UCSP

1st SEMESTER (2nd Quarter)

12 STEM - C
KINSHIP BY RITUALS
L1: KINSHIP, MARRIAGE, AND RITUAL KINSHIP
HOUSEHOLD ● a privileged social
relationship is established
KINSHIP by rituals such as that of
- the web of social relationships godparents or fraternal
that form an important part of the orders
lives of most humans in most ○ Compadrazgo: the
societies institutional
- refer to the study of the patterns relationship
of social relationships in one or between compadres
more human cultures ○ Compadres: the
- three types: by blood, ritual, and relationship
marriage between the parents
and godparents of a
KINSHIP BY BLOOD child that creates
1. UNILINEAL DESCENT an important bond
● describes that a person is that originates
affiliated with a group of kin when a child is
through descent links of baptized
one sex only
● either patrilineal or KINSHIP BY MARRIAGE
matrilineal MARRIAGE: socially approved
○ patrilineal sexual and economic union,
descent: affiliates usually between a man and a
an individual with woman
kin of both sexes Different Types of Marriage
related to him or her 1. Endogamy: practice of
through men only marrying within specific
○ matrilineal ethnic group, class, or
descent: affiliates social group, rejecting
an individual with others on such a basis as
kin of both sexes being unsuitable for
related him or her marriage or for other close
through women only personal relationships
2. AMBILINEAL DESCENT 2. Exogamy: custom of
● a system containing both marrying outside a
unilineal descent groups community, clan, or tribe
example both patrilineal 3. Monogamy: permits only
and matrilineal groups in one marital union for
which one belongs to one’s everyone. married couples
father’s and or mother’s can no longer marry
descent group another individual except
3. BILATERAL DESCENT when divorced or annulled
● two sides which refers to a. Serial Monogamy:
the fact that one’s relatives pattern of
on both mother’s and relationships where
father’s side are equal in an individual moves
importance from one long-term
sexual partner to
another
b. Non-Serial
Monogamy: a sub-
form of monogamy
 where a man gets
married to a woman
and stays with each
other till he or she
dies
4. Polygamy: practice of
having more than one
partner or sexual mate
a. Polygyny: a man
has multiple
partners
b. Polyandry: a grandparents,
woman has multiple
mate
DIVORCE, ANNULMENT, AND LEGAL
SEPARATION
1. Divorce
● formal ending of a marriage
● more permanent than a
separation and involves a
legal process
● getting a divorce means the
marriage is officially over
2. Annulment
● legal procedure that voids
a marriage and declares it
null from its inception
3. Legal Separation
● legal remedy for couples
suffering from a 4.
problematic marriage
● in a legal separation, the
couple is allowed to live
apart and separately own
assets
● legally separated couples
are not permitted to
remarry since their
marriage is still
considered valid and
subsisting
FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD
Family: group of persons united
by the ties of marriage, blood, or
adoption, constituting a single
household and interacting with
each other in their respective
social positions, usually those of
spouses, parents, children, and
sibling
Two Types of Family
1. Nuclear Family
●core members of
the family
● usually parents and
children
2. Extended Family
● family that extends
beyond the nuclear
family of parents
and their children
● include aunts,
uncles,
cousins, or other
relatives, all living
nearby or in the
same household
TYPES OF RESIDENCE
1. Neolocal: type of family where a
couple chooses to move away
from their families and creates
their own home
2. Patrilocal: the son stays and the
daughter leaves so that the
married couple lives with or near
the husband’s parents
3. Matrilocal: daughter stay and the
son leaves so that the married
couple lives with or near the wife’s
parents
Avunculocal: married couple
traditionally lives with the man’s
mother eldest brother
5. Bilocal: either the son or the
daughter leaves so that the
married couple lives or near either
the wife’s or the husband’s parents
L2: POLITICAL AND LEADERSHIP
STRUCTURE
1. Politics
● activities through which
people make, preserve,
and amend the general
rules under which they live
● involves the dynamics of
conflict resolution and
cooperation, as well as the
exercise of power
2. Power
● ability to do something to
achieve a desired outcome
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 ●involves a relationship—
there is one who exercises
power and another who is
subject to it
3. Authority
● legitimate power, where the
person who has authority
has the right to exercise
power
POLITICAL ORGANIZATION
involves issues like the allocation
of political roles, levels of political
integration, concentrations of power and
authority, mechanisms of social control,
and resolving conflicts
TYPES
1. BANDS
● usually a very small,
oftentimes nomadic group
that is connected by family
ties and is politically
independent
