UCSP Lecture - 2nd Sem, Finals

REVIEWER FOR UNDERSTANDING CULTURES, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS FINAL EXAM

4 MAIN DESCENT RULES
MODULE 5 1. Unilineal Descent
o To be affiliated to the descent of 1 sex group only-
I. Kinship
either the male or the female.
II. Family
III. Kinship by blood
1. Matrilineal Descent (Uterine
IV. Descent
Descent)
a. 4 main descent rules
▪ Trace kinship relations
V. Kinship by marriage
through the female’s line.
a. 2 types of families based on marriage
▪ Ex. Minangkabau ethnic
systems
group in West Sumatra,
VI. 7 Major Residency Pattern
Indonesia.

2. Patrilineal Descent (Agnatic

KINSHIP Descent)
▪ Trace kinship relations
• Web of social relationships that humans form as a part
through the male’s line.
of a family
▪ Ex. Chinese

FAMILY 2. Bilateral Descent

• Smallest unit of society o To be affiliated to the descent of both sides of the

• A social and economic unit that consists of one or more family
parents and their children (Ferraro & Andreatta, 2010) o Kindred – ties with the nuclear family can be
• As long as individuals are socially and economically extended to the family members of the spouses.
interdependent, they can be considered as a family.
• A family should have at least one child. One of the KINSHIP BY MARRIAGE
crucial elements of a family is the existence of a child. • Marriage
o Socially or ritually recognized union or legal
contract between spouses that establish
COMMON LAW MARRIAGE rights and obligations (1) between them, (2)
• An informal union of at least two individuals who between them and their children, (3) between
present themselves as a couple. them and their in-laws.
• A.k.a. Cohabitating couples or domestic partners.
2 TYPES OF FAMILIES BASED ON
MARRIAGE SYSTEMS

KINSHIP BY BLOOD 1. Monogamous (Nuclear Family)

• This type of kindship links individuals based on their o Consists of a single couple and their child or
genetic relations (i.e., their bloodline). children.
o Serial Monogamy – remarriage is allowed
after a divorce or death of the other spouse.
CONSANGUINITY (BLOOD RELATIVES) 2. Polygamous
o Consists of several parents and their children.
• One factor that allows an individual to identify another o Polyandry
individual as a family member. ▪ A marriage pattern wherein
a woman is allowed to
DESCENT marry several men.
• The socially accepted connection between an ancestor
and their succeeding generations. o Polygyny
▪ A marriage pattern wherein
a man is allowed to marry
several women.

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 UCSP Lecture - 2nd Sem, Finals

6 MAJOR RESIDENCY PATTERNS o Just like to the leaders of bands, tribes’ leaders
1. Patrilocal have no concrete political power over their
o The woman is expected to transfer to the members.
residence of her husband’s father. o Tribute – a form of gift that may consist of wealth,
2. Matrilocal food, or other materials given to a central figure
o The man is expected to transfer to the who in turn, redistributes the accumulated goods
residence of her wife’s mother. to the other members of society.
3. Neolocal 3. Chiefdoms
o An arrangement that requires both spouses to • Chief
leave their households and create their own o Has the power and
at times even in a different locality. authority
4. Natalocal o Highest-ranking individual
o An arrangement that allows both spouses to o Ensures unity and
remain with their own households after economic activities in his
marriage. area.
5. Transnational Families o Often keeps his position as
o Whose family members reside separately long as he lives.
across territories. o Commonly, the chief’s
6. Ambilocal position is given to his son
o Allows the couple to choose to live either with or his sister’s son.
the wife’s mother’s area or the husband’s
father’s area. STATES
o This often creates an extended family as
several married children and married couples • A large community of people occupying a definite
may cohabit in 1 household. territory, having a government of their own,
wherein a great number of inhabitants render
MODULE 6
obedience and enjoy freedom from external
I. 3 Kinds of Political Groups control.
II. States • Population, sovereignty, government, territory.
III. Authority
IV. 3 Types of Authority by German Sociologist Max AUTHORITY
Weber
• The power of an individual/a group to enforce rules
V. Article III – Bill of Rights
upon the authority.

3 KINDS OF POLITICAL GROUPS 3 TYPES OF AUTHORITY by MAX WEBER

1. Bands
o Least complex form of political organization, as it
has neither a rigid form of governance nor a
structured form of leadership.
o Typically consists of 20-50 individuals – usually
related to one another by virtue of kinship.
o Chiefly based on foraging, hunting, and gathering.
o Decision-making is often made by the entire
group, with the eldest member acting as the
facilitator.
o Informal
o Egalitarian – each individual has an access to
resources and values.
2. Tribes
o Consists of segmentary lineages - marked by
loyalty per family cluster or segment.
o Less mobile than bands, as their form of economic
subsistence requires a degree of settlement.
o Most tribes are either horticultural (shifting
agriculture) or pastoral (tending animals).
o The leaders are individuals who are believed to
possess skills or aptitudes that relate to economic
activity.
1. Legal Authority
o Elected or appointed to office
o Is achieved by a leader through the process of
following established codes and procedures
governing the allocation and distribution of power
and resources within a society.
o Power is limited based on the codified laws
2. Traditional Authority
o Inherited the title
o Ex. Monarchs and their allies in both patrimonial
and feudal regimes.
3. Charismatic Authority
o Based on the personal attachment of the
subordinates to the ruler whose characteristics,
experiences, or even skills are believed to be
extraordinary, or maybe even supernatural.

