Blood is called a
Consanguineal Relative
2. The bond between a husband
and a wife is what sociologist
refer to as affinal kinship. This
type of kinship is caused by
MARRIAGE.
 MARRIAGE!
 It is a Legal foundation of the
Family that exist in all culture,
although there are some varieties.
 It is a Legal Contract between
two people committing
themselves in a permanent
affinal kinship.
 It is an inviolable social
institution. Its purpose may not
necessarily be for procreation or
to have children but for
companionship.
 Marriage merely means a
socially approved sexual and
economic union between man
and a woman
Importance Of Marriage
FORMS OF MARRIAGE
1. Monogamy – Permits a man to take
only one spouse at a time.
 In most societies, a husband and a
wife are both expected to be faithful
and must not engage in another sexual
relationship or, worse, marriage.
2. Polygamy – is plural marriage.
 forms of Polygamy
a) Polygyny – The marriage of one man
to two or more women at the same
time.
b) Polyandry – The marriage of a women
to two or more men at the same time.
MONOGAMY VS. POLYGAMY
POLYANDRY
 SELECTION OF
MARRIAGE PARTNERS
1. Endogamy – refers to the
norms whish dictates that
one should marry within
one’s clan or ethnic group.
 Example Filipino with
Filipina

2. Exogamy – Prescribes that

one marries outside one’s
clan or ethnic group.
 Example Filipino to and
Australian women.
IN ADDITION OF THE SELECTION
OF MARRIAGE PARTNERS

 Levirate – norm
prescribes that a
widow marries the
brother or nearest kin
of the deceased
husband.

 Sororate – norm
prescribes that a
widower marries the
sister or nearest kin of
the deceased wife.
Divorce, Annulment, and Legal
Separation
1. Divorce – is a court decree that
terminates or dissolves a
marriage.
 Divorce are given back their
single status and may again
remarry.
 In the Philippines, divorce is not
allowed by the legal system.
2. Annulment – it differs from
divorce in the sense that it
nullifies a marriage completely as
if it has never existed. ( Valid
Grounds)
Valid Grounds for Annulment
1. Bigamy – Either party was already
married to another person at the time
of marriage.
2. Forced Consent – One of the married
couple was forced or threatened into
marriage.
3. Fraud – one of the married couple
agreed to the marriage through the lies
or misrepresentation of the other.
4. Marriage prohibited by law –
incestuous marriage
5. Mental illness – One or both
spouse /s was / were mentally ill or
emotionally disturbed at the time of the
marriage
Valid Grounds for Annulment
6. Mental incapacity – on or both
spouse / s was / were under the
influence of alcohol or drugs at
the time marriage.
7. Inability to consummate
marriage – Either spouse was
impotent or physically incapable
of having sexual relations during
marriage.
8. Under age marriage – Either
spouse was a minor at the time of
marriage or was to young to enter
a marriage without parental
consent or court approval.
Legal Separation
 Legal Separation is the separation
of married husband and wife.
 Unlike a divorced and annulled couple,
legally separated husband and wife
cannot remarry.
 Grounds For Legal Separation
1. Repeated Physical Violence
2. Infidelity
3. Abandonment
 If a husband and wife separated on
their own arrangement without the
sanction of the court, This separation is
called de facto separation
Exercise no.
Research and answer the
following:
Will there still be affinal kinship
1. Among a polygamous group
2. between the two husbands
of one woman
3.Between the parents of a wife
and the parents of a bigamous
husband
4.Between a divorced couple
5.Between an annulled couple
6.Between a legally separated
Fictive or Collateral Kinship

 Personal kinship that is

based on either
consanguineal nor
affinal ties is called
fictive kinship.

 A fictive kinship may

occur in several
instances, such as
adoption or religious
ritual.
Exercise no.
State what type of kinship is present in the
following networks:
1. Mother and her child
2. Balae and her son
3. Bride and godmother
4. Man and his bayaw
5.Two Cousins
6.Father and his foster child
7.Godmother and her nephew
8.Godfather and his godson
9.Woman and her manugang
10.Bayaw and his niece
Family 
 FAMILY

 A small institution that unites

individuals into cooperative groups
to oversee the bearing and raising
of children.
 The family is built on kinship based
on blood, marriage, and adoption.
 The family is the first group and
network that an individual acquires
in his/her lifetime.
 FAMILY

1. To provide a place to
rear children
2. To provide a sense of
belonging among its
members
3. To create the identity
of an individual
4. To transmit culture to
the next generation
Types of families based on
Descent
1. Patrilineal
2. Matrilineal
3. Bilateral
Types of families based on
Residence
1. Patrilocal
2. Matrilocal
3. Bilocal
4. Neolocal
5. Avuncolocal
 According to the United Nations
( UN ), a family nucleus may be
one of the following:
1. a married couple without children
2. a married couple with one or
more unmarried children
3. a father with one or more
unmarried children
4. a mother with one or more
unmarried children.
Family

 Every family is a complicated set of

people. It is far different from many
people’s common idea of a family
being composed od a couple and
their children.

 What many people conceive as the

idea of family is the family nucleus.

 According to the United Nations ( UN

), a family nucleus may be one of the
following:
Families are classified into different types,
depending on the residence of the family
nucleus. If Only one family nucleus lives in
a residence, it is classified as a nuclear
family.

 Extended family – Composed of two

or more blood related family nuclei.
 The family has a matrifocal structure
if they involve women like female
grandparent, female parent, and female
children.
 Patrifocal family focuses on men.
 With time, the institution of
family has transformed in
many ways. The prevalence
of separated couples with
children who remarry paved
the way to the formation of
reconstituted family.
 A reconstituted family, also
known as blended family, is
the constitution of two adults
who have children from
previous relationships.
Cinderella’s family is an
example.
Family and Household

What is the difference between Family

and Household?

 Household is a term used by census

bureaus to refer to the set of individuals,
related or unrelated by blood, who share
a common residence.
According to UN, Households can be
classified into four type: Single, Nuclear,
extended, and Composite.
Patriarchy Vs. Matriarchy

 Each group will be given

10 minutes to present their
arguments
 Cipher
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26