● typically formed by several
families living together
based on marriage ties,
common descendants,
friendship affiliations, and
members that usually have
a common interest or
enemy
● the oldest decide
● acephalous: without a well-
defined system of
leadership
2. TRIBES
● combination of smaller kin
or non-kin groups, linked by
a common culture, that
usually act as one
● acephalous
3. CHIEFDOM
● political unit headed by a
chief, who holds power
over more than one
community group
● more densely populated
and are not egalitarian but
instead have social rank,
with the chief and his family
holding power
● since chiefs are usually
chosen by heredity, this
usually gives his family and
their inner circle the reigns
to power
● many chiefdoms believe
their chiefs are endowed
with mana, a supernatural
power that gives the right to
rule
● monarchy
● dynasty
TERMS
NATION: consists of a distinct
population of people bound
together by a common culture,
history, and tradition who are
typically concentrated within
specific geographic region, specific
geographic region
STATE: political unit that has
sovereignty—the legitimate and
ultimate authority of the state -
over an area of territory and the
people within it
4 characteristics of state: territory,
people, sovereignty, government
L3: EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION
EDUCATION: process through which
skills, knowledge, and values are
transmitted from the teachers to the
learners
EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES
● managed and regulated by the
Department of Education
(DepEd)
○ controls the Philippine
education system
○ creates and implement the
curriculum and utilize the
funds allotted by the central
government
○ manages the construction
of schools, acquisition of
books and other school
materials, and the
recruitment of teachers and
staff
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● from 1945 to 2011: basic
education was composed of six
years of elementary education,
starting at the age of seven
(changed to six later), and four
years of high school education
starting at the age of 12
● 2011: started to transition from 10-
year basic educational system to a
K-12 educational system
FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATION IN A
SOCIETY
1. giving training in a specific skills or
the basic general education
literacy
2. prepare people for their future
occupation
3. preserving the culture from one
generation to the next generations
4. encouraging democratic
participation by teaching verbal
skills
5. improving personal adjustment
through personal counseling and
such courses as applied
psychology, sex education, family
living, and drug abuse
6. developing the person’s ability to
think rationally and independently
7. building character
8. two important goals: productive
citizenry and self-actualization
a. productive citizenry: idea
that a citizen can create
opportunities to become
productive
b. self-actualization: desire
for self-fulfillment
PRIMARY EDUCATION AS A HUMAN
RIGHT
● the UDHR states the everyone has
the right to education
● education must be free and
compulsory at least in the primary
level
● higher education and technical-
vocational education should be
made generally available
● education is a powerful tool by
which economically and socially
marginalized adults and children
can lift themselves out of poverty
and participate fully as citizens
● it is enshrined in the 1987
Philippine Constitution that primary
education is considered a right of a
child
TYPES OF EDUCATION
1. FORMAL EDUCATION
● systematic and deliberate
process of hierarchically
structured and sequential
learning corresponding to
the general concept of
elementary and secondary
level of schooling
● takes place in a classroom
setting and provided by
trained teaching and non-
teaching staff
2. NON-FORMAL EDUCATION
● organized educational
activity that takes place
outside a formal set up or
outside the framework of
the formal system to
provide selected types of
learning to a segment of
the population
3. ALTERNATIVE LEARNING
SYSTEM
● parallel learning system in
the Philippines that
provides a practical option
to the existing formal
instruction
● when one does not have or
cannot access formal
education in schools, ALS
is an alternate substitute
● includes both the non-
formal and informal
sources of knowledge and
skills
L4: RELIGIOUS AND BELIEF SYSTEM
Religion
● a set of attitudes, beliefs, and
practices pertaining to
supernatural beings and forces
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● different in terms of perspectives
and practices
● can be found in all human
societies which makes it culturally
universal
● affects us and our way of thinking
in the existing world
● serves as a pattern for the actions
we take in day-to-day existence
● seen not only as a social belief but
also a social institution that
continues to develop over time
TYPES OF RELIGION
1. ANIMISM
● represents a belief that
places, objects, along
creatures have unique
spiritual qualities
● includes different things
