CULTURAL,

SOCIAL, AND
POLITICAL
INSTITUTIONS
 3 IMPORTANT CONCEPTS IN THE
STUDY OF SOCIETY AND CULTURE

a.) KINSHIP

b.) MARRIAGE

c.) HOUSEHOLD
01
KINSHIP
 KINSHIP
A social institution that refers to relations formed
between members of society.

3 TYPES OF KINSHIP

★ KINSHIP BY BLOOD
★ KINSHIP BY MARRIAGE
★ KINSHIP BY RITUALS
★ Kinship by blood
Also known as Consanguineal Kinship and considered the most
basic and general form of relations.

● Descent- biological relationship

● Lineage- the line where one’s descent is traced
Kinship by blood

A. UNILINEAL DESCENT

Usually traced by most ancestors through a single line from either

the male or female line.

BASIC FORMS OF UNILINEAL DESCENT

● Patrilineal- both the male and females belong to the kin group of their
father but they do not belong to their mother’s kin group.
Kinship by blood

● Matrilineal- traced through the female line. Persons are related if they
can trace their descent through females to the same women ancestor.
B. DOUBLE UNILINEAL DESCENT

The child at birth is assigned to the mother’s group or father’s group for specific
purposes.

C. BILATERAL DESCENT

Kinship is traced both ancestral line of the mother and the father.
02
MARRIAGE
★ Kinship by marriage

Also known as Affinal kinship, which refers to the type of

relations developed when marriage occurs.

● Families of both the husband and wife also form new social relations
with each other.
 MARRIAGE
An important social institution wherein two persons, a man and a
woman, enter into family life.

MARRIAGE ACROSS CULTURE

Different societies have different sets of cultural practices, norms, and rules
pertaining or marriage. Cultures across societies have developed traditions, customs,
rules, and norms that determine how marriage will be done.
Kinship by Marriage

a. ENDOGAMY
or compulsory marriage, in their own villages, community, ethic,
social, or religious group.

● Members of the society who do not follow or who disobey the

endogamous rules or marriage are sometimes penalized mildly, through
other may receive severe sanctions like death or ostracism.
Kinship by Marriage

b. EXOGAMY
or out-marriage; refers to a marriage custom where an
individual is required by society’s norms and rules to marry
outside of their own group, community, or social classes.
Kinship by Marriage

c. MONOGAMY
Came from the Greek words monos and gamos which literally mean
“one union”

It refers to the marriage or sexual partnering customs or practice

where an individual has only one male or female partner or mate.
Kinship by Marriage

d. POLYGAMY
Refers to the practice of having more than one partner or sexual mate.

● POLYGYNY- a man has multiple partners or mates.

● POLYANDRY- a woman has multiple male partners and mates.
★ Kinship by RITUALS

● Compadrazgo - Literally translate as “godparenthood’ is a ritualized

form of forging co-parenthood or family.
● Originating in the medieval Catholic church in Europe, this can be
done through the performance Catholic rituals like baptism,
confirmation, and marriage.
Kinship by Ritual

● Through the compadrazgo, set-up a relationship between the child’s

biological parents, their children and person close to the parents but not
related by blood become a family.
● In the Philippines, the spiritual parents are called by child’s biological
parents as compadre or kumpare for the male godparent and kumare for
the female godparent.
Kinship by Ritual

● The godson or goddaughter is called inaanak by the godparent, while the

godson or goddaughter calls his or her spiritual parent or god parent as
ninong or ninang
 THE
FAMILY
AND THE
03
HOUSEHOLD
The Family And The Household

● The family is considered the basic unit of social organization.

● It is made up of a group of individuals who are linked together by
marriage, blood, relations, or adaption.
● It constitutes a single household that interrelates with each other and
performs the social roles as a husband, wife, mother, father, brother, sister.
Types of Family

NUCLEAR FAMILY
● A type of family that is made up of a group of people who are united by
social ties.

● It is made up of a married couple and their biological or adopted child or

children.
Types of Family

EXTENDED FAMILY
● A family that extends beyond the nuclear family of parents and their
children to include aunts, uncles, grandparents, cousins or other relatives,
all living nearby or in the same household.
Types of Family

BLENDED / RECONSTITUTED FAMILY

● Is a type of family where the parents have a child or children from
previous marital relationship but all members stay and congregate to form
a new family unit.
● It is sometimes called a step family, reconstituted family, or a complex
family.
 RESIDENCE PATTERNS
● The cultural norms, or common ways of life, related to where couples
locate upon marriage, particularly when it comes to their dependence on
and proximity to their families of origin
● Anthropologists are also interested in the rules of residence or location of
the couple’s permanent residence after marriage.
 FORMS OF NEOLOCAL RULES OF RESIDENCE
1. Patrilocal - Occurs when married couples stay in the house of the
husband’s kin.
2. Matrilocal - Happens when the couple live with the wife’s relatives or
near the wife’s kin.
3. Ambilocal - happens when the newlywed couple stay with the husband’s
relatives and the wife’s kin alternately.
4. Neolocal - when married couple build household in a different location.
“Families are like branches on a tree. We
grow on different directions
yet our roots remain as one.”
 THANK YOU!
GROUP 6

Clarence Neil Morco

Hazel Anne Duran
Ma. Alea Cassandra Olavario
Mariel Trafalgar Oyardo
Sheila Mae Hesita
Cassandra Palenzuela