KINSHIP

▪ Relationship based on blood and

marriage.
▪ Can refer to the patterns of
social relationship themselves or
the study of patterns of social DESCENT SYSTEM
relationship in one or more
culture. ▪ Kinship is reckoned in a number
of different ways around the
KIN – one’s family or relations/related world, resulting in a variety of
types of descent patterns and kin
TYPES OF KINSHIP groups.
AFFINAL – kinship based on blood
CONSAGUINEAL – kinship based on
marriage ▪ In kinship diagrams, one individual
is usually labeled as ego. This is
KINSHIP BY BLOOD the person to whom all kinship
▪ Descent – social concept on relationships are referred.
relatedness based on common
ancestry.
▪ Descendant – a person descended
from a particular ancestor.
▪ Ancestor – one from whom a
TYPES OF DESCENT
person descended. UNILINEAL DESCENT
▪ Traces descent only through a
single line of ancestors, male or
female.
 ▪ Descent links are only recognized
through relatives of one gender.
▪ The two basic forms of unilineal
descent are referred to as
patrilineal and matrilineal.
Patrilineal descent (surname)
▪ only males pass on their family
identity to their children. A
woman's children are members of
her husband's patrilineal line.
Matrilineal descent (maiden’s name)
▪ The form of unilineal descent
that follows a female line. Only
daughters can pass on the family
line to their offspring.
COGNATIC DESCENT
▪ follow one non-unilineal
or cognatic descent principles.
Result is more varied and
complex family systems than are
found in societies with
patrilineal or matrilineal descent
patterns.
▪ known to occur in four
variations: bilineal, ambilineal,
parallel, and bilateral descent.
▪ most common pattern is bilineal
descent.
Bilineal descent
▪ When both patrilineal and
matrilineal descent principles are
combined.
 Ambilineal descent
▪ Another unusual descent system
that, in a sense, combines
unilineal patterns.
▪ Descent from either males or
females is recognized, but
individuals may select only one
line to trace descent.
▪ Since each generation can choose
which parent to trace descent
through, a family line may be
patrilineal in one generation and
matrilineal in the next.
Parallel descent
▪ Men trace their ancestry through
male lines and women trace
theirs through female lines.
Bilateral descent
▪ Families who use this system
trace descent through both
parents simultaneously and
recognize multiple ancestors.
KINSHIP BY MARRIAGE
▪ Monogamy - is the practice of
having only one spouse at one
time.
▪ Group Marriage - is a marriage
of 2 or more women to 2 or more
men.
▪ Polygamy - is the practice of
multiple marriage in which an
individual is married to more than
one person.
o Polygyny – one man
marries 2 or more women
o Polyandry – one woman
marries 2 or more men
RITUAL KINSHIP
▪ - Kinship in the form of
godparenthood.
▪ Parents selected godparents for
a child at his or her baptism,
 confirmation, and marriage. The
godparents were then tied to the
parents as co-parents.
o Godparents – (aka
sponsor) guardians who
agree to love and take
care for the child as their
own (a second set of
parents).
VARIATIONS OF FAMILY PATTERNS
BASED ON INTERNAL ORGANIZATION
▪ Conjugal Family - A nuclear
family of adult partners and
their children.
▪ Extended Family - Family unit
that extends past nuclear
family (aunt, uncles,
grandparents).
BASED ON ORIGIN
▪ Family Orientation - A group
in w/c we’re born and reared.
▪ Family Pro-Creation - When
we marry and have children
of our own.
BASED ON DESCENT
▪ Patrilineal Descent – group
whose members trace their
relationships and affiliation with
relatives on father’s side
▪ Matrilineal Descent - group
whose members trace their
relationships and affiliation
with relatives on mother’s
side.
▪ Bilateral Descent – family
whose members trace their
relationships and affiliation
with relatives on both
parents.
BASED ON WHO WIELDS THE POWER
▪ Patriarchal – Family authority
is vested in oldest male
member of the family
(Father).
▪ Matriarchal – Family
authority is exercised by the
mother who dominates the
household.
▪ Egalitarian – Both husband
and wife exercise equal
amount of authority.
BASED ON RESIDENCE
▪ Patrilocal – newly-married
couple lives with or near the
home of groom’s family.