such as plants, animals,
rocks, rivers, and weather
systems
● spirits can be in good or
bad form which can make
interactions and influences
on humans in various ways
and forms
○ bad spirits: negative
energies,
possessions,
demonic
disturbances, and
cases of insanity
○ good spirits:
attributes that aid
humans in acquiring
their needs and
addressing their
issues
2. POLYTHEISM
● believe in more than one
deity which is characterized
by the worship of many
deities that illustrate the
ways of life including
beliefs, practices, and
traditions
● earliest form of religion
among several societies
● the ideas of religion are
said to be rooted in the
“events of life including
hopes and fears which
actuate the human mind”
3. MONOTHEISM
● belief in one god, which is
accountable for all the
things happening in the
world including the world’s
creation and existence
INSTITUTIONALIZED RELIGION
- a religion in which belief systems
and rituals are systematically
arranged and formally established
CHARACTERISTICS
1. WIDE SCALE RELIGIOUS
CLOUT
● the number of individuals
affiliated with this religious
institution is immense and it
crosses political and
international borders and
cuts across social status
2. HIERARCHICAL LEADERSHIP
AND MEMBERSHIP
● followers of this type of
faith system are relegated
to socio-political posts
within the system which
provides ranking and status
● implies that access to the
divine may not be given to
every member but is a
privilege of a selected few
3. CODIFIED RITUALS
● processes of interacting
with the divine and with
fellow members are guided
by written rules and
regulations that have the
power of the law such that
a member’s inability to
comply results in the
imposition of sanctions
SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE
1987 Philippine Constitution Article II
Section 6: The separation of Church and
state shall be inviolable
Article III Section 5: no law shall be
made respecting an establishment of
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religion or prohibiting the free exercise wide range of human
thereof. the free exercise and enjoyment activities and natural
of religious profession and worship, events
without discrimination or preference, shall ● deals with solving a current
forever be allowed. no religious test shall problem by seeking the
be required for the exercise of civil or intervention of the divine
political rights. through the performance
and offering of gifts
TYPES OF RELIGIOUS PRACTITIONERS
1. SHAMAN 2. DIVINATION
● community healer ● intends to gain from the
● position usually occupied divine practical answers for
by a male who has high any concern that may
status in his community range from war plans to
● Shamanism was observed marriage choices
in most parts of Asia
3. SORCERY AND WITCHCRAFT
2. WITCH AND SORCERERS ● have been depicted by
● poorly regarded in their media as a socially
societies due to the accepted activity
perceived malevolence that ● usually marginalized and
they inflict on individuals ostracized as they
● have a very low social and perceived to be bringers of
economic status and often malevolence and
ostracized by members of misfortune
the society ● SORCERER: inflicts harm
on individuals using
3. MEDIUM materials such as dolls,
● well favored by the wands, and medicines
members of his/her ○ ex. voodoo — use
community as he/she is materials related to
involved in healing rituals the victim to cast
while in a possessed trance sickness and pain to
● capable of performing them
divination to predict future ● WITCHCRAFT: promotes
courses of action the same effect as the
sorcerer with a mere
4. PRIEST difference in method as the
● tends to be a male whose witchcraft only uses
sole preoccupation is to emotions and words of the
officiate religious practitioner to impact its
ceremonies and rituals victim
● due to his status in ○ ex. kulam sa hangin
religious hierarchy, he is — a Filipino belief
highly regarded by which inflicts harm
community members on the victim
through curses
TYPES OF RELIGIOUS ACTIVITIES uttered by a
- interaction with the divine practitioner

1. MAGIC 4. PRAYERS, FEASTS, AND

● manipulation of SACRIFICES
supernatural forces for the ● promote a direct interaction
purpose of intervening in a with the divine, as

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 individuals or groups
communicate their thoughts
and desires to the
supernatural through
uttered requests (prayers),
celebrations (feasts), and
gifts (sacrifices)
RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS
- human groups create various
religious organizations depending
on their society’s political and
economic norms
- anthropologists associate religious
organizations with the concept of
cults
CULT
● small group of individuals who
have extreme religious beliefs and
practices
● not a group of people, it is an
organized system associated with
cultural beliefs and practices which
also make a social structure
● the degree of complexity of the
organizations is related to the