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 UCSP
THE 1987 CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF
THE PHILIPPINES – ARTICLE III BILL OF RIGHTS
Section 1.
No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without
due process of law, nor shall any person be denied the equal
protection of the laws.
Section 2.
The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses,
papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and
seizures of whatever nature and for any purpose shall be
inviolable, and no search warrant or warrant of arrest shall
issue except upon probable cause to be determined personally
by the judge after examination under oath or affirmation of the
complainant and the witnesses he may produce, and particularly
describing the place to be searched and the persons or thing to
be seized.
Section 3.
(1) The privacy of communication and correspondence shall
be inviolable except upon lawful order of the court, and or when
public safety or order requires otherwise, as prescribed by law.
(2) Any evidence obtained in violation of this or the preceding
section shall be inadmissible for any purpose in any
proceeding.
Section 4.
No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, of
expression, or of the press, or the right of the people
peaceably to assemble and petition the government for
redress of grievances.
Section 5.
No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion,
or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. The free exercise and
enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without
discrimination or preference, shall forever be allowed. No
religious test shall be required for the exercise of civil or political
rights.
Section 6.
The liberty of abode and of changing the same within the limits
prescribed by law shall not be impaired except upon lawful order
of the court. Neither shall the right to travel be impaired except
in the interest of national security, public safety, or public health,
as may be provided by law.
Section 7.
The right of the people to information on matters of public
concern shall be recognized. Access to official records, and to
documents and papers pertaining to official acts, transactions,
or decisions, as well as to government research data used as
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Lecture - 2nd Sem, Finals
basis for policy development, shall be afforded the citizen,
subject to such limitations as may be provided by law.
Section 8.
The right of the people, including those employed in the public
and private sectors, to form unions, associations, or
societies for purposes not contrary to law shall not be abridged.
Section 9.
Private property shall not be taken for public use without just
compensation.
Section 10.
No law impairing the obligation of contracts shall be passed.
Section 11.
Free access to the courts and quasi-judicial bodies and
adequate legal assistance shall not be denied to any person
by reason of poverty.
Section 12.
(1) Any person under investigation for the commission of an
offense shall have the right to be informed of his right to
remain silent and to have competent and independent counsel
preferably of his own choice. If the person cannot afford the
services of counsel, he must be provided with one. These rights
cannot be waived except in writing and in the presence of
counsel.
(2) No torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation, or any
other means which vitiate the free will shall be used against
him. Secret detention places, solitary, incommunicado, or other
similar forms of detention are prohibited.
(3) Any confession or admission obtained in violation of this
or Section 17 hereof shall be inadmissible in evidence against
him.
(4) The law shall provide for penal and civil sanctions for
violations of this section as well as compensation to and
rehabilitation of victims of torture or similar practices, and their
families.
Section 13.
All persons, except those charged with offenses punishable by
reclusion perpetua when evidence of guilt is strong, shall, before
conviction, be bailable by sufficient sureties, or be released on
recognizance as may be provided by law. The right to bail shall
not be impaired even when the privilege of the writ of habeas
corpus is suspended. Excessive bail shall not be required.
Section 14.
(1) No person shall be held to answer for a criminal offense
without due process of law.
(2) In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall be presumed
innocent until the contrary is proved, and shall enjoy the right
 UCSP Lecture - 2nd Sem, Finals

to be heard by himself and counsel, to be informed of the nature

and cause of the accusation against him, to have a speedy,
impartial, and public trial, to meet the witnesses face to face, and
to have compulsory process to secure the attendance of
witnesses and the production of evidence in his behalf.
However, after arraignment, trail may proceed notwithstanding
the absence of the accused provided that he has been duly
notified and his failure to appear is unjustifiable.

Section 15.

The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be

suspended except in cases of invasion or rebellion when the
public safety requires it.

Section 16.

All persons shall have the right to a speedy disposition of

their cases before all judicial, quasi-judicial, or administrative
bodies.

Section 17.

No person shall be compelled to be a witness against himself.

Section 18.

(1) No person shall be detained solely by reason of his political

beliefs and aspirations.

(2) No involuntary servitude in any form shall exist except as

a punishment for a crime whereof the party shall have been duly
convicted.

Section 19.

(1) Excessive fines shall not be imposed, nor cruel, degrading

or inhuman punishment inflicted. Neither shall the death
penalty be imposed, unless, for compelling reasons involving
heinous crimes, the Congress hereafter provides for it. Any
death penalty already imposed shall be reduced to reclusion
perpetua.

(2) The employment of physical, psychological, or degrading

punishment against any prisoner or detainee or the use of
substandard or inadequate penal facilities under subhuman
conditions shall be dealt with by law.

Section 20.

No person shall be imprisoned for debt or non-payment of a

poll tax.

Section 21.

No person shall be twice put in jeopardy of punishment for

the same offense. If an act is punished by a law and an
ordinance, conviction or acquittal under either shall constitute a
bar to another prosecution for the same act.

Section 22.

No ex post facto law or bill of attainder shall be enacted.