▪ Matrilocal – newly-married
couple lives with or near the
home of bride’s family.
 ▪ Bilocal – newly-weds choose
to stay with either their
parents.
▪ Neolocal – when couple
resides independently from
their parents.
▪ Avunculocal – prescribed to
reside with or near domicile
of the maternal uncle of
groom.
Kinship POLITICS
▪ is commonly found in tribal
societies across the world where
kin genealogy is applied to
determine the system of
communal leadership. It is the
traditional pattern of bequeathing
political power family members.
▪ built based on the classic
political principle: blood is
thicker than water. It asserts
that power should be distributed
among family members.
▪ For the sake of family security,
power should not be seized from
those who have kinship connections
and must be circulated only among
those who are tied by blood.
POLITICAL AND
LEADERSHIP
POLITICAL ORGANIZATION - involves
issues like allocation of political
roles, level of political
integration, concentration of
power and authority, mechanisms
of social control and resolving
conflicts.
▪ Democratic Multi-Party
Systems
▪ No restriction on the number of
parties allowed to be in operation
at any given time.
▪ People are free to participate in
the political process both
through elections and by forming
their own political parties as
they please.
▪ Single-Party system
▪ There is only one political party
exercises control over the
government.
▪ Single-party systems do not
necessarily extend democratic
privileges to the citizens. This
means that citizens have little
say regarding political subjects.
▪ Two-Party System
▪ similar to multiparty systems in
that power is not concentrated in
one party and that parties have
to consider the opinion of the
general public in order to retain
power by winning elections.
▪ Most two-party systems are
technically multiparty systems
but all power is effectively
concentrated amongst two parties
or coalitions.
CLASSIFICATION OF SOCIETIS
 BAND - usually a very small,
oftentimes nomadic, group that is
connected by family ties and is
politically independent.
Nomadic - meaning moving
from place to place,
usually in search of food,
bands are most often made
up of hunter-gatherers.
 TRIBE - combination of smaller
kin or non-kin groups, linked by a
common culture, that usually act
as one. tribe’s societies are food
producers in which agricultural &
husbandry is more important than
food collection & hunting.
 CHIEFDOM - a political unit headed
by a chief, who holds power over
more than one community group.
chiefdoms are not egalitarian but
instead have social rank, with
the chief and his family holding
power.
 NATION STATE - a state in which
the great majority shares the
same culture and is conscious of
it. State is a self-governing unit
surrounded by many communities
 within a territory, having the
power and authority to collect
taxes, use men for work & war
and enforce laws.
POLITICAL AND LEADERSHIP
STRUCTURE
AUTHORITY
▪ accepted power—that is, power
that people agree to follow.
People listen to authority figures
because they feel that these
individuals are worthy of respect.
LEGITIMACY
▪ the right and acceptance of
an authority, usually a governing
law or a régime. Whereas
"authority" denotes a specific
position in an established
government, the term "legitimacy"
denotes a system of
government—wherein
"government" denotes "sphere of
influence".
AUTHORITY AND LEGITIMACY developed by
max weber
▪ Traditional Authority - is a
form of leadership in
which the authority of
an organization or a ruling
regime is largely tied
to tradition or custom.
▪ Charismatic Authority - is
a concept of leadership
that involves a type of
organization or a type of
leadership in which
authority derives from the
charisma of the leader.
▪ Legal-Rational Authority -
is one that is grounded in
clearly defined laws. The
obedience of people is not
based on the capacity of
any leader but on the
legitimacy and competence
that procedures and laws
bestow upon persons in
authority.
Economic institutions TYPES OF RECIPROCITY
▪ Generalized Reciprocity -
▪ A network of commercial
giving something without
organizations that determine how
the anticipation of an
goods and services are produced,
instant return.
distributed, generated and
▪ Balanced Reciprocity -
purchased.
giving out of something
▪ Company or an organization that
with the anticipation of
deals with money or with
immediate return.
managing the distribution of
▪ Negative Reciprocity -
money, goods, and services in an
occurs when the exchange
economy.
of something involves
Example of economic institution: taking advantage of the
government organizations such as someone or the situation.
philhealth, GSIS and pagcor. (involves: trickery, deceit,
theft, intimidation or hard
RECIPROCITY
bargaining)
▪ Exists when there is an exchange
of goods or labor between TRANSFER
individuals in community. ▪ Entails a redistribution of income
▪ It is a system of exchange in that is not matched by actual
which goods or services passed exchange of goods and services.
from one another without the ▪ payments that are made without
need for explicit contracting for any good or service being
specific payments. received in return.