extent by which labor
specialization is enforced in the
society
1. INDIVIDUALISTIC CULTS
● practiced in food-collecting
societies where equality is
central to the group’s
culture
● individuals can access the
divine without restrictions
or need for an intercessor
● practice no role
specialization further
fosters the capacity of the
individual to communicate
with the supernatural
● not an exclusive
organization as it can be
merged with other forms of
cults
○ ex. crow indian
practice of vision
quest — a Crow
Indian male goes on
a solitary journey to
gain a divine
relation to his nature
and identity
2. SHAMANISTIC CULTS
● believes in a shaman or
medicine man
● present in most egalitarian
societies that are based on
economies focused on
foraging, horticulture, and
pastoralism
● functions: healing,
intercession, and
punishment
● authority is based on the
participant’s belief in the
shaman’s religious
experiences
● the capacity to heal is
gained through training
from older shamans
3. COMMUNAL CULTS
● allows a group direct
access to the divine except
for situations that need
shaman and witch’s
expertise
● often present in societies
with labor specialization
wherein a group of
individuals has direct
access to scarce values
and resources based on
their economic contribution
4. ECCLESIASTICAL CULTS
● have full-time religious
practitioners—Priest
● often present in highly
stratified societies where
individuals have unequal
access to values and
resources
NOTES
● due to economic and political
differentiation, humans tend to
create varying religious norms a
practices
● religion is a mirror of one’s
society
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○ reflects the social
dynamics experienced by
its members
● understanding the variance of
religion promotes tolerance and
acceptance across societies
L5: HEALTH INSTITUTION
Health: complete physical, mental, and
social well-being (World Health
Organization)
HEALTH DOMAINS
1. PHYSICAL HEALTH
● how your body functions
such as eating right,
exercising regularly, being
at your recommend body
weight
● avoiding vices and being
free of disease and
sickness
2. PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH
● ability to recognize reality
and cope with the demands
of every life
3. EMOTIONAL HEALTH
● expressing your emotions
in a positive and non-
destructive way
4. SOCIAL HEALTH
● quality of your relationships
with family, friends,
teachers, classmates, and
others a person are in
contact with
5. SPIRITUAL HEALTH
● maintaining harmonious
relationships with other
living things and having
spiritual direction and
purpose
SPECIFIC SYNDROMES AND ILLNESSES
Medical-related terms in the Philippines:
1. BUGHAT
● originated from Cebu
● binat
● relapse of the body’s
system after it has healed
from sickness
● something that happens to
a person that has recently
healed from sickness but
then shortly gets sick again
2. USOG
● usually happens to young
children
● happens when an
unsuspecting stranger
greets you with an evil eye
● symptoms: development of
fever and sometimes
convulsions
● caused by distress in the
child with the visitor in
his/her hours (Fadul, 1998)
○ the stranger inside
the child’s house
may cause distress
and fear within a
child
○ thus, the child is
overpowered or
nauusog by the
stranger and may
feel afraid or get
sick
SYSTEMS OF DIAGNOSIS, PREVENTION,
AND HEALTH
1. TRADITIONAL MEDICINE AND
HEALING TREATMENT
● based on theories, beliefs,
and experiences
indigenous to different
cultures, whether
explicable or not used in
the maintenance of health
● can be found in some parts
of Asia and Africa
ex. acupuncture, herbalism,
use of Chinese medicine,
rubs
2. WESTERN MEDICINE
● modern-day practice of the
medical world
● medical science
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 ●usually done by a doctor, neuromusculoskelet
nurse, and other al system
conventional healthcare
provider
NOTES
● western medical and
scientific teachings and HEALTH IS A HUMAN RIGHT!
traditions ● WHO constitution enshrines the
ex. surgery: well-known highest attainable standard of
forefront of western health as a fundamental right of
medicine every human being
3. ALTERNATIVE HEALING ● the health of most of the world’s
● healing practice that has population is still and impending
the effect of medicine but issue that needs to be solved
does not necessarily
originate from medical
practice or a scientific
method
● not backed up by scientific
facts
● still proven successful in
healing illnesses and
psychological strains
● EXAMPLES
○ Christian faith
healing: Christian
belief that God
heals people
through the power
of the Holy Spirit.
involves the laying
on of hands
○ traditional Chinese
medicine
○ naturopathy: holistic
approach to
wellness.
importance of a
healthy diet, clean
fresh water,
sunlight, exercise,
and stress
management
○ homeopathy: based
on the belief that
the body can cure
itself. uses tiny
amount of natural
substances like
plants and minerals
which stimulate the
healing process
○ chiropractors: cares
for your