▪ In Sociology, it is defined as a system
of voluntary exchange among
individuals based on the
understanding that the giving of
favor will be reciprocated in the
future.
 REDISTRIBUTION
▪ In Economics, the theory, policy
or practice of lessening or
reducing inequalities in income.
▪ a combination of transfer and
reciprocity where the economic
exchange involves the collection
of goods from members, pooling
and redistribution of these goods
among the same members.
MARKET TRANSACTIONS
▪ The exchange of goods and
services through a market. The
set of market transactions taking
place in the economy is most
important in measuring the gross
domestic product (GDP)
▪ Market system - a type of
economic system that allows
the free flow of goods
between and among private
individuals and firms with
very limited participation from
the government.
NON – state institutions
▪ Institutions that are not
controlled by the government or
state.
• BANKS AND CORPORATIONS
o Banks can be a commercial
or state institution that
provides financial services
to the people. Like issuing
money, deposits of money,
lending money and many
more.
o Corporations are
association of individuals
created by law.
• COOPERATIVES AND TRADE UNIONS
o Jointly owned enterprise
engaging in the production
or distribution of goods or
the supplying of services,
operated by its member.
o an association of workers
forming a legal unit
or legal personhood.
• TRANSNATIONAL ADVOCACY GROUPS
o Organization which are
dedicated into influencing
 political, economics,social
and institustional decisions
beyond countries borders.
• DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES
o An agency whose goal is to
help develop and support
economic growth within a
specified city, region or
state by providing
necessary resources and
assistance.
• INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
o an organization with an
international membership,
scope, or presence. There
are two main types:
▪ International non-
governmental organization
▪ Intergovernmental
organization
EDUCATION
▪ The process of receiving or giving
systematic instruction, especially
at a school or university.
FUNCTION OF EDUCATION IN THE
SOCIETY
SOCIALIZATION
DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALITY
- Education helps the development
of the qualities of an individual,
such as physical, mental and
emotional make-up as well as his
temperament and character.
SOCIAL CONTROL
▪ Education plays a vital role in
regulating individual behavior
through transmitting a way of
life and communicating ideas and
values to the new generations.
SOCIAL INTEGRATION
▪ Education, by imparting values,
also integrates people into the
broader society.
DETERMINATION OF STATUS
▪ through education young people
secure higher status jobs than
their parents. With higher incomes
 they come to associate with the
persons of higher status. Thus,
education provides the channel to
better socio-economic status.
PROVIDES ROUTE FOR SOCIAL
MOBILITY
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
▪ Stratification = to form
“strata”
▪ Strata = layers or levels
▪ It refers to the way people are
ranked and ordered in society
▪ A hierarchical arrangement
HOW SOCIETY IS STRATIFIED?
▪ Economic condition
▪ Gender
▪ Religion
▪ Race
WHY IS THERE SOCIAL STRATIFICATION?
▪ STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM a
theory pioneered by emile
durkheim - “A framework for
building theory that sees society
as a complex system whose parts
work together to promote
solidarity and stability.”
▪ SOCIAL CONFLICT a theory
pioneered by karl marx – social
inequality could trigger social
change.
o DAVIS MOORE THESIS - The
more important a job is
for the society, the more
they reward it, which
promotes effective
functioning of that society
and also a system of
social stratification.
▪ SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM - There
are signs you carry around that
became reasons why people
categorize you in the hierarchy of
stratification.
Max Weber argued that Karl Marx’s
focus on stratification was too
simplistic.
▪ Economic class
▪ Social status
▪ Social power
SOCIAL DESIRABLES
▪ WEALTH - Includes property and
assets such as lands, farms,
houses, factories, and etc.
▪ PRESTIGE - The respect with which
a person or status position is
regarded by others.
▪ POWER - The ability of people or
groups to achieve their goals
despite opposition from others.
SYSTEMS OF STRATIFICATION
CASTE SYSTEM
▪ CLOSED SYSTEM - A
person’s rank and its
accompanying rights and
obligations are ascribed on
the basis of his birth into
a particular group.
▪ OPEN SYSTEM - A person’s
position depends to a very
great extent upon
achievement and his ability
to use to advantage the
inborn characteristics and
wealth that he may
possess.
ESTATE SYSTEM - A
stratification system visible in
the medieval Europe which
gave emphasis to birth as
well as to wealth and
possessions.
FEUDALISM
SLAVERY - One person owns
another. The master’s power
over the slave was unlimited.
 CLASS SYSTEM - Social
mobility between classes is
possible through education
and certain opportunities.
People are free to gain a
different level of education
or employment than their
parents.
SOCIAL MOBILITY SYSTEM
▪ Movement of individuals, families,
households or other categories
of people within or between
layers or tiers in an open system
of stratification.
TYPES OF SOCIAL MOBILITY
▪ Vertical social mobility
▪ Movement from one stratum to
another.
▪ Horizontal social mobility
▪ Change in status at same level.
▪ Intra-generational social mobility
▪ An individual moves social
classes within his or her own
lifetime.
▪ Intergenerational social mobility
▪ A family group moves up or down
the social ladder across the span
of generations.
SOCIAL INEQUALITY
▪ refers to relational processes in
society that have the effect of
limiting or harming a group's
social status, social class, and
social circle.
▪ The way people behave socially,
through racist or sexist practices
and other forms of discrimination,
tends to trickle down and affect
the opportunities and wealthy
individuals can generate for
themselves.
▪ Direct social inequality - Occurs
when unfair treatment of a group
(or groups) is deliberate and can
be present in both community or
government capacities.
▪ Indirect social inequality - Occurs
when unfair treatment of a group
(or groups) is not the explicit
purpose of a policy or action, but
still results in social inequality
SOCIAL CAPITAL - the ability of
a collective to act together
to pursue a common goal.
POLITICAL CAPITAL - refers to
the trust, good will, and
influence possessed by a
political actor, such as
 politician, to mobilize support
toward as preferred policy
outcome.
SYMBOLIC CAPITAL - refers to
the resources that one
possesses which is a function
of honor, prestige or
recognition, or any other
traits that one values within
a culture.
SOURCES OF CULTURAL, SOCIAL
AND POLITICAL CHANGE
INNOVATION - It is the social
creation and institutionalization
of new ideas.
TYPES OF INNOVATION
▪ TECHNOLOGICAL
ADVANCEMENT
o material culture
o non-material
culture
▪ NEW IDEAS AND CULTURAL
VALUES
DIFFUSION - It occurs when one (1) group
borrows something from another group
such as norms, values, food, clothing
and other innovations.
WAYS OF DIFFUSION
▪ DIRECT DIFFUSION: Two
varying cultures adopt the
features of each other and
survive.
▪ INDIRECT DIFFISION: Traits of
one culture are
incorporated into others
through external factors
like education, mass media,
and social forms of
communication.
▪ FORCED DIFFUSION: One
culture overpowers the
other.
MEDIUMS OF DIFFUSION
▪ TRADE
▪ TRAVEL AND IMMIGRATION
ACCULUTURATION - learn new values and
keep original values
ASSIMILATION – become similar and blend
in loss of distinctiveness.
NEW CHALLENGES TO HUMAN ▪ Environmental Movements
▪ Civil Rights Movements
ADAPTATION AND SOCIAL CHANGE ▪ Nationalist Movements
▪ GLOBAL WARMING - is a
short-term change in the
atmosphere.
▪ CLIMATE CHANGE – long-
term change in the
atmosphere.

NEW FORMS OF SOCIAL MEDIA

AND NETWORKING
6 TYPES OF SOCIAL MEDIA
1. Social networks
2. Bookmarking Sites
3. Social News
4. Media sharing
5. Microblogging
6. Blog comments and Forums

SOCIAL MOVEMENT
▪ a developing collective action of
a significant portion of members
of a major social category. It
aims for a social change
EXAMPLES OF SOCIAL MOVEMENT
▪ Women’s Movements
▪ Gay rights